What heating knowledge and common sense do you have?

1. Why do you have to pay the heating fee when the user's heat meter reads zero?

This question is actually a supplement to the above questions. If the user applies for a power outage and the watt-hour meter no longer rotates, there is no need to pay the electricity bill. If a hot user turns off his own heating and his neighbor is still heating, he will "touch" his neighbor's lamp, because the indoor temperature of his house will rise with the heat transfer between households. If it's about applying for a power outage, his neighbor can't "touch" his neighbor's lamp, no matter how powerful the light bulb is at home. This is determined by the different conduction and use of heat and light, and the characteristics of heat conduction determine that families who stop using heat are actually consuming heat energy. If charging by heat meter is implemented, there will be a phenomenon that the heat meter of the household who stops heating does not follow the word, while the heat meter of the neighbor should follow the word more. Therefore, it is more reasonable for households who stop using heat to pay a certain proportion of heating costs. It can be seen that the problems involved in charging heating with heat meter are far more complicated than charging electricity. ?

In some areas where heat meters are used to measure fees, some property management and heating management departments stipulate that heat users should pay 40% to 60% of the basic heating fee according to the residential construction area, regardless of whether they install heat meters or stop using heat. In order to prevent a small number of users from opportunistic and relying on heat transfer between households for heating, it is necessary to formulate a more reasonable system to avoid such unfair heating charges.

2. How to charge the heating fee only in the cold period?

For example, if the number of heating days in a certain area is 120 days, individual heat users require heating only during the 40-day cold period between New Year's Day and Spring Festival for various reasons, and stop heating in the early cold period when heating starts and the late cold period when heating ends. Ask to press when paying the heating bill? It is obviously unfair to pay only one-third of the heating fee for the actual heating days. Because, in the early cold period and the late cold period, the weather is not too cold, the rooms that need heating consume less heat, and the heating department consumes less fuel. In the coldest period of winter, the coal consumption for heating is much higher than that in the early or late cold period, and sometimes the daily coal consumption will even increase exponentially. Coal consumption is the main calculation basis of heating charge, and local price management departments regard fuel consumption as the main cost of heating when approving the local heating charge price.

Therefore, hot users only ask for heating in the cold period, just like going to the market to buy food. As long as the cabbage is good, the price will remain unchanged, which is obviously unreasonable. Of course, if the user installs a heat meter, there will be no such problem in paying by the meter, because in order to keep the indoor temperature unchanged, the speed of the heat meter in the cold period is much faster than that in the early and late cold periods, so it is natural to pay more for heating. Therefore, there is no heat meter installed, and only users who use heat during the severe cold period are required to understand the composition of heating fees. In the coldest time, they consume the most heat and fuel. If they use more calories, they should pay more. They should pay according to the consumption of raw materials and the heating price calculated by the local heating management department. In order to avoid conflicts with heat users, some management departments generally do not provide heating in this case.

3. What is the service life of indoor heating facilities?

Any facilities and equipment have a service life. Like buildings, refrigerators, televisions, pressure cookers and other household items, heating facilities such as pipes, valves and radiators in hot users' rooms also have a service life. From the point of view of safe heating, we can't wait until the heating pipes at home are rusted, cracked, leaked and injured before we think that their life is up and then replace them.

Due to various reasons, some heating facilities have good internal quality, proper installation and maintenance, and their service life is much longer. If the materials of heating facilities are poor and the steel pipes and fittings are not galvanized,

If the wall thickness is not up to standard, the working environment is humid and harsh, the internal and external corrosion is serious, and the use and maintenance are improper, their service life will be much shorter. In general, the average service life of ordinary indoor heating facilities is about 30 years, while the life of cast iron radiators is longer. In recent years, the design life of radiant floor heating facilities is the same as that of buildings, which is 50 years.

4. Who will pay for the renovation of indoor heating facilities?

When the service life of the building is up, it needs to be demolished. When the service life of pressure cookers and televisions is up, you need to buy new ones. When the service life of indoor heating facilities is up, they also need to spend money to update them. In general, indoor heating facilities are a part of residential buildings. When they are close to the service life, the failure rate will increase year by year. Although some of them have not yet reached the update period, they often break down and affect their normal use. They should also be updated as soon as possible. If it is not replaced in time, sometimes there may be water running failures such as tube bursting, breakage and water leakage, and hot water will burn family members and bring losses and injuries to family members and neighbors. In severe cases, the hot air emitted by hot water will also cause indoor hypoxia, which will bring people the danger of suffocation.

