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Request: R & related multinational companies in China; The development course of d
At present, foreign capital has set up more than 100 R&D centers in China, mainly in big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, among which Zhongguancun in Beijing and Pudong in Shanghai are the concentrated areas where multinational companies set up R&D institutions in China (see table).
There are three main forms for multinational companies to invest in R&D in China:
(1) Establish an independent research and development institution. This form is the most mature, concentrated and advanced form of transnational corporations' R&D investment in China, and it is the core of transnational corporations' R&D activities in China. As an important step in the global strategy of multinational corporations, it is a branch of the global R&D network established by the top leadership of multinational corporations and directly managed by the company headquarters, and it is the core research force of multinational corporations.
(2) Cooperate with domestic universities and scientific research institutions to carry out R&D activities. Such R&D activities include project entrustment, joint R&D, establishment of training center and joint research center. For example, the China-Hewlett-Packard Digital Signal Processing Technology Research Center, which is co-operated by Hewlett-Packard Company of the United States and Peking University, belongs to this type.
Brief introduction of some R&D institutions established by multinational companies in Beijing and Shanghai
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Research and institutions, subsidiaries, research fields
Development organization, time and place
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Beihou-Nortel R&D │ 1994 │ Northern Canada │ Beijing │ Communication and Telecommunications │
Center, telecom company, etc
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
│SMC- Tsinghua University Pneumatic │ 1994 │ Japanese SMC Strain │ Beijing Pneumatic Components │.
Fashion club technology research center
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Delphi-Tsinghua University Auto 1995- American General Motors-BAIC Automotive System
Automobile system research institute of automobile company
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
│IBM China Research Center │ 1995 │ American IBM │ Beijing │ Computer │.
Information technology division
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Pan-Asia Automotive Technology Center has 1995, American General Motors, Shanghai, and automobile design.
Limited company, automobile company
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Motorola-Computer Association │ 1996 │ American Motorcycles │ Beijing │ Communication and Telecommunications │
│││││││││││││││││││││
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Hui Ke Research Center │ 1996 │ Hewlett-Packard Company │ Beijing │ Electronic Measurement │.
││││││││││││││││
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Bell Laboratories, 1997, Lucent USA, Beijing, Communication and Information.
Science and technology companies, Shanghai, science and technology
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
│ Intel China Research Center │ 1998 │ Intel │ Beijing │ Semiconductor, Letter │.
Company, information technology
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
R&D by Microsoft China, 1998, Microsoft Corporation, Beijing, Software and Information.
Microsoft China Research Institute, Business Department and Technology Department.
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
│ Nokia (China) Research │ 1998 │ Nokia Finland │ Beijing │ Communication │.
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 94
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Fujitsu Research Center Limited │ 1998 │ Fujitsu Japan │ Beijing │ Communication and Telecommunications │.
││││││││││││││││││││
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Lucent Technology Asia Limited, 1998, Lucent Corporation of America, Beijing, Communication and Telecommunications.
Pacific regional research headquarters,
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Ericsson Communication Software Development 1998 Ericsson Sweden Shanghai Communication
(Shanghai) Company
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Dupont China R&D │ 1998 │ Dupont USA │ Shanghai │ Chemical Industry │.
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │—
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Bayer China R&D Center 1998 Bayer Co., Ltd.
Division │ │ │ │ │ │ │
├—————————┼———┼—————┼——┼—————┤
Siemens Technology Development Co., Ltd., 1999, Ximen, Germany, Beijing, information technology,
Companies, companies, household appliances
└—————————┴———┴—————┴——┴—————┘
┌—————————┬——————————┬——————┐
Research and organization form, legal status and research nature
Development institutions │ │ │ │ │ │ │
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Research and development of Beihou-Nortel, Sino-foreign cooperative research and development institutions, cutting-edge basic research
Center, dependent legal person and product development
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│ SMC-Tsinghua University Pneumatic-Sino-foreign cooperative research and development institution-applied research and production
Technology research center, non-independent legal person, product development
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Delphi-Tsinghua University automobile Sino-foreign cooperative R&D institution, basic research and application
Vehicle system research institute, non-independent legal person, use research
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│IBM China Research Center, a wholly-owned cooperative research and development institution, focuses on basic research.
