A representative figure of the pastoral school of landscape poetry

Tao Yuanming (about 365-427), with a cheerful personality, was named Mr. Wuliu, who was known as Mr. Jingjie in the world, and changed his name to Qian after entering Liu Song Dynasty. Poet, writer, lyricist and essayist at the end of Eastern Jin Dynasty and the beginning of Southern Song Dynasty. A native of Xunyang Chai Sang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He worked as a small official for several years, then resigned and went home, and then lived in seclusion. Rural life is the main theme of Tao Yuanming's poems, and his related works include Drinking and Returning to the Garden.

Tao Yuanming has the largest number of pastoral poems and the highest achievements. This kind of poetry fully shows the poet's lofty interest in disdaining fame and fortune and his noble integrity in keeping his ambition; It fully shows the poet's extreme hatred and complete break with the dark officialdom; It fully shows the poet's love for simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for working people. It fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world. As a scholar-bureaucrat, such thoughts, feelings and contents are unprecedented in the history of literature, especially in a society with strict gate system and concept.

Masterpiece:

Drinking (5)

Tao Yuanming

Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.

Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice.

Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.

The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.

That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.

Guiyuan Tianju (1)

Tao Yuanming

Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature.

I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years.

Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past.

I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields.

The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages.

Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital.

The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village.

Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster.

There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely.

Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today. Xie Lingyun (385-433), a native of Huiji, Zhejiang Province, was originally Xie's family in Chenjun. Posthumous title "Ke", the grandson of Xie Xuan, a famous soldier in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was called "". He also attacked Gong to thank Kang Gong and Xie. A famous landscape poet in Liu and Song Dynasties was the pioneer of the landscape poetry school in the history of China literature. Xie Lingyun lived in the Southern Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Xie Lingyun claimed that he could only participate in the right, and he was often angry. He took the opportunity of serving as a foreign county magistrate to express his feelings in the landscape and created a large number of landscape poems. The main achievement lies in landscape poetry. Since Lingyun, landscape poetry has become a major school in the history of China literature.

Masterpiece:

The lamp pool upstairs

Xie lingyun

Hong Fei is potential and charming, which sounds far away.

Clouds are ashamed of Yunfu, and rivers are deep.

It is difficult to enter morality and wisdom, but it is difficult to return to the field.

Loyal to the poor sea, lying in the empty forest.

I was lying on the pillow, ignorant of the season and climate, and I took a temporary peek.

Listen to the waves with your ears open, and look at the place with your eyes open.

At the beginning of the scene, the wind direction changed, and the new sun became old and cloudy.

Spring grass grows in the pond and garden willows become songbirds.

Qiqi hurts the song and feels the sound of Chu.

It is easier to live forever than to live alone.

Holding exercises is not the only thing. There is no boredom in life. 1. Wang Wei is a representative writer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is versatile and proficient in painting, calligraphy and music. In his early years, Wang Wei aspired to fame and fortune, and wrote many poems with heroic style, open realm and lofty sentiments, most of which were poems with the theme of frontier ranger, such as Youth Travel, Old Man Travel, Dragon Head Song, Frontier Ambassador and so on. However, in the history of Tang poetry, it is the pastoral poetry that lays its position and best marks its artistic achievements. The main content of his poems is to reflect pastoral seclusion and describe natural landscape. For example, Farmer Weishui, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountain, Zhongnanshan, Bird's Singing Stream, Chai Lu, Zhuliguan, Wu Xinyi, etc. Or write about the quiet and leisurely life in the countryside, or write about the quiet and beautiful natural scenery.

2. The artistic features of Wang Wei's pastoral poems;

(1) Wang Wei's pastoral poetry is a highly unified poem and painting. Su Shi once commented: "There are fascinating paintings in poetry and poems in paintings." (Dongpo Zhi Lin) He is good at discovering and capturing the image characteristics and state of natural scenery, composing and selecting colors with the painter's painting skills, blending the poet's unique emotional experience and aesthetic feeling of nature and spiritual realm into the scenery, and creating an elegant and beautiful artistic realm.

(2) Some of Wang Wei's pastoral poems directly penetrate into the artistic realm of meditation and emptiness, which is the artistic embodiment of Zen and Zen interest in the poetic realm.