Therefore, hot users should not be careless. When the service life of heating facilities approaches, the leakage increases and the failure rate increases, the safety of heating should be put in the first place, and users themselves should be willing to spend money to update heating facilities in time. Of course, the public pipes, valves, automatic exhaust valves, shaft entry devices and other facilities belonging to the whole building or unit should be updated by the property manager or owner in accordance with the newer agreement on the maintenance of heating facilities. If the property rights are owned by all owners, public maintenance funds need to be used for maintenance.

5. Why is the second floor not warm after the first floor stops heating?

Nowadays, the design of many houses is well thought out. All floors of residential buildings are designed as garages, and heating is also designed and installed in garages. A few years ago, due to the lax accounting of heating consumption, heating was turned on in winter regardless of whether there was a car in the garage. In recent years, with the refinement of heating management, in order to save heating funds, users have removed all the radiators installed in the garage. After the heating was removed from the first floor, residents on the second floor generally reported that the indoor temperature was low and the heating effect was not as good as before. The indoor temperature of some users dropped below 16 degrees.

Why is this happening? Originally, when designing and determining the number of radiators in each room on the second floor, the premise was that the radiators on the first floor were used normally. When heating on the first floor, the proportion of indoor hot air is light and rises to the second floor, which plays a dual role of heat transfer and heat preservation between households. The number of radiators determined on the second floor is moderate, and users will not feel cold. Now all the radiators on the first floor have been removed and the heating conditions have changed. The heating on the second floor not only heats your room, but also transfers heat to the room on the first floor, which increases the heat dissipation, so the second floor is not warm. In this case, we should consider re-accounting and increase the number of radiators on the second floor. Similarly, if the heating in the adjacent room is removed or the room is changed for other purposes, it is necessary to open the doors and windows frequently and consider increasing the number of radiators in the normally heated room, so as to ensure the heating quality of users.

6. Why are there not so many radiators in the same room?

The heating in a garden district is an old-fashioned single-pipe series heating system. One day, Mr. Li on the fifth floor of Building 2 visited Mr. Zhang's house on the first floor. He found that in two living rooms of the same size, Mr. Zhang had 18 radiators, while his radiator had only 10. Why is there such a big difference in the number of radiators in a room with the same area?

This is because, in the old-fashioned heating system with a single pipe connected in series for the next time, hot water is first delivered to the top floor by the circulating pump, distributed by the horizontal pipe, flows through the radiators on the top floor, then flows through the radiators on each floor layer by layer, and finally flows to the bottom floor. Therefore, the temperature of hot water is the hottest on the top floor, and the water temperature on the bottom floor is the lowest after being cooled step by step by the radiator. In order to ensure that the room temperature of each floor is 18 degrees, increasing the number of radiators layer by layer is considered as temperature compensation in the design. The higher the floor, the higher the water temperature and the fewer radiators. The lower the floor, the lower the water temperature and the more radiators. In this type of building with heating system, although the room area in the same direction from the top floor to the first floor is the same, the number of radiators is quite different.

However, in the household control system or double-pipe heating system, there is no problem that the temperature of hot water drops step by step, the temperature of hot water entering each floor and household is the same, the room area is the same, and the number of radiators is the same. However, if the residential building is not an energy-saving and thermal insulation building, we should also consider increasing the number of heat sinks in the top, bottom and backer wall rooms. Due to the location and enclosure structure of these rooms, the exposed surface area is large and the heat consumed by the rooms is high.

7. What is the simple principle of household air conditioning refrigeration and heating?

Air source heat pump technology is used to adjust the room temperature in ordinary household air conditioners. When the air conditioner works, the refrigerant vapor in the refrigeration system is sucked, compressed into superheated vapor with high temperature and high pressure, and discharged to the condenser. The high-pressure refrigerant liquid flows into the evaporator to absorb indoor heat after depressurization and cooling through the throttling capillary, and the outdoor fan blows away the heat released by the refrigerant at the same time. The fan of the indoor unit makes air continuously enter the heat absorption fins of the evaporator for heat exchange, and sends the cooled gas after heat release to the room. Repeatedly, so as to achieve the purpose of cooling.

