Cultivation techniques of yellow peach in Yanling

Splendid yellow peach is a characteristic fruit in Yanling County. It was introduced from Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences by County Agricultural Bureau on 1987. Through trial planting cultivation, it shows the characteristics of strong adaptability, early fruiting, large fruit shape, no cracking, beautiful appearance, high yield, excellent quality and high benefit. In February 2007, it passed the green food certification. 1. Nursery selection

It is required to choose pollution-free production areas, high terrain, deep soil layer and loose and fertile land. Before sowing, deeply plough 25 cm ~ 30 cm, box width 1 m ~ 1.2 m, length 8 m ~ 10 m, apply 200-300 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer every 667 square meters, and open the drainage ditch.

2. Rootstock cultivation

The seedlings used in the production of Jinxiu yellow peach are grafted seedlings, and wild peaches are often used as rootstocks. Spring sowing is generally used. Wild peaches were collected from the mountains from September to 65438+1October and then piled and retted. After cleaning and extracting, peach stones were stored in semi-humid river sand layers. Then, from the end of February to the beginning of March, select buds for sowing. You can also buy peach buds directly from foreign nurseries. Drill, row spacing 18cm ~ 20cm, plant spacing 10cm ~ 12cm, cover two or three centimeters with soil after sowing, and cover the seedbed with straw. 300 ~ 350 kilograms of seeds per 667 square meters. After the seedlings are unearthed, the straw on the seedbed should be removed in time so that the seedlings can germinate and grow normally. When the peach seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, intertillage and weed; Spraying urea solution with the concentration of 0.5% ~ 1% every 15 ~ 20 days, the concentration and total amount of fertilization increased with the growth of seedlings.

graft

The suitable grafting period of yellow peach in southern Hunan and southeastern Hunan is in the middle and late June (bud grafting) and the middle and early February (branch grafting). When more than 85% of peach seedlings grow to 30 cm ~ 35 cm and the stem diameter is 0.3 cm ~ 0.5 cm higher than the ground, grafting can be carried out. In order to improve the survival rate of grafting, peach seedlings were watered 1 ~ 2 times 5 ~ 7 days before grafting to increase the activity of cambium. Rootstock breaks at 20 cm ~ 25 cm from the ground (it is required not to break). Scions should be cut from improved mother trees with stable fruits and vigorous growth. Select the annual branches from the middle and upper part and periphery of the crown, which grow healthily, have no pests and diseases, and have full buds as scions. After cutting the scion, remove the leaves and keep the petiole. Bundle every 50 ~ 100 branches, vertically immerse them in a clear water bucket with a depth of 3 cm ~ 5 cm, and put them in the shade for later use. Take it while grafting. Mosaic bud grafting is easy to operate and has high survival rate, which is suitable for long-term grafting. If the bud grafting does not survive in the growing season, it can be grafted in the first half of February. Check the grafting survival rate from 7 days to 10 days after grafting, and replant those who do not survive in time. For the surviving scion, the rootstock should be cut off at the grafting interface of 65438±0cm 25 ~ 30 days after grafting. Erase the sprouting branches of rootstocks in time, and strengthen intertillage weeding, pest control and fertilizer and water management. 1. Garden selection

Splendid yellow peach likes temperature, light, drought and waterlogging, and has strong growth adaptability. As long as the lighting conditions are good and the groundwater level is lower than 1 m, it can be planted on hilly slopes and gentle slopes in mountainous areas. It should be planted in loam or sandy loam with good water permeability, and it is forbidden to build gardens in low-lying deep ditches and waterlogged depressions.

2. Orchard planning

Choose a good garden site and do a good job in the planning and design of land, irrigation, road system and shelter forest in Taoyuan. When you build a garden on a hillside, you should cut down the mountain and clean it up first. When adjusting the ladder, the ladder surface should be flat, low inside and high outside, and there should be bamboo drainage holes inside. When the slope is steep, it can be adjusted to a double-band shape.

plant

The suitable planting density of Jinxiu yellow peach is (4.5m ~ 5m) × (5m ~ 5.5m), and the soil cultivation of terraced fields in mountainous areas is planted zigzag along the contour line according to the plant spacing of 4.5m ~ 5m. The length and width of the cave are 80 cm ~ 100 cm and the depth is 60 cm ~ 80 cm. Apply 50 kg of organic fertilizer to each hole and add 1 kg ~ 1.5 kg of calcium superphosphate to achieve one layer of fertilizer and one layer of soil; When digging a pit, the surface soil is separated from the core soil, and when backfilling, the surface soil is into the pit, exposing the core soil. The fill is slightly higher than the ground 15cm ~ 20cm, which is turtle-backed.

