From which country did sumo come to Japan?

The Origin of Sumo —— Chiyou Family, ancient sumo wrestlers.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Sixth Army Hostels in Chang 'an were often urban vagrants who bought military status. They do nothing all day. If they have some money, they just eat, drink and do some business. Strong people will play corner kicks and other games all day.

Sumo was first called "Jiao Di", which began with the "Chiyou Opera" in ancient Jizhou. "Chiyou Opera" is popular in the ancient northern rural areas of China, and it is meaningful to commemorate the Chiyou family who competed with the Yellow Emperor in the Central Plains. At the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, another name "Sumo" appeared on the toes. "Peaceful Magnolia" quoted Jin Shu as saying: "The magistrate of Xiangcheng blamed Du Zi for the Japanese:' People in Qingxian county are not as good as Yingchuan sumo. "Du said,' Sumo is not good enough to tell the two countries apart.' "

Ancient Japanese sumo wrestling

At present, some of the horns recorded in the literature of the Tang Dynasty belong to the scope of acrobatic artists' performances, while others are customs from the court to the folk. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty not only watched the performance of the Shence Army, but also organized "friends of sumo" in the palace to recruit "gladiators" who were good at wrestling and held competitions from time to time. Now, there is a famous wrestler named Meng. He can play cuju, play football and shoot birds with a slingshot. Of course, he is best at corner kicks. Because of this, when he was 14 or 15 years old, he should be summoned to the sumo club in the palace. He was agile and won many years of competitions as an adult, so he won the title of "all-win". There are naturally many experts in the army. Because the left and right Shence Army is the emperor's imperial army, they often have the opportunity to contact the emperor. People always want to rely on this skill to gain appreciation, so the atmosphere of corner arrival is more intense. Besides Shence Army, local military towns often recommend excellent Jiao Jiao rank, and Jiao Jiao can really keep fit, so it has become one of the most common recreational activities in the army. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Sixth Army Guards in Chang 'an were often urban vagrants who bought military status. Doing nothing all day, eating and drinking and doing some business if you have some money; Strong people will play corner kicks and other games all day. This is an extreme situation.

Among the people, Jiaodi is more popular. No matter in the north or the south, we should get together to compete with Jiaodi on holidays. People in central and southern China like wrestling in the street, while Sichuanese want to compete on the flat ground in front of the shrine. Every household came out to see it, as dense as a wall. The winner has been decided, and the God society will give the winner a lottery reward, and people will put him away immediately. Moreover, such lively activities lasted from the first month to May, lasting for a league. Because the activities of going to the corner were integrated into the traditional festival customs, some people who were in a foreign land at that time could not forget the customs of their hometown during the festival, so they started sumo wrestling to solve their homesickness. For example, "Youyang Miscellanies" records: "Jingzhou civilians are Hao, and they are brave in private fighting. Wuzong Huichang two-year cold food festival, swimming in the suburbs with his disciples, wrestling. " The wind of wrestling in the folk customs of the Tang Dynasty is also reflected in the painting art handed down from generation to generation. There is a sumo painting in the Tang Dynasty in the Tibetan Sutra Cave in Dunhuang. The figure in the painting is naked and bare-legged, and the image is realistic, which is a true portrayal of popular activities at that time.

In terms of clothing, the clothes worn by sumo wrestlers in the Tang Dynasty were much narrower than those of the previous generation, so it is hard to call them "shorts". It should be said that they are more similar to the "Fondos" worn by Japanese sumo wrestlers today. The sumo figure in the Tang Dynasty banner painting of the Tibetan Sutra Cave in Mogao Grottoes truly depicts this point. In the Tang Dynasty, sumo held a very high position. The emperor usually watches sumo before offering sacrifices to heaven and earth. "Literati will have something in the southern suburbs. Before the sacrifice, we joined the sumo team. Shang Yue: Fang Zhai Qing, why don't you watch it together? Left and right said, "As usual, I have been waiting outside. "Later, sumo was learned by the Japanese, and the Japanese emperor also set up a" sumo master "to manage sumo, and he watched sumo every July.