Ordinary household air conditioning heating uses the compression and condensation heat of refrigeration system to heat indoor air. When heating, just adjust the operation mode to this position, and the circulating direction of the refrigerant will automatically change through the four-way valve, so that the system absorbs heat from the outdoor and releases heat to the indoor, thus achieving the purpose of heating. In order to ensure the heating effect of air conditioners when it is too cold outside in winter, many air conditioners have designed electric auxiliary heating components in the fuselage to ensure the heating effect. But generally speaking, it is not suitable to use ordinary household air conditioners for heating for a long time, which not only consumes a lot of energy, has high cost, but also has poor comfort, which is far less effective than central heating.

8. Why can high-temperature hot water be used for refrigeration in summer?

The most common cooling method in summer, like using ordinary household air conditioners, uses electricity as power for compression refrigeration; There are also direct-fired mechanical refrigeration using oil and gas, and lithium bromide refrigeration powered by hot water. The principle of lithium bromide refrigeration is similar to freon refrigeration. When it volatilizes, it can absorb a lot of heat from the surrounding environment, which makes people feel that the temperature drops obviously. Because of its unique characteristics, it has become a good medium for absorption air conditioning. In the lithium bromide refrigeration unit, the medium cold water can be reduced to about 8 degrees, and then the cold water passes through the air coil to reduce the air temperature. Then use the air conditioning duct of the building to send cold air to each room to reduce the indoor temperature.

In some cities, heating companies use hot water pipes for heating in winter and supply hot water with certain parameters to refrigeration units and lithium bromide refrigeration units with large building area in summer. This refrigeration method is suitable for buildings with large area central air conditioning, and can be widely used in hotels, hotels, commercial buildings and other senior apartments and large office places. Because this kind of place has high refrigeration synchronization coefficient and high efficiency. For ordinary residential quarters, this method is not suitable for refrigeration because of its high construction cost and operating cost.

9. What is the function of the inlet device in the manhole at the door of the unit?

Household heating devices in residential buildings, whether one staircase with two households or one staircase with four households, are usually installed as a set of facilities to form a heating system. If an air intake device is responsible for the heating of several units, the number of users is too large, and the probability of heating failure will also increase. If there are too few users, the cost of entrance facilities borne by users will increase. Therefore, taking a natural unit as a unit, it is appropriate to set up an entrance well every 20 households or so. This not only facilitates the maintenance and management of the heating department, but also ensures the heating quality of users.

For the convenience of management, most water inlet devices are installed in the manhole at the door of the unit. Thermometers and pressure gauges are used to indicate heating parameters; The decontamination device and blowdown valve are used to filter and remove impurities and foreign bodies in the system; Water supply and return valves are used as maintenance switches; Use the balance valve to improve the heating quality and adjust the heating flow, so that the hot water flow of users in each building can be distributed according to the load, and the imbalance between cold and heat can be solved. As locks, the locking valve and the locking manhole cover can only be opened by managers with special keys. Used for facility protection and heating management to prevent individuals from opening the valve for heating without paying the heating fee. In a word, the household installation is one of the main heating facilities, which is used to control, adjust, overhaul, rinse and monitor the heating situation of residential units and is the public property of all heat users in the whole unit. In order to ensure the quality of heating, everyone should take good care of the entrance well facilities to prevent sewage soaking and man-made damage.

10, what should I do if the heating effect of the remote heat source is not good?

Generally speaking, the heat users who are close to the heating boiler room or heating station have better heating effect than those who are far away. The resistance of nearby users' pipe network is small, the water head of heating circulation is high, the hot water circulation is relatively smooth, and the heat sent per unit time is correspondingly high, so the room temperature of users is higher. On the other hand, the resistance along the pipeline of long-distance users is large, and the flow of circulating hot water is small, resulting in imbalance of water conservancy and inevitable deterioration of heating effect. Under the condition of constant total heat supply, the closer the user is to the heat source, the higher the indoor temperature, and the farther the user is, the lower the room temperature.