The purity and quality of seedlings should be checked before planting. The planting time is from 165438+ 10 to 65438+ February after defoliation, and the survival rate is high, or from February to early March of the following year. The planting depth is 3 cm ~ 5 cm below the grafting site. After planting, dry it and water it. 1. Young peach tree management

① Soil management. Dwarf crops such as beans and vegetables can be planted between peach trees. Plough and weed in the tree tray, and cover the tree tray in summer, autumn and dry season. Young peach orchards that are not cultivated between rows should be deeply ploughed by 30 cm to 40 cm in autumn and winter. Attention, when weeding, we should strictly follow the production rules of green food, and never allow any chemical herbicide to be used. ② Fertilizer and water management. Splendid yellow peach grows fast and needs a large amount of fertilizer in its infancy. Fertilize 1 time in March and April, and apply 10% diluted manure water+1% urea water for four or five kilograms per plant. 0.2-0.3 kg of 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer was applied in mid-May, 0.2 kg of urea in late June and 45 kg in late August. After defoliation, combined with hole expansion and soil improvement, 25 kg ~ 30 kg of pig cow dung or 10 kg of commercial organic fertilizer and 2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer were applied to each plant. If the soil fertility conditions are poor, it should be added as appropriate. Avoid using common compound fertilizers containing chlorine. ③ Cultivate tree shape. Natural happy modeling is often used in production. According to the principle of "one stem, three branches and nine shoots", the main points of plastic surgery are as follows: after planting, 50 cm ~ 55 cm from the ground, 25 cm ~ 30 cm below the incision as the plastic band, three branches with different directions and a certain distance are selected as the main branches for cultivation, and the opening angle of each main branch is 45 ~ 60 degrees. Don't pick the selected three main branches to make them grow quickly. When cutting in winter, the extension branch of the main branch should be cut short, generally leaving 55 cm ~ 60 cm, and the cutting bud should leave the outer bud. In the spring and summer of the following year, when the extension branch of the main branch is about 70 cm long, the core is picked at 60 cm, and the main branch 1 lateral branch is left at 40 cm, and the developing branch is left at 30 cm, which urges the secondary branch to increase the number of branches. When cutting in winter, the upper part of the extension branch of the main branch is cut short at the distance of 55cm ~ 65cm from the 1 branch, and the back branch or bud is left at the cutting mouth. The location of lateral branch cultivation and selection should be different according to the branching order of the main branch. 1kloc-0/ lateral branch on the main branch should be 95 cm ~100 cm away from the main branch. The growth potential of the second main branch is weak, and the 1 branch on it should be 60cm ~ 70cm； away from the main branch; The growth potential of the third main branch is in the middle, and the 1 branch on it should be 80 cm ~ 90 cm away from the main branch. In May and June of the third year, the new shoots of the main branch and the extended branch of the side branch were cored or the crown was enlarged by changing the head with two branches, and the second side branch was selected at the opposite side of 1 side branch. When cutting in winter, the extension branches of the main branches are cut from 1/3 to 1/2 of the total length.

2. Adult tree management

Splendid yellow peaches grow fast and bear early fruits. Generally, the third year can enter the fruiting period, and the fourth and fifth years can enter the high-yield year. ① intertillage weeding. Weed manually for two or three times during the growing season, without using chemical agents. ② Fertilizer and water management. Generally, the growth and fruiting trees are fertilized three or four times a year: 1 from the end of August to the middle of September. Generally, 40 kg ~ 50 kg of decomposed farmyard manure+65,438 kg ~ 2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer+65,438 g of boron fertilizer+000 g of zinc fertilizer are applied to each ditch. The second time, in the first half of April, it was "stable fruit fertilizer", and the amount of fertilizer was determined according to the tree potential. Apply 0.5 kg ~ 1 kg of 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer to each plant with strong tree vigor, and apply more 1 kg to border ditch or ring ditch with weak tree vigor. For the third time, from the end of May to the beginning of June, the trees were strong and the fruit was about 50 kg. Each plant was applied with 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 1.25 kg ~ 1.5 kg, and the weak trees were applied with 2 kg ~ 2.25 kg. ③ Water management. Yellow peach fruit trees are very strict about water. During rainy season and summer rainstorm, ditches should be cleaned and drained, so that the ditches will dry up and no water will accumulate. The fruit needs a lot of water during the expansion period, so it must be irrigated in time in case of high temperature and drought.

3. Flower and fruit management

1 thin fruit. The yellow peach should be thinned in time after fruit setting, and the fruit thinning should be carried out twice. Carry out 1 time in late April, mainly removing yellow fruit, small fruit, deformed fruit, dense fruit, diseased fruit and dull fruit. The second time was carried out in mid-May, mainly to remove pests and diseases, deformed fruits and dense fruits. Long fruit branches generally leave two fruits, middle fruit branches leave 1 fruit, short fruit branches leave 1 fruit every two or three branches, and weak fruit branches and preparatory branches generally leave no fruit. Generally, each fruit tree has 350 ~ 400 trees. ② Bagging. Southern Hunan should be carried out in the middle and late May after the second fruit thinning. Too early bagging will increase the production cost due to empty bags caused by physiological fruit drop, and too late bagging will increase the fruit setting rate. Before bagging, mix 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times and 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1 000 times evenly, then spray/kloc-0 times, and bag the liquid medicine after drying. The fruit bag can be a single-layer black fruit bag or a double-layer fruit bag with black inside and gray (yellow) outside. The double-layer fruit bag with black inside and gray (yellow) outside has good insect and bird prevention effect and good fruit coloring. Bagging method: from the crown down, from the periphery to the inner room, select the fruits, spread the fruit bags, cover them gently, fold them with a folding fan and tie them tightly, and then cover them with the fruit branches. Avoid bagging in rainy days and dew.