Non-independent legal person
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Pan-Asia Automotive Technology Center has a Sino-foreign joint venture R&D institution, which is designed and developed.
Limited company, independent legal person (limited company)
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Motorola-Computing Association-Sino-foreign cooperative research and development institutions-applied research
Joint laboratory, non-independent legal person
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Hui Ke Research Center, Sino-foreign cooperative research and development institutions, applied research.
Non-independent legal person
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Bell Laboratories, a wholly-owned cooperative research and development institution, basic research and application.
Non-independent legal person, use research
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
│ Intel China Research Center, a wholly-owned cooperative research and development institution, basic research and application.
Non-independent legal person, use research
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Microsoft China R&D, a wholly-owned cooperative R&D institution, applied R&D..
Microsoft China Research Institute, non-independent legal person, basic research.
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
In the research of Nokia (China), a wholly-owned cooperative R&D institution is aimed at the China market.
Heart, dependent legal person, frontier basic research
Research and applied research
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Fujitsu Research Center Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned cooperative research and development institution, cutting-edge foundation and production.
Company, independent legal person (limited company), product application research
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Lucent Technology Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned cooperative research and development institution, cutting-edge foundation and production.
The research headquarters is in Taitai area, and it is an independent legal person (limited company), product application research.
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Ericsson communication software development, wholly-owned cooperative research and development institutions, application research and development.
(Shanghai) company, independent legal person (limited company), development
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Dupont China R&D, a wholly-owned cooperative R&D institution, applied R&D..
Heart, non-independent legal person, development
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Bayer China R&D Center, a wholly-owned cooperative research and development institution, applied research and development.
Non-independent legal person
├—————————┼——————————┼——————┤
Siemens Technology Development Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned cooperative research and development institution, applied research and development.
Company, independent legal person (limited company), development
└—————————┴——————————┴——————┘
(3) Establish technical alliance with domestic enterprises. Refers to the cooperation and joint venture with enterprises in China to carry out research and development activities, and on this basis to implement product production, management and marketing. For example, Lucent Technology Co., Ltd. cooperates with Konka Electronics Co., Ltd. to develop mobile phones; Lotus Company cooperates with TCL Information Industry Group to develop Internet business. Another example is the joint venture between Toshiba, Alpine and Oriental Software Co., Ltd., which is controlled by Shenyang Northeastern University. While cooperating in research and development, establish joint ventures to directly sell the developed technologies and products.
Second, the motives of multinational companies to set up R&D institutions in China.
For multinational companies, R&D center is not only a part of the enterprise, but also the "brain" and "soul" of the enterprise. The location of R&D center shows the company's confidence in local talent resources and investment environment. The main motives for multinational companies to set up R&D centers in China are:
(1) utilize China's R&D resources. China is rich in human resources, low in labor price and numerous in research institutions. The establishment of R&D institutions in China by multinational corporations can not only enhance their R&D strength and reduce their R&D costs, but also develop high-tech needed by China and the world, thus expanding their market share in China and the international market. China is a large developing country with a large population, and its market resources are extremely rich. According to statistics, there are currently more than 25,000 research institutions and more than 3 million technicians in China. The R&D institutions in China are mostly engaged in technology promotion, and the innovation is less than 1/5, but it is an available resource after all.
By setting up R&D institutions in China, multinational companies can directly understand the demand and characteristics of China market, so as to research and develop related products, occupy and expand the China market and even the international market. The establishment of Sun Technology Development Center, Panasonic Corporation, Beijing Procter & Gamble Technology Co., Ltd., IBM China Research Center and (China) Research Center is very obvious for this purpose.
(2) Realize internationalization and localization of R&D.. Some multinational companies have established R&D bases in Europe and America. In order to realize the internationalization of R&D, they often set their Asian base in China, which has great market potential, so as to realize the localization of foreign technology and the internationalization of China technology. For example, Microsoft Corporation of the United States set up Microsoft China Research Institute in China to promote the localization of software technology and the internationalization of China technology.
(3) Realize the deployment of multinational companies' investment and industrialized operation in China. The establishment of R&D institutions in China is an important step in the localization of R&D and investment management, and it is also the strategic deployment of multinational companies' investment and industrialization in China. For example, Intel set up a research and development center in China and invested in building a large-scale integrated circuit packaging factory in China, which is the reason.