How to solve the contradiction of poor heating effect of remote heat users? The original method is to increase the temperature of water supply and increase the circulation of hot water. Using this operation mode of temperature increase, large flow and small temperature difference, it is easy to cause the near-end users to overheat and open the window to cool down, but the room temperature of the far-end users is still low. This not only wastes a lot of heat energy, but also consumes the electric energy of the water pump. With the progress of science and technology, automatic regulating devices such as thermal balance valves are constantly improving and perfecting. By using these devices, the circulating water can be accurately distributed according to the heating heat load area of each community and building, so as to control the hot water circulating flow of the near-end users not to be too large, ensure the hot water circulating flow of the far-end users to be sufficient, and evenly distribute the water according to the design flow of the heat load of each building. So as to solve the heat balance problem of the heating pipe network, ensure that remote heat users have good heating effect, and save water, electricity and fuel 15% or more.

1 1. Is it illegal to install a simple heat exchanger without permission?

At present, there are many kinds of radiators on the market. Also mixed with a simple small household heat exchanger, it looks like an ordinary radiator. A metal liner is hidden in the body, and two water pipe joints lead out radiators from the liner, one end of which is filled with tap water and the other end is filled with hot water. During heating, the hot water in the system is used for heating and radiating, and at the same time, it is used for heating the tap water in the metal liner. If the radiator is installed without the approval of the heating management department and the heat metering charge is not implemented, it is called stealing heat. Now the merchants on the market dare not publicize, so they can only sell them secretly. Without the approval of the relevant departments, the user does not install a heat meter, and it is an act of stealing heat energy to use the heat energy of public heating to heat tap water used in the home without paying the hot water heating fee. Because heat is a commodity, it is immoral to take it away without permission.

In the design of heating system in general residential buildings, installing and using heat exchangers without considering the additional load of hot water heat exchangers in advance will harm the interests of heating enterprises and neighbors, easily lead to the lack of heating in neighbors' homes and affect the heating quality of other residents. Therefore, the heating department will consume more fuel and increase the heating cost. Once the heating and property management department finds that the heat exchanger is installed without permission, it will be severely punished according to the management regulations.

Even in the heating system of this residential building, there is still a lot of hot water load. Every user has installed a heat meter at home, and pays by heat. It is not allowed to install a heat exchanger without permission. An application should be made to the heating management department in advance, and the heating parameters, pipe diameter and hot water consumption must be audited by professional and technical personnel before installation and use.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of intermittent heating?

In some units and residential quarters, intermittent heating is adopted for boiler room heating in winter. That is to say, in a 24-hour day, the valve is turned on for heating for several periods, and the boiler stops heating for the rest of the day. In the morning, at noon and at night, people keep warm at home three times after work, each time for two or three hours; Some only provide heat for institutions and production units during the day and only for residential buildings at night; This intermittent heating method planned according to time is called intermittent heating.

Intermittent heating is generally suitable for holidays, winter vacations, classrooms and institutions where there is no one at night, and it is also suitable for users who have low requirements on heating quality. Its advantages are obvious energy-saving effect, reducing boiler equipment capacity, saving energy consumption and capital investment. The disadvantage is that the comfort is slightly worse. Intermittent heating should determine the supply and stop time according to the characteristics of the heating object. If the local temperature is low or the climate becomes cold sharply, heating should be done in advance, and the heating temperature on duty should be set in the heating system in advance to prevent the heating facilities from freezing. Users who participate in central heating, after using heat meters, units and individuals will consciously adopt intermittent heating.

Usually, in heating enterprises with large heating area, the boiler runs continuously for 24 hours, and users can use intermittent heating respectively. At this time, the load change of the on-off valve will not affect the heating quality, and the boiler can automatically adjust the parameters such as coal consumption and air intake according to the change. This method has good thermal stability, low equipment failure rate and high heating quality. After the implementation of charging by heat, heat users will have a high enthusiasm and consciously adopt intermittent heating. Schools, institutions and individuals can provide heating according to their own needs and decide when to stop heating. ?

13, what's the difference between indirect heating and direct heating?

