What are the factors that affect the employment of college students?

There is no doubt that these events will not only affect the overall employment situation, but also have an impact on the employment of college students. However, for college students' employment, the most critical factor is "structural". These factors include short-term oversupply, regional preference, lack of employability and so on, among which solving the problem of insufficient employability will be the fundamental to effectively solve the employment of college students. In terms of time structure, the excessive supply growth of college graduates exceeds the growth of demand in a short period of time, and the labor market needs time to adjust gradually. In recent years, China's economy has been growing rapidly, especially the accelerated upgrading of economic structure, which has driven the strong demand for college graduates with high human capital stock, thus promoting the rapid development of higher education. In China, only 5% of the employed people have all kinds of college education, while 25%-3% in industrialized countries. Therefore, the need to speed up the improvement of national quality has greatly promoted the rapid development of higher education. The problem is that the supply of college graduates is growing much faster than the economic growth, and more and more college students are looking for jobs. The labor market needs some time to gradually digest the oversupply of college graduates in the short term. However, it must be noted that we cannot deny the higher education policy just because of the temporary employment difficulties of college students. These are two different issues. Strictly speaking, the expansion of the enrollment scale of higher education has provided more opportunities for young people to receive higher education, which not only promotes educational equity and personal career development potential, but also promotes the overall level of human resources development in China. On the regional structure, the mismatch between the preference difference of college graduates' employment regional choice and the government's policy incentives leads to insufficient actual effective demand. Due to the differences between regions and urban and rural areas in China's economic development, it is difficult for economically underdeveloped regions, especially the western region, to form effective demand for college students, and in a long period of time, it will be difficult to change the situation of insufficient regional effective demand, which is an unfavorable factor for expanding the market demand of college graduates. Although the country's implementation of the western development plan has generated a lot of demand, the prices that underdeveloped areas can pay (salary income, development opportunities, mobility, etc.) are not enough to compensate college students' human capital investment. Therefore, according to the labor market mechanism, the combination of supply and demand cannot be realized. In China, the high mobility cost caused by the one-way flow of talents further worsens the insufficient effective demand in underdeveloped areas. Although the country has also adopted policies and measures such as the "Western Volunteer Program", it is difficult to effectively change this situation in terms of demand expansion and human capital compensation. On the contrary, because big cities are the economic centers of China, they are very attractive to college students' employment, and most of these centers are located in high-end industrial structures and have strong demand for college students. However, some local demand restraints (explicit index restrictions and implicit administrative restrictions) and demand restraints on small and medium-sized enterprises or informal sectors (hukou, social security, mobility, etc.) lead to artificial segmentation of the college students' employment market, and the result is either a direct and artificial reduction of the effective demand of employers, or. In the ability structure, the employability of college graduates is not based on the needs of career path, so it is difficult to meet the needs of human resources market. With the deepening of China's economic system reform and structural changes in the labor market, the demand pattern of employers has changed significantly. Employers' labor demand behavior is based on the "post qualification model under position analysis" to select suitable talents in the labor market through the price mechanism. For example, the basic quality requirements of IBM China District for college students are as follows: the first aspect is service consciousness, can we think about the problem from the customer's point of view; The second aspect is the ability to innovate and solve problems; The third aspect is the ability to communicate; The fourth aspect is the spirit of teamwork, professional ethics and business ethics. However, college students can't meet the "post qualification model" well. For individuals, employability depends on the assets they have, such as knowledge, skills and attitudes, the way they use and allocate these assets, the way they show them to employers, and the specific environment (personal environment and labor market environment) in which they look for jobs. Because college students are made as a "product" in a higher education system, the lack of employability is mainly related to universities. This is not only related to the traditional relatively centralized higher education management system, but also related to the lack of educational ability of colleges and universities themselves. For a long time, universities have not quickly adapted to the increasingly demanding requirements of the job market for higher education. From the perspective of transferring knowledge, knowledge education is still a very large proportion in the whole university education, and the construction of theoretical foundation and its corresponding ability to analyze and solve problems is still extremely weak; The continuous expansion of enrollment may further dilute the existing educational resources of universities. In addition, universities lack systematic career guidance and service planning for college students' transition from school to work, which leads to students' professional ability, but lack of "market ability"-obtaining career information, showing their professional ability, adapting to actual work and coping with career transition, and so on. What are the prospects for college students' employment? Although there are still many difficulties in college students' employment, some of which may take a long time to adjust, from the general trend of national social and economic development, the prospects for college students' employment are generally very optimistic, although we can't expect the process of college students entering the labor market to be always smooth. Economic