Mandarin handwritten newspaper

Standard Chinese/Putonghua/Putonghua is modern standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin and Putonghua. Their appellations vary from place to place, but they all take Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular works as the grammatical norm. It is the common language between China and overseas Chinese in Chinese mainland, Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province, and it is also the standard language for officials, teaching and media. Mandarin is the official language of People's Republic of China (PRC), one of the four official languages of Singapore and one of the six official working languages of the United Nations. Article 19 of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The State promotes the common Putonghua throughout the country". People's Republic of China (PRC) National Language Law established the legal status of Putonghua as the "national language".

Standard Chinese has a long history and concepts of elegance and generality, but modern standard Chinese inherits the "Mandarin" system that began in the Northern Song Dynasty and formed in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. When Manchu entered the Central Plains, although Manchu was regarded as the national language, Chinese was actually spoken all over the country, and most China officials in the Ming Dynasty spoke Mandarin. Therefore, the official language of the Qing officialdom is actually bilingual. After Manchu entered Beijing, they learned Mandarin Chinese and brought their own Manchu phonology, pronunciation habits and characteristic cultural vocabulary into their own Manchu Chinese. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, they merged Manchu and Chinese language elements to form Manchu dialect, which became the predecessor of modern standard Beijing dialect. The tone of Beiping Yinyun is four tones, namely, flat, rising and falling, and there is no entering tone.

The benefits of putonghua

Everyone should be able to speak Mandarin, which is a common language form with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.

Putonghua is the first step for us to learn to speak and be a civilized person. If a person can't even speak the most basic Mandarin, how can he communicate with others?

Mandarin has penetrated into our daily study and life. No matter what we are doing, Mandarin echoes in every corner around us. Some people may ask, "Why do you speak Mandarin?" Because China is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-dialect country, according to the famous linguist Mr. Zhou Guangyou, 56 ethnic workers in China have more than 80 different languages and regional dialects. It is impossible for each of us to live in the same place all our lives, stand still and not see the outside world, so once we are in a foreign land, we will encounter language barriers and be unable to communicate with others. At this time, if we can all speak a common language-Putonghua, then we don't have to worry about the language barrier and be at a loss.

Speaking Mandarin has brought a lot of convenience to our life. Generally speaking, speaking Putonghua can enhance exchanges between countries, safeguard national unity and promote social civilization and progress.

In class, the teacher asked me to answer questions. Every time I say a word and answer a question, I will try to make it clear. I often talked to myself in front of the mirror and spoke a lot of Mandarin. Gradually, I told myself my usual troubles. Because of this, I feel that it is easier for me to see things.

Speak Mandarin, start with me, and from now on, I will try my best. Everyone comes to speak Mandarin. Let Putonghua become the tradition of the Chinese nation and a beautiful landscape in our city! Speaking Mandarin is your need, mine and the requirement of the times. Speak Mandarin well, please start with me!

The popularity of Putonghua surpassed that of English for the first time.

According to Xinhua News Agency, Hong Kong, June 14 1997, there was a popular saying in Hong Kong: As long as you don't cross the Luohu Bridge, you don't have to learn Mandarin.

Nowadays, in the crowded Causeway Bay business district, the voice of Putonghua is everywhere in my ears: shop assistants enthusiastically solicit business in Putonghua; Hong Kong residents on the street patiently guide mainland tourists in Mandarin.

Before the reunification, Cantonese and English were the mainstream in Hong Kong. Since 15, with the more frequent exchanges between Hong Kong and the mainland in the fields of politics, economy and trade, social culture and education, Putonghua has been widely used in Hong Kong. According to the 20 1 1 Hong Kong Census Report released by the Census and Statistics Department of the SAR Government in February this year, the popularity of Putonghua surpassed English for the first time and became the second largest language in Hong Kong.

Mandarin in the workplace has become "sweet cake"

Waters, a well-known precision instrument manufacturer, recently advertised in Hong Kong for a personnel manager of its Hong Kong branch, and specifically stated in the language requirements that candidates should be proficient in Mandarin. Mr. He, a human resources analyst at Waters, said that since 15, the company's mainland business has been rising steadily, accounting for more than 50% of the total business volume, and the Hong Kong department is in charge of the entire Asia-Pacific region. Communicate with mainland employees and speak Mandarin.

In recent years, the status of Putonghua in the workplace in Hong Kong has been continuously improved, and more and more enterprises hope that their employees can speak Putonghua. According to the data provided by jobsdb 5 5 a large job-hunting website in Hong Kong at the end of May, 1 1% of the job advertisements in the last six months explicitly require candidates to speak Mandarin.