Indirect connection heating means that the circulating hot water in the indoor radiator of heat users does not directly enter the boiler for heating, but separates two media with different temperatures, different pressures or different States through water, water heat exchanger or steam-water heat exchange equipment, and only exchanges heat energy. For example, when boilers in the heating department supply steam or high-temperature hot water, they must adopt indirect connection heating mode to convert the hot water into hot water below 95 degrees in accordance with the heating safety regulations and energy-saving requirements. This heating mode is mostly used in areas with long heating distance and large heating area. This heating mode can save investment, save electricity, and improve the heat transfer efficiency of the pipe network and the heating quality of users.

Direct connection heating is simpler than indirect heating. The hot water boiler directly sends the hot water to the user's indoor radiator to dissipate heat, and then it is sent back to the boiler for heating by the circulating water pump, and so on. This method is mostly used in areas with small heating distance and area, and is suitable for independent heating in remote enterprises, institutions, troops, hospitals, schools and other small units. By adopting direct supply mode, the temperature of boiler outlet water is low, the equipment is simple and the safety performance is good, and atmospheric boiler can also be used. Disadvantages are poor environment, low thermal efficiency and low level of operation and management. There is also a mixed water heating method between direct connection and indirect connection. In this method, a part of low-temperature backwater is mixed with high-temperature water supply, and then supplied to the room of heat users, and the rest is sent back to the boiler for reheating cycle.

In short, whether indirect heating or direct heating, the parameters such as temperature, flow and pressure of hot water entering the user's room should be calculated and determined in advance according to the heating load of the building.

14. Why do you want to set up a heat exchange station?

The heat source of central heating in many cities consists of thermal power plants or large boilers, which are used for district heating. According to the layout of building heat load, there are many heat exchange stations in each branch of its primary heating network, which are also called heat exchange stations or thermal stations. Its main function is to realize heat exchange and improve heating quality. The heating scale of thermal power station can be large or small, small stations can supply thousands of square meters, and large stations can supply hundreds of thousands of square meters of building area for heating. The specific situation needs to be determined according to the on-site heat load distribution. ?

Another important function of setting up a heat exchange station is to distribute the hot water flow to all users more evenly, promote the heat balance, improve the heating quality of heat users, and eliminate the uneven hot and cold phenomenon among users. At the same time, in order to ensure the personal safety of heat users, it is required that the temperature of heating hot water sent to users' homes should be lower than 95 degrees and the pressure should not exceed the safety standard. Therefore, it is necessary to isolate the boiler outlet water from the water phase of users' indoor heating system with a heat exchanger to realize intermittent connection heating. It can also increase the temperature of boiler outlet water to 130 degrees or 150 degrees, and the outlet water pressure will also increase accordingly, thus improving the heat transfer capacity of primary pipe network, reducing the investment of pipe network, reducing the power consumption of hot water circulating pump, eliminating the threat of water loss of secondary pipe network to the safe operation of boiler, reducing heating cost, increasing heating area and improving economic benefits.

If some users of high-rise buildings need heating, a heating station suitable for the heating pressure of high-rise buildings can be built separately, and the connection between the high-pressure heating system of high-rise floors and the low-pressure heating system of low-rise floors can be isolated, so as to prevent the equipment of low-pressure heating system from being damaged when the rated pressure exceeds, and ensure that users of low-rise floors can heat normally.

15. What are the functions of various equipment in the heat exchange station?

The whole process of heating is that the heat source plant or thermal power plant generates heat energy, and the high-temperature hot water is distributed to each heat exchange station through the primary main network. After heat exchange, the high-temperature hot water transfers heat energy to the hot water in the secondary pipe network, and then distributes it to each hot user's home. When the residential area or unit building area is large, there are generally heat exchange stations in hospitals. In order to save the floor space and reduce the noise of heat exchange station equipment operation, heat exchange stations are generally built in the basement or use the demolished small boiler room.

