China high-tech industrial clusters mainly include

After nearly 30 years of construction and accumulation, the National High-tech Zone has entered the stage of "Three Entrepreneurials" and has become a typical representative of China's innovation-intensive areas and the core center of the national innovation system. Under the impetus of China's national high-tech industrialization development plan & Torch Plan, China's high-tech industrial development zones have made remarkable achievements and become an important force in the development of high-tech industries. In 20 18, the newly released Catalogue of China Development Zone Audit Announcement has reached 156 national high-tech industrial development zones. The 13th Five-Year Development Plan of National High-tech Zones points out that by the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the number of national high-tech zones will reach about 240, which means that nearly 100 national high-tech zones will be added in a short time. By 2020, national high-tech industrial parks will become a model of national first-Mover advantage, providing replicable and scalable models and experiences for regional innovation and development throughout the country. I. Introduction of National Hi-tech Industrial Parks (I) The distribution of National Hi-tech Industrial Parks is uneven. The densely distributed National Hi-tech Industrial Parks in the eastern coastal areas are distributed in 30 provinces and regions, and densely distributed in some knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive large and medium-sized cities and coastal areas. Jiangsu Province has the largest number of national high-tech zones, with 17, accounting for 1 1% of national high-tech zones, Guangdong Province has 16, accounting for 8.3% of national high-tech zones, followed by Shandong Province * * *1. The five autonomous regions are all distributed except Xizang Autonomous Region, and there are at most four national high-tech zones in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Figure 1 Distribution of National High-tech Industrial Parks in 30 provinces and autonomous regions of China (II) The development and construction of National High-tech Industrial Parks vary greatly from region to region. Land is an important factor in the development and construction of the park and attracting investment. By combing the land area of National 156 National High-tech Zone, it can be concluded that Zhongguancun Science Park in Beijing has the largest approved area of 23,252.29 hectares, ranking first among national high-tech zones. Zhongguancun Science Park consists of 8 sub-districts, of which Haidian Park has the largest area, with 13306 hectares. Among the 156 national high-tech zones announced, the minimum area of Shihezi high-tech industrial park of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps is only 25.96 hectares, accounting for only 0. 1 1% of Zhongguancun Science Park. Figure 2 Distribution of the top ten national high-tech industrial parks ranked by land area (III) National high-tech industrial parks are generally operating well, and various economic indicators are on the increase. In recent years, the overall economic scale of China's national high-tech zones has continued to expand, and various economic indicators have operated well. The main economic indicators of East Lake in Wuhan, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan in Hunan and Chengdu in Sichuan all maintained a growth rate of about 30%. In 20 16, the number of enterprises in national high-tech zones included in torch statistics (hereinafter referred to as integration) reached 94,000, a year-on-year increase of 9.9%. The operating income and total industrial output value of enterprises in national high-tech zones reached 28. 1 trillion yuan and 20. 1 trillion yuan respectively, up by 8.9% and 5.8% year-on-year; The enterprise realized net profit of 1.89 trillion yuan and paid taxes of 1.59 trillion yuan, up by 15.2% and 9.7% year-on-year. Only the total export volume decreased compared with 20 15, and other major economic indicators continued to maintain a steady growth trend. Table12015-2016 main economic indicators of national high-tech industrial parks Comparison unit: trillion yuan% Data source: evaluation report on innovation capability of national high-tech industrial parks 20 17 II. Characteristics of National High-tech Industrial Park Development National High-tech Industrial Park undertakes the strategic mission of "four in one" and is entering a comprehensive innovation demonstration and strategic guidance. (1) It is obvious that there is industrial agglomeration in three fields. High-tech industrial parks are based on high-tech industries. Now high-tech industries mainly include information technology, biotechnology and new material technology. The leading industries in the National Hi-tech Industrial Development Zones are mainly distributed in manufacturing, information technology industry, biotechnology, energy and materials, which are published in the Catalogue of Audit Announcement of China Development Zone (20 18). Manufacturing industry is still the leading industry, accounting for 29.67%, followed by information technology industry in high-tech industries, accounting for 24.9 1%. High-tech industries account for 6 1.5% of the five leading industries, and the industrial categories of national high-tech industrial parks are obviously concentrated in high-tech industries. Figure 3 The five major industrial categories of national high-tech industrial parks account for more than half of the national 156 national high-tech industrial development zones, with biotechnology as the leading industry accounting for 