If classified by job type, there is a great demand for job seekers who can speak Mandarin in banking and finance fields, accounting for18.6% of the total job advertisements of this job type; Followed by the government and institutions, accounting for17.1%; Property and real estate, accounting for16.9%; Professional services, accounting for15.2%; Beauty and health account for 14. 1%.

Huang Qiting, HR manager of Walters, a professional recruitment company in Hong Kong, said that most of their clients are foreign-funded companies, and they have branches in Hong Kong, which are responsible for mainland business. She revealed that about 60% to 70% of customers tend to hire employees who can speak Mandarin. "Before the reunification, speaking English was a necessary condition, and now Mandarin has become a universal requirement."

Mandarin is popular on campus.

At the end of March this year, Hong Kong Baptist University held a Mandarin recitation competition, with more than 800 applicants, a record high. 19-year-old Hong Kong-born Cao Keren won the first prize in the poetry group with a poem "A Flowering Tree".

Cao Keren told reporters that because of her love of language, she taught herself Mandarin Pinyin at home since she was a child and began to participate in recitation competitions from the first grade. When she grew up, she found that speaking Mandarin well was of great help to her study, communication activities and job interview. Cao Keren hopes to engage in the advertising industry in the Mainland after graduating from college.

According to the census report released by the Census and Statistics Department of the SAR Government in February, by the end of June 20 1 1, there were about 7.07 million people in Hong Kong, of whom about 46.5% reported that they could speak Putonghua, which was about 13.2 percentage points higher than that in 200 1. In addition, about 1.4% of the population uses Putonghua as the most commonly used language, which is also higher than 0.9% in 200 1 year.

Since 15, the popularity of Putonghua in Hong Kong has jumped, and the promotion of school education has contributed greatly.

Putonghua has become the core subject of primary schools in Hong Kong since 1998. 1998 and later students, from the first grade of primary school to the third grade of junior high school, learn Putonghua and receive 9 years of Putonghua education. At present, all universities, colleges and community colleges in Hong Kong offer Putonghua courses.

Duan, a member of the Standing Committee on Language Education and Research in Hong Kong (SCOLAR) and a professor in the Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, said that before 15, there were very few students who could really speak Putonghua, but in recent years, the standard of Putonghua of Hong Kong students has been greatly improved. She went to some recitation competitions in the past year or two and found that many local primary school students were as fluent in Mandarin as Cantonese.

She also said that in the past, Chinese classes in many universities were taught in Cantonese, but in recent five or six years, with the increase of mainland students, teachers learned to teach in Mandarin. For example, in the bilingual department of the Polytechnic University, 90% of postgraduate courses previously taught in Cantonese have been changed to Mandarin.

Lin Jianping, director of the Putonghua Education Research and Development Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, said that according to the census report, the number of Hong Kong residents who can speak Putonghua increased from more than 30% in 200 1 year to 40% in 2006, and then to nearly 50% in 201year, which can be said to be gradually popularized; From the perspective of language teaching, what should be done after popularization is how to "improve".

Qixin promotes Putonghua.

In today's Hong Kong, the voice of Putonghua can be heard in major occasions related to government activities, numerous international conferences, forums and exhibitions, subway and bus stops, and voice prompts of customer service calls.

Peng Qinghua, director of the Liaison Office of the Central Committee in Hong Kong, said a few days ago that he had been here before the return of Hong Kong. At that time, shop assistants and taxi drivers generally did not know Mandarin, so it was very inconvenient for mainlanders to come to Hong Kong for sightseeing and shopping.

He said that not only most salespeople and taxi drivers can speak Mandarin now, but also many young people in the mainland can listen to and speak Cantonese, which also reflects from the side that since the reunification, personnel exchanges between the two places have become closer and exchanges in all aspects have been strengthened.

SCOLAR was established in 1996. It is a semi-official organization that aims to make recommendations to the SAR Government on the language education policy in Hong Kong. According to reports, the organization has organized more than 90 activities to promote Putonghua, with about 280,000 Hong Kong citizens participating and more than 3 million viewers watching related TV programs.

On the eve of the 0/5th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to the motherland/KLOC-,the Institute of Language Application of the Ministry of Education also signed a cooperation agreement with the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority in May this year, which is dedicated to exploring, developing and deepening cooperation and exchanges between the Mainland and Hong Kong.

Since 1996, the State Language Committee has signed an agreement with Hong Kong 1 1 universities to establish a Putonghua proficiency testing center. According to the data of the State Language Commission, from 1996 * *, there were 14 1 people in Hong Kong, and by the end of 20 10, the number of people taking the exam had exceeded 70,000.