prune

There are winter pruning and summer pruning. The early fruit trees of Jinxiu Yellow Peach mainly bear long fruit branches and middle fruit branches. In winter, pruning is mainly based on light pruning and long branch pruning, and large, medium and small fruit branches will continue to be cultivated. The large and medium branches are selected to stay at a distance of 40 cm on both sides of the main branch, and the branchlets are left empty. Prune in summer, and timely drain back branches, erect branches, clustered branches, competitive branches, dead branches and pest branches to maintain the growth advantages of main branches and extended branches. In winter, the pruning of adult trees is mainly short-cut, so as to maintain the vigorous growth of trees, maintain a clear master-slave relationship, balance tree potential, update branches to maintain the fruiting ability, promote the growth of long and medium fruit branches, and prevent baldness in the bore. Single-branch regeneration and double-branch regeneration are used to rejuvenate the bearing branches, the pruning amount of the extended branches of the backbone branches is appropriately increased, and the weak branches should be retracted and updated in time. In summer, pruning methods, such as coring, bud wiping, pruning and twisting, are often used to remove dense branches, diseased branches, clustered branches and upright branches, so as to keep the canopy ventilated and transparent and balance the tree potential. Usually, the main pests and diseases that have great influence on the production of Jinxiu yellow peach are peach moth, aphid, bug, red-necked beetle, gummosis, peach leaf shrinkage disease, scab and so on.

1. Agricultural control

Strengthen fertilizer and water management, enhance tree vigor and improve tree disease resistance. Clear the garden in winter, prune scientifically, remove pests and branches, and spray 1 ~ 2 times with 45% stone sulfur mixture crystals 50 times ~ 100 times to reduce the source of disease. The combination of pruning in growth period and pruning in summer can effectively prevent and reduce the occurrence and prevalence of peach gummosis.

2. Physical prevention and control

From April to August, in Taoyuan, the height from the ground is about 2.8 meters to 3 meters, and the frequency vibration insecticidal lamp is hung to trap and kill insect adults. Generally, 1 lamp can be hung every 4 hectares. In summer, the adults of Anoplophora longicorn were captured artificially, and the larvae were killed by the method of tying silk hooks. Fruit bagging technology is used to block the harm of pests, and bagging has obvious control effect on fruit-eating pests such as peach moth and fruit-sucking moth.

3. Chemical control

According to the experience in recent years, the main period of pest control of Jinxiu yellow peach in southern Hunan is from April to July. Before chemical control, we must know the characteristics of the pesticides used, select and use chemical pesticides in strict accordance with the requirements of green food production, so as to select drugs scientifically and suit the remedy to the case. Strengthen the prediction of pests and diseases, master the occurrence law of pests and diseases, and determine the accurate prevention and control period. When the contraction of peach leaves is controlled to be red (unexpanded), spray 1 70% mancozeb wettable powder with 500 times solution. Before bagging in May, 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times solution was used to control peach scab. It is mainly used to control tobacco aphids from April to May, and can be controlled by spraying 10% imidacloprid 2000 times solution or 25% chlorpyrifos wettable powder 1000 times solution. Toona sinensis mainly occurs from May to July, and 90% crystal trichlorfon 1000 times solution and 80% dichlorvos 800 times solution are sprayed respectively. 1. Fruit picking period

Splendid yellow peaches are generally picked and listed in Yanling in late July, and the harvesting period is mainly affected by altitude. The higher the altitude, the later the harvest time. If it needs to be put into storage, it should be collected early. The basis for determining the harvest time: take samples and remove the fruit bags to see whether the peel is golden yellow, whether there is a unique fragrance of peaches, and whether the meat is crisp, sweet and delicious. Hold the fruit in your hand and gently pull the handle in the positive and negative directions to make it fall off.

2. Fruit grading

After picking the fruit, first take the yellow peach out of the bag, separate the good fruit from the bad fruit, and separate the big fruit from the small fruit. Then simply put the high-quality big fruit in a big packing box and put it in a place with cool ventilation, moderate humidity and small humidity change to temporarily stack it for heat dissipation. Then classify the peaches according to the specified standards, then wrap them with sponge or foam net and put them neatly and tightly in cartons, with each layer separated by cardboard, preferably 2.5 kg ~ 5 kg per carton. After filling, it is sealed with tape and labeled for marketing or storage.

store

The storage mode of yellow peaches is mainly cold storage (room). It can be divided into temporary storage (storage for one or two days) and long-term storage (15 to 25 days). Qualified peaches are selected for box storage, and the storage conditions are generally 0℃ ~ 65438 0℃ and the relative humidity is 85% ~ 90%.