(3) Wang Wei's pastoral poems have both the natural artistic realm of Tao Yuanming's poems and the meticulous carving of Xie Lingyun's poems. The language is fresh and lively, clean and concise, which is the perfect combination of simplicity and elegance. And language has a strong artistic expression.

Masterpiece:

An autumn night in the mountains

Wang Wei

The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.

The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.

The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.

Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.

Zhong Nanshan

Wang Wei

The majestic Tian Yishan is close to Chang 'an, and the mountains continue to extend to the sea.

The white clouds merged behind, and the blue mist melted into the mountains and disappeared.

The central mountain peaks separate the southwest, and the valleys are different.

Want to find a house to live in the mountains, is it convenient for the water guide to ask the woodcutter? 1. Meng Haoran is a representative writer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and he is also the first poet who wrote a large number of pastoral poems in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems are landscape poems, or he writes about the scenery he saw in various places during his travels, or about the natural scenery of his hometown. Among them, lonely feelings are often mixed with frustration, and homesickness is integrated into the entertainment of the scenery. Such as Sleeping at Jiande, A Gift from Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang, Homesickness on the River, etc. His pastoral poems mainly show the elegant feelings of seclusion and leisure. Such as "Passing the Old Village" and "Wandering and Thinking Back to Wang Baiyun".

2. The artistic features of Meng Haoran's pastoral poems;

(1) The style of Meng Haoran's pastoral poems is mostly peaceful and diluted, fresh and natural, not yet carved, but also extraordinary and refined. Shen Deqian commented: "Montessori is better than others. He has no intention of finding a job every time, which is beyond the secular and unexpected. " Wen Yiduo said, "It's too light to read poetry. It's really Meng Haoran's poem." His pastoral poems are simple and natural, simple and pure, full of life breath, such as the simple life of farmers and the rural natural scenery in light pen and ink, which are deeply influenced by Tao Yuanming's poetic style. However, some of Meng Haoran's landscape poems are vigorous and broad, such as Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang.

(2) Meng Haoran's poems are light and rich in flavor, just as Shen Deqian said: "Xiangyang's poems get the Tao from quietness, so the language is light and the taste is not light." His poems are good at using plain language, integrating personal subjective feelings and emotional implications, creating Qingyuan's artistic realm, which contains rich poetic meaning.

Masterpiece:

Guogurenzhuang

meng haoran

This old friend prepared a delicious meal and invited me to his hospitable farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city.

Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Please come here to see chrysanthemums when the ninth festival comes. Liu Zongyuan (773-819) was born in Hedong (now Yuncheng, Shanxi). He and Liu Yuxi entered the Jinshi in the same year and participated in Yongzhen Innovation together. After the failure, Yongzhou was demoted first, then Liuzhou was demoted. His experience is more unfortunate than Liu Yuxi's. Until the fourteenth year of Yuanhe, this derogatory fate did not leave him, but when Tang Xianzong recalled him at the request of Pei Du, he died at the age of 47. There is Liuhe East Collection.

Liu Zongyuan's pastoral poems are good at expressing loneliness and lofty realm, and contain profound spiritual pain. For example, Xiju: I have been disturbed by the official robes for a long time. I am glad that I am an exile in this wild south China. I am now a neighbor of plantation owners and harvesters, and I am a guest in the mountains. Xiao Geng radish, tied my fishing boat in the evening, I shuttled through the quiet stream, hardly met anyone, sang a long poem and stared at the blue sky. (Xiju)

Poetry reveals inner loneliness in superficial lightness and tranquility, while the conclusion of "singing long poems in harmony and looking at the sky" depicts a quiet and lonely poetic realm. Another example is the fisherman:

The fisherman rests on the western hills at night, learns the clear water in the morning, and cooks for firewood. Then, at sunrise, he walked through the fog and threatened a green landscape. Looking back, the fishing boat has drifted below the horizon, and white clouds are floating in the mountains, chasing each other.