43.59% and information technology as the leading industry accounting for 34.62%. Although high-tech zones with high-tech industry as the leading industry are densely distributed in China, some high-tech zones do not have distinctive industrial characteristics and have not formed pillar industries. In the future, we should give full play to the advantages of high-tech zones in knowledge-intensive, technology-intensive and development environment to form pillar industries. Let high-tech zones play an important role in the commercialization and industrialization of high-tech achievements, the introduction of foreign capital and the development of high-tech. Table 2 National High-tech Industrial Parks Distribution Unit:% Proportion: The proportion of parks including the main industries of this industry category in all parks (II) The independent innovation capability has been continuously improved. China's independent innovation ability is weak. The high-tech industrial park established by the state gathers high-end R&D innovation resources, and there are many universities, research institutes and relevant national research institutions in the high-tech zone. According to the data in the Evaluation Report on Innovation Capability of National High-tech Zone 20 17, at the end of 20 16, there were 828 universities, 2,637 scientific research institutes and16/4 postdoctoral research centers in National High-tech Zone, which provided knowledge carriers and technical sources for the construction of innovation platform in the park. In 20 16, there were 1 1 in the provinces (cities and autonomous regions) with more than 1000 high-tech enterprises in national high-tech zones, and this 1 1 provinces (cities and autonomous regions) gathered 80 national high-tech zones. To enhance the ability of independent innovation, it is necessary to continuously gather high-end R&D innovation resources, attract and lay out a number of high-level innovation resources and platforms, accelerate the implementation of major scientific and technological innovation projects in strategically important areas, and achieve major subversive innovations and group technological breakthroughs. Strengthen the dominant position of enterprise innovation and deepen the enterprise-led cooperation in Industry-University-Research. Encourage the construction of new industrial technology innovation organizations. Strengthen the creation, protection and application of intellectual property rights. Support the construction of distinctive regional innovation and development pattern, and create a number of regional innovation highland. (3) Innovative talents are constantly gathering. High-tech zone is a gathering place of technology, which requires a large number of high-end talents to work together. By combing the data, it is found that the full-time equivalent of enterprise research and experimental developers has basically maintained a steady growth, from 932,000 person-years of 20 1 1 to 201328,000 person-years. In 20 16, the proportion of personnel with bachelor degree or above in national high-tech zones has reached 33.9%, and the educational level of employees in some national high-tech zones has reached the international leading level. In the future, the high-tech zone will rely on talent programs at all levels to introduce a group of outstanding scientists, top scientific and technological talents and entrepreneurial teams engaged in international cutting-edge research and driving the development of emerging disciplines, and promote cross-regional entrepreneurs, skilled immigrants and entrepreneurs to innovate and start businesses in the national high-tech zone. Vigorously support the development and growth of the entrepreneurial "New Fourth Army" represented by young entrepreneurs born in the 1990s, senior executives and serial entrepreneurs of large enterprises, entrepreneurs of scientific and technological personnel, and entrepreneurs who have returned from studying abroad. Strengthen the cultivation of innovative talents, entrepreneurs and industrial skilled personnel. Innovate the mechanism of talent incentive, evaluation, mobility and service, and optimize the talent development environment. (4) Market players cultivate and expand national high-tech zones, constantly cultivate and expand market players, and support the development of entrepreneurial enterprises. Qualified scientific and technological enterprises declare high-tech enterprises, which has become a new driving force for scientific and technological innovation. In 20 17, more than 80% of the 64 "unicorn" enterprises in China/kloc-0 were born in national high-tech zones, and high-growth enterprises represented by "gazelle" enterprises and "unicorn" enterprises have gradually become the new engines for the innovation and development of national high-tech zones. In the process of implementing the "Gazelle Enterprise" cultivation plan in the future, we will strengthen the research and tracking of unicorn enterprises, and issue special policies to discover and cultivate gazelle and unicorn enterprises. The state will cultivate a number of platform enterprises with market competitiveness, encourage the platform transformation of leading enterprises in national high-tech zones, and build an innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem for large enterprises. Author: Ma Tonghui, assistant researcher of think tank in Li Sen (China) Industrial Park. This article was originally written by Li Sen think tank, please indicate the source. Welcome to pay attention to WeChat official account, Li Sen think tank, focusing on the research of industrial parks and development zones, and making a voice for China Development Zone.