growth and industrial structure upgrading will create a broad space for college students' employment. As a big country with a population of 1.3 billion, its potential economic demand is enormous. More importantly, through 3 years of reform and opening up, these needs have been successfully launched, first in large and medium-sized cities, then in small coastal cities and rural areas, followed by the vast central and western regions. At the same time, China has both the transformation from agricultural society to industrial society and the transformation from industrial society to information society. The construction of industrial infrastructure and information infrastructure are the most critical platforms for economic development. For a long time to come, this will be an important channel to attract employment demand. What is particularly important is that with the adjustment of China's economic structure, the demand for college students will be greater in economic development. Global competition and the improvement of China's overall living standard lead to China's inability to enjoy the advantage of labor costs forever. The upgrading of industrial structure is an inevitable trend, and there should be a relatively large space for the demand for professionals with higher education. A prominent example is the national innovation strategy, which will make China's social and economic development in the 21st century largely depend on the high-end labor group formed based on long-term human capital investment. It can be said that China's economic development and industrial structure adjustment have initially entered a virtuous circle, which has prepared a broad space for the growth of college students' employment demand. The continuous optimization of government employment policy will create a better employment environment for college students to change from school to work. The government eliminates the policy restraint on the supply and demand of college graduates, establishes a unified national employment market for college students, implements a free employment system for college students, cancels all restrictions on household registration indicators and personnel indicators and various explicit or implicit administrative restrictions on college graduates (including higher vocational graduates) nationwide, breaks the administrative division of the employment market for college students, promotes barrier-free employment and free flow of college graduates, optimizes the allocation mechanism of high-quality talents in China, improves the efficiency of resource allocation, maintains the stability of the employment market, and promotes economic growth. In addition, it is an international practice to implement the compensation mechanism for the investment income of college graduates' human capital in order to encourage them to work in specific areas or engage in specific occupations. Compensation measures in the United States include federal government loan relief policy, state loan relief plan, military loan repayment plan (encouraging graduates to serve in the military), and American nursing education loan repayment plan (benefiting nurses to provide services in qualified institutions in nurse shortage areas). Since 23, China has implemented employment incentive policies and achieved remarkable results. These policies have been further improved and strengthened since 24. The State Council stipulates that major projects supported by the government, such as the development of the western region, the revitalization of old industrial bases in Northeast China, and the "two basics" attack in the western region of the country, should actively attract college graduates. Intensify the implementation of the "College Students Volunteer Service Plan for the West" and expand the scale of volunteers in the west supported by the central government. The implementation of the national employment incentive policy will more effectively support the national overall human resources development strategy, support the requirements of the national economic and social development strategy, and finally achieve the "win-win" result for individuals, employers and the country. The continuous reform of higher education will gradually improve the employability of college students to better meet the needs of the labor market. First, the reform of higher education makes universities pay more attention to the market connotation of college students' employability. With the marketization, knowledge and globalization of China's economy, the employment policy and education policy are being reorganized around the "career path", integrating the linkage mechanism between education and work, improving the employability, and achieving the goal of full employment and satisfactory employment. Universities have begun to strengthen the response speed and ability to the external market, enhance the quality and competitiveness of university personnel training, enhance the efficiency of university input and output, and greatly enhance the employability of college students, so as to eliminate the structural unemployment problem in the labor market of college students. Therefore, Chinese universities may need innovative teaching, innovative courses, innovative majors and even innovative universities and innovative higher education. Second, universities are transforming the market connotation of employability into teaching innovation. In terms of innovative action of teaching mode, general teaching aimed at strengthening general education, practical teaching marked by the construction of demand-driven practice base, research-oriented teaching with emphasis on research methods, international teaching aimed at broadening international horizons, competency-based teaching aimed at cultivating employability and learning ability, and participatory teaching aimed at strengthening students' participation and investment are all constantly trying, trying to cultivate university graduates who are more suitable for market demand through teaching innovation. Thirdly, in terms of career guidance services, universities can make full use of the information network of the school employment center and the network resources of alumni, which can timely and effectively transmit social recruitment information to graduates and help them understand the employment environment; Help students understand the requirements of the job market by means of lectures, seminars, simulations, cases and demonstrations, and improve their ability to show their professional level; Universities are seeking to establish a partnership with employers, understand social needs, and transfer them to specific teaching and research departments, and then these departments will innovate courses, majors and even universities based on social needs. Through all-round career guidance and services, enhance the "market ability" of college students from school to work.