This poem describes the fisherman's elegance, elegance and elegance. It is a masterpiece with clear poetry and broad artistic conception. However, the description in the poem filters out all traces of others. It seems that only one fisherman is elegant and chic, and that is the phrase "Little Qing Ji River burns bamboo". He wrote that the fisherman picked all the fireworks, which made the fisherman's exquisiteness hard to see.

Another example is Jiang Xue:

There are no birds on a hundred mountains, no footprints on a thousand roads, a boat, a bamboo cloak, and an old man fishing in the cold Jiang Xue.

The mountains and rivers covered with heavy snow in the poem are both extremely pure and chilling. A "unique" and a "unique" all show the coldness and loneliness of the environment. A lonely boat on the cold river not only symbolizes the lonely and noble soul of the author! This poem is a typical representative of Liu Zongyuan's landscape poetry style, with a lonely atmosphere and interest in Gao Zhuo.

Liu Zongyuan, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei are also called the four masters of landscape pastoral poetry. Su Dongpo called Liu's poems "dry outside and smooth inside, seemingly light and beautiful" (Dongpo Inscription); This evaluation is very accurate: "it grows in simplicity and tastes lighter than indifference" (after Shu Huang Zi Si Poetry). Chu Guangxi (about 706 ~ 763) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Runzhou (now Jintan, Jiangsu) is from Yanling. My ancestral home is Yanzhou (now Shandong). In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), he was a scholar, tied with Cui and Qi. Feng Yi was awarded county commandant, and transferred to county commanders such as Surabaya, Anyi and Xia. This official is not satisfied. He lives in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan. After coming out of the mountain, he became a blessing, and the world called Chu Taizu. Dynamic supervision suggestions. At the end of Tianbao, I was sent to john young. At that time, An Lushan served as our time in Fanyang, Pinglu and Hedong towns. Qiang Bing died and was actively preparing to launch a rebellion. However, the appointment power of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty was wasted in politics. Chu Guangxi passed by Handan and wrote two "Little Valley". On the way, he saw: "The army gathers in the north and the son of heaven lives in the west. The female is a county, and Ding Zhuang crusades. It's never too early to cry when the old and the young are separated. The crops have been destroyed and Chuanze has withered. " And he said to himself, "Hanlin has a guest and is a loner." Wandering in the middle of the night, thinking of offering a trick, your door is steep and deep, and you are still empty. "Worried about the current situation, meaning is quite profound. Another poem, Watching john young Deliver Prisoners, said: "Four honors are awarded to Rongyuan, and the title of" Great Stick "is unique to Yan Huang. "Keep an open mind about the fainting of the imperial court and the Anshi rebellion. An Shi uprising, the rebels captured Chang 'an. He was captured, forced to accept a fake post, and then left to return to Korea and died in Lingnan.

Masterpiece:

Ye Tian Huang que hang

Gee, Noda Finch, I don't know how small my body is. Wandering in the deep wormwood, fighting for food and flying again.

When you are poor and old, there are more dates and fewer mulberry trees. You can eat without dates and wear clothes without mulberries.

Depression leads to short positions and time regression. If the ramp is not fast, then the bamboo field is not fat.

Bad water is bad for the heart. Chang Jian (708-765? ), according to legend, Xingtai people or Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) people, in the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, joined Wang Changling as a scholar, not satisfied with their long official career, and lived a wandering life for a long time. After moving home, he lived in seclusion in Ezhu. In Dali, he served as Xu Yiwei.

His poems are mainly pastoral poems with a style close to that of Wang and Meng. He is good at using simple brushstrokes, showing a calm and peaceful artistic conception. This kind of poetry often reveals "indifference" In fact, he has not completely forgotten the reality. He has feelings, expectations and accusations, especially frontier poems, which account for a considerable proportion. There is also often. . Poetry is mainly pastoral poetry, with exquisite language choice and far-reaching realm.

Masterpiece:

(Poshan Temple is Kofukuji, at the northern foot of Yushan Mountain in Changshu, Jiangsu Province)

On a pure morning, near the ancient temple, the early sunshine points to the treetops. A winding path leads to a hidden place, and the Buddhist temple is surrounded by branches and flowers.

Here, birds live in the mountain light, and people's hearts feel quiet in the pond. A thousand voices were quiet, but the bell rang.