In terms of figure, although not as exaggerated as the Japanese today, sumo wrestlers are still relatively fat. If amateur sumo wrestlers Fang Qiangqiang goes to participate in the sumo competition in the Tang Dynasty, he will surely win the house applause. At that time, there was a book called Wrestling, which recorded celebrities from all over the world. Interestingly, most of them are southerners, not in Zhejiang, but in Yangzhou. So southerners may not have any disadvantages in this respect at that time.

Sumo terminology

He Ming

Lux was upgraded to a small bamboo box that can be carried around at the age of twelve.

The size of the exposed load is 80 cm long, 45 cm deep and 30 cm high.

Lux scale

Displays a list of lux and judge ranks.

Li Zhi

Lux wiped herself with water. Paper used to wipe your mouth.

Lishui

Power water is packed in the red house in the east and the hand bucket under the White House in the west. Lux, summoned by the two teams, made a ceremony on the Tubiao (sumo field). After preparing for gymnastics, Lux, who won in the frontcourt, was allowed to immerse his carved spoon in the water to clean his body.

Admission ceremony

In the official competition, Yokozuna, Uchida and Shier performed three kinds of worship ceremonies.

Surface sacrifice

The day before the official competition, a town ceremony was held in Tufu. In the middle of the central dividing line of the soil surface, torreya grandis, washed rice, chestnuts, kelp, dried squid and salt are buried. Pray for the success of the 15 day competition and the safety of Lux.

homoplasmon

Entanglement on the soil surface circle, because it falls at the same time, has produced a bad state of deciding the outcome.

room

The four corners of the earthen roof are decorated with tassels of four colors to represent the four seasons and the four gods guarding the earthen roof.

Military competition

A round fan given by the referee to the referee.

get angry

The call of the referee when cheering for lux.

arrange flowers

Before the game, Lux walked from his lounge to Tubiao (sumo arena) from east and west.

Banfanfu

Banfanfu is a brand that says the name of Lux. Before the game, the referee recorded it word for word with the unique words of sumo. Above the chessboard, there is a "Ru" shape, which indicates that the audience is eager to eat.

The night watchman's knocker/clapper

The racket used by the caller from the beginning of the competition ceremony to the announcement of the competition.

Speak one's words emotionally

After the entrance ceremony of Yokozuna and Lux, the referee announced the ceremony of the indoor competition the next day to the audience on the clay platform.

Venus

The star of victory (bonus) won by Hiroshi Hiraki when he overthrew Yokozuna.

Clean salt

Sprinkling salt means driving away evil spirits on the soil.

Femoral cutting

That is, the practice posture with your feet open and your upper body close to the ground. Soft legs and waist can cope with all movements, and can also prevent fierce sumo competitions.

Drainage drift

During a long and close game, when Lux was obviously tired, the game was suspended. Here, Lux made some adjustments, or tightened the cloth again, and then continued the game.

Wuyan

The judge questioned the referee's decision.

(Moon Girl)

A long flag was planted around the meeting place. The flag bears the names of Lux, the department and the referee.

Gu Si

Exercise the basic movements of legs and waist. Separate your left and right feet, lift them alternately, and start stepping on the ground without knees or toes.

Squatting

The basic posture of sumo. Squat down, stand on tiptoe, so that the upper body is vertical to the ground.

Wipe your feet.

The basic movements in the competition. Walk on your feet.

standing committee

At the beginning of the game, the two lux exhale first, then inhale for eight minutes, and stand still.

table

On the earthen table (sumo wrestling field) 16 round winning and losing table (inner table), four German tables in the east, west, north and south, the earthen table 10 step (pedal table), four slightly smaller bucket tables and 66 tables of * * *.

Hand knife

Lux, who won the prize-winning competition, made a knife-shaped downward swing with his hand in the order of left, right and middle to show his gratitude and took away the one placed on the round fan.

oar

Knocking place with a height of16m. There are two bamboo poles sticking out from the drum platform, with linen and amulets inserted on them. To show that the world is peaceful and the grain is abundant, and pray for a smooth game.