The main equipment of heat exchange station is heat exchanger. Its working principle is to transfer the heat generated by high-temperature hot water or steam in the primary pipe network to the hot water in the secondary pipe network through the heat exchanger, and then send it to the user by the hot water circulating pump to dissipate heat, and then take it back to the heat exchange station to continue heating. The softened water processor in the station is used to prepare soft water to prevent scaling of heat exchangers and other equipment. The prepared softened water can be temporarily stored in the soft water tank, and the soft water is replenished to the secondary pipe network by the make-up pump to make up for the hot water leaked from the heating system and used for constant pressure of the system. Two decontamination devices are respectively connected in series on the primary pipe network and the secondary pipe network, which are used to remove various foreign matters brought by heated hot water, prevent valves and pipelines from being blocked by foreign matters, and protect the pump impeller from being damaged. Balance valve is used for flow control to solve hydraulic imbalance and improve heating quality. Some unattended heat exchange stations are also equipped with automatic adjustment control systems to automatically adjust heating and energy saving according to the change of climate and temperature. The more advanced heat exchange station is not only equipped with remote computer network heating network monitoring and regulation system, but also equipped with instruments for detecting and displaying heating pressure, temperature and flow, and can also be automatically adjusted and remotely controlled, and equipped with lighting, power distribution devices and facilities such as automatic pumping and drainage of accumulated water in the basement.

16. Why should the heating system be filled with water in advance before heating in winter?

About ten days before heating in winter every year, the heating department should inform the heat users to pay attention, inject water into the heating in advance, and check whether the heating facilities are damaged or leaking. At this time, the user's heating system has been out of service for more than half a year and is in a waterless state. Before heating, it is very beneficial to fill water, test pressure, rinse and check whether there is leakage. If water leakage is found early, it can be repaired in advance to avoid delaying heating and causing unnecessary property losses.

Some users' heating facilities have been used for a long time, and the oxidation corrosion is serious. After the heating system is recharged and boosted, new corrosion leakage points are likely to appear. There are also some users who have accidentally damaged the facilities and damaged the running air and other components after stopping heating, and they can't find the leakage point without replenishing water at ordinary times. Large and small faults will be exposed after water injection and pressurization, and these faults can be repaired in time before heating.

At this time, the heating department can also use water injection to flush the main pipeline, flush and discharge the remaining foreign bodies such as sediment, rust and welding slag in the new pipe network, and conduct water filling pressure test and leakage test on the old pipe network. At the same time, open the pipe network trench, semi-channel trench, valve well and compensator inspection well along the way to check whether the heating pipe network and equipment are corroded or leaked, and whether the pipe fixing bracket and pipe insulation are damaged or fallen off. Especially for the heating pipe network with long service life, preventive static or hot water pressure test should be carried out when necessary to avoid leakage after heating operation and affect the normal heating of users. In some heating departments with large heating area, preliminary hydraulic balance debugging is still carried out in the stage of water injection flushing and pressure test, which lays a good foundation for energy saving after heating and solving the problem of poor heating effect of remote users.

17, can you heat up a few days in advance every winter?

In many areas, the start and end date of winter heating starts from the beginning or middle of 1 1 and stops in March and April of the following year. In some cold areas, the heating time is longer. This was stipulated by the state in earlier years according to the latitude, altitude and temperature of each region. Every year before the specified heating date, many residents are looking forward to the heating department opening the valve for heating as soon as possible. Especially when it rains, snows and cools down, people feel even worse when the temperature is low in the morning and evening. It's cold everywhere, people are afraid of cold, the elderly and the sick are old and weak, and it's easy to get sick these days. Similarly, people will feel uncomfortable when they just stop warming up, and it will take about a week to get used to it. This rigid heating time regulation is the product of the planned economic system in the early years.

With the continuous progress of society and the rapid development of economy, people's living standards have improved year by year. No matter how high or low the temperature is, it seems unreasonable to continue to use the rigid mode of giving orders and unified heating under the planned economy system, but it has to be done. Because, for small and medium-sized cities with a heating area of millions of square meters, heating one day in advance means more consumption and more cost of nearly one million yuan. To change this situation, we can only use a heat meter to measure the payment. In this way, hospitals, hotels, office buildings and other special users can provide heating on demand, starting heating ten days or half a month in advance and stopping heating ten days or half a month later; Other users can only turn on the heating for a few hours in the morning and evening when the weather is cold, which makes the determination of heating time more humane, and hot users can advance or postpone heating according to their own wishes.