(4) Realize the commitment to the China government and pay attention to the global business strategy of multinational companies. In the long run, some top executives of multinational companies made promises to the China government when they visited China. For example, the president of IBM promised the government of China to set up a research and development center in China.
Third, the analysis of the impact of multinational companies setting up R&D institutions in China
Analysis of the socio-economic impact of 1. on China
The establishment and operation of R&D institutions of multinational corporations in China, while pursuing their own corporate interests, objectively played a positive role in expanding foreign economic cooperation, promoting multinational corporations' investment in China, accelerating knowledge innovation and promoting China's economic development. The R&D investment of multinational corporations, with its demand for research equipment and infrastructure, has promoted the development of high value-added products such as high-tech products and real estate, property management and other industries, stimulated consumer demand and stimulated economic growth. At the same time, multinational companies' investment in R&D also makes up for the lack of R&D investment in China. At the same time, through the establishment of R&D institutions in China by multinational companies, some scientific research achievements of China have been pushed to the international market, which has improved China's technology export situation and export product structure to some extent.
2. Analysis of the impact on China's scientific and technological progress
Multinational companies set up R&D institutions in China, which directly brought the world's most advanced technology to China and promoted the improvement of China's scientific and technological level. Through cooperation, competition and industrialization, on the one hand, the most advanced knowledge, technology and R&D management experience will be directly brought to China; On the other hand, enterprises, universities and scientific research institutions in China should strengthen technology digestion and independent innovation absorption, promote the localization and industrialization of advanced technologies, and shorten the distance between China and international advanced technologies. For example, IBM China Research Center has developed the world's most advanced Chinese speech recognition system on the basis of 50 years' research achievements and 27 years' speech recognition research in IBM Research Laboratory. Another example is SUN China Technology Development Center, whose main task is to China foreign advanced technology so that China people can use the latest advanced technology.
Due to the scientific selection of projects and the standardization of R&D management, the input-output effect of multinational companies is very good. After they set up R&D institutions in China, the business philosophy, management principles and implementation methods of these institutions engaged in R&D work will directly affect the managers of scientific research institutions in China and provide them with useful experience in decision-making and management. Moreover, in the process of competing with these masters, competition will also promote the improvement of R&D management level in China.
Of course, multinational companies' investment in R&D will also have a certain negative impact on China's scientific research, such as the brain drain of domestic scientific research institutions in China, the possibility that some low-level R&D institutions will close down in competition, and some confidential technologies may be leaked or stolen. But this is just the pain in progress.
3. Analysis of the impact on China's talent training.
Multinational companies' R&D institutions have attracted a large number of outstanding researchers from China, creating high-value employment opportunities for the labor force in China. At the same time, it may also lead to the imbalance of talent structure and the improvement of knowledge capital of high-quality labor force, but overall, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
(1) Promote the growth of talent team. The institutions of multinational corporations in R&D have a good environment for cultivating advanced technical and management talents. Multinational companies attach great importance to the training of employees and regard the improvement of personnel quality as the key to the competitiveness of enterprises. China employees who work in R&D institutions of multinational companies can accumulate a lot of experience in the process of scientific research and development, innovation and management, and become high-quality knowledge workers.
(2) Restrain the tendency of brain drain and attract a large number of international students to return home. The R&D institutions of multinational corporations in China have retained talents from China to some extent. High-tech talents have gone from the "going abroad tide" in developed countries to the "bright flow" and then to the "undercurrent" of working for foreigners in China. Studying in Europe and America is the dream of many China students. However, today, their life plans are not all about finding a job and getting a "green card" after studying abroad. Many people have plans to return to China after their studies and are interested in working in R&D institutions of foreign companies in China. The attractive salary level, together with the most suitable living environment and the best scientific research environment, make their life "the best of both worlds". Why not?
(3) Make up for the deficiency of China's education system. Insufficient investment in education, poor hardware conditions in colleges and universities, and insufficient combination of education and scientific research are all shortcomings of China's education system. The cooperation between R&D institutions of multinational corporations and universities in China not only provides financial support and sponsorship, but also improves the hardware conditions of universities, giving China universities more opportunities to contact cutting-edge technologies, receive training and participate in research work abroad. In China, the combination of education and scientific research has been weak, one of the important reasons is that the quantity and quality of scientific research institutions can't meet the demand of education, and the establishment of R&D institutions of multinational companies has just improved this situation.
Four. China's attitude and policy suggestions.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that the impact of R&D institutions established by multinational companies in China undoubtedly outweighs the disadvantages. Therefore, we should actively guide and give reasonable policy support, so that more R&D institutions of multinational companies can settle in China and better serve the social, economic, scientific and cultural development of China. The correct attitude we should adopt should be:
1. Face it positively and take the initiative to integrate.
In the era of economic globalization, the competitiveness of a country in the international market will depend on its technological innovation ability, that is, the ability and level of research and development. If China wants to take the initiative in the global competition in 2 1 century, it must speed up R&D activities and innovation. However, the low investment in R&D and the imperfect R&D system have seriously restricted China's technology supply capacity, so China urgently needs to introduce external R&D resources. The globalization of R&D activities of multinational corporations just provides the possibility for technology diffusion to developing countries.
Facing the general trend of globalization of R&D activities, we must change our ideas, face it positively and take the initiative to integrate. Based on the principle of making good use of the "two markets" at home and abroad, it is necessary to "encourage, guide, support and welcome" multinational companies to invest and set up R&D institutions in China, which is not only an important measure to improve the quality of attracting foreign investment in China, but also the need to improve China's own R&D capabilities and optimize its innovation system.
2. The government promotes and optimizes the environment
Multinational companies tend to set up R&D institutions in host countries with loose scientific research policies, perfect service facilities and great technology market potential, but China has some shortcomings in this respect. Therefore, the government should take active measures to optimize the R&D investment environment and promote the development of international R&D cooperation to a higher level.
(1) We should attach great importance to the establishment of R&D institutions in China by cross-park companies from the perspective of economic development strategy. Some provinces, cities, development zones and high-tech zones have set up management departments specially responsible for multinational companies' R&D investment in China, coordinating and managing multinational companies' R&D investment in China, focusing on solving related problems and conducting policy research. Hold special seminars and international investment fairs to increase the investment of famous multinational companies in R&D institutions.
(2) Give national treatment to R&D institutions of multinational corporations. For example, the technology market will be further opened, allowing R&D institutions of multinational companies and R&D institutions in China to participate in awards and bidding projects and topics, so as to integrate them with China's national science and technology industry.
(3) Give multinational corporations tax preference in R&D institutions. Draw lessons from Singapore, India and other countries to attract multinational companies to invest and set up R&D institutions and improve tax preferential policies.
(4) Improve the intellectual property protection system. The state must improve the intellectual property protection system, including technical secrecy, property rights transfer, and prevention of counterfeiting and infringement. Protect the achievements and rights of foreign-funded R&D institutions from infringement according to law.
(5) Improve the research and development environment. Power supply, transportation, property management and other infrastructure are in urgent need of improvement. The level of R&D support services such as financial services and information services also needs to be further improved.
3. Take the initiative and give priority to support.
The ideas and technologies brought by foreign R&D centers not only greatly developed the R&D level in China, but also promoted the rapid growth of R&D strength in China. In recent years, some well-known domestic enterprises with large scale and strong technical strength have set up their own R&D centers overseas according to the "going out" strategy put forward by the government to gradually cultivate their independent innovation ability. For example, Peking University Founder, Lenovo, Haier, Chunlan, Konka, TCL and other well-known enterprise groups. It has successively invested in establishing R&D institutions in the United States, Japan and other countries, followed the world's advanced technology, better served foreign markets, and achieved good results, setting an example for other domestic enterprises to "go global". However, due to the limitation of technical level, the main functions of overseas R&D institutions set up by most China enterprises at this stage are mainly technical search and technical supervision. Therefore, with the improvement of China enterprises' R&D capabilities and rich experience in transnational investment, how to build its own global R&D network system will become a long-term technical strategic goal for China in the future.
With regard to the choice of overseas R&D industries, according to China's current capital and technology level, it is difficult to implement large-scale technology-intensive investment in developed countries. We should do what we can and make targeted investments, especially in high-tech industries that are urgently needed for national economic construction and people's lives, such as electronic information technology, biomedicine and marine engineering, which can be absorbed and digested by the existing domestic scientific and technological level.
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