Japan's national skill-sumo.

The history of Japanese sumo can be traced back to ancient myths. There is a record of "strength" in the myth of "Let the country remember" in Historical Records. In Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) and by the river in Inazo (Inazo, Yinzo-machi), Raytheon and Shen held hands and wrestled with each other, and finally the problem was solved by sumo. In addition, in "The History of Japan", there was a sumo competition between Nobuyuki and Nobuyuki in front of the Emperor, and Nobuyuki defeated Nobuyuki. These are considered to be the origins of sumo, but they are all myths and legends. According to the Records of Japan, in 642 AD, in order to entertain the envoys from Baekje, court guards performed sumo. This is the first documentary about sumo. In addition, it is estimated that there were sumo clay figurines among the cultural relics unearthed in Wakayama County in the early 6th century, so it is conceivable that there were already sumo figurines at that time.

The spoken word "sumo" comes from the Yamato language in ancient Japan. When Chinese characters were introduced from China to Japan, they were used to express specific strength, such as sumo, wrestling and Jiao Di. The word "Jiao Di" was used in the middle of Meiji, and the word "wrestling" was used at the end of Taisho. Since then, the word "sumo" has been used uniformly, but now as the common name of sumo, the word "corner boundary" is still used.

Sumo is also closely related to farming cultural rituals. In 724-749, as a farming ceremony to pray for a bumper harvest and good weather, sumo appeared as a sacrifice to the gods. Later, it developed into an independent ceremony-sumo festival, which was held in the palace all over the country to predict the year. Stage, the foundation of sumo. Ordinary people became interested in sumo, and it was during this period that sumo became a Japanese tradition.

After 1 176, the political era of the Wu family began. Sumo, as a martial art for samurai to exercise their bodies and minds, is also highly respected. After the shogunate that ended the war moved to Edo, sumo became popular. "Persuade into Sumo", which is used to raise funds to build shrines and Buddhist temples, is widely circulated among the people. During the Meiji period, with the development of civilization, the government implemented the order to cut off and abandon knives. But the sumo world is an exception, and hair knots are allowed. During the Taisho period, the unresolved issue of the merger of two sumo associations in Tokyo and Osaka was solved. 1926 In July, two sumo associations were dissolved and a new "consortium legal person-Japan Sumo Association" was established (1957 in June, the word "big" was removed and renamed "Japan Sumo Association"), which has undergone many changes since then.

Referee's clothing

Referees wear clothes, black hats and other traditional referee clothes according to the rules of referees. The types of round fans used for command, the colors of decorative belts, and the types of shoes are different at all levels.

gingkgo

One of the traditional beauty of sumo wrestling is that the bun of Lux is called "Ginkgo biloba", and more than twelve Lux are qualified to comb this bun. It is named after the front part of the knotted hair looks like ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgo biloba not only embodies the traditional beauty, but also can prevent head injuries.

rope

When Yokozuna boarded the homemade watch, the white thick rope tied around his waist was made of soft linen, kapok and copper wire. It is about 4-5 meters long and weighs about 8 kilograms. The ceremony of weaving thick rope is called "playing thick rope", which was woven by Lux people in the same practice place. There are two ways to weave thick ropes: Yunlong style with only one loop and Ignorant Fire style with two loops.

kimono

After practice and tour, put on your bathrobe and keep your clothes on. Because you don't care that you are covered in sweat and mud, you call the bathrobe "dirty clothes".

Caller's kimono

The caller was wearing kimono culottes with the name of the sponsoring company printed on the hem and thick socks on his feet.

The caller had a white silk round fan in his hand when he called.

Tubiao (Sumo Wrestling Ground)

Face a square of 4.55 meters and 0.54 meters high. There are round winning and losing tables (inner table) 16, east, west, north and south german tables 4, four round angle tables 28, four corner climbing tables (outer surface) 4, step climbing tables (pedal tables) 10, and a slightly smaller bucket table 4 in the earthen table (Xiangpu Wrestling Ground). There are six. The caller's job is to build a soil watch (sumo field), which will be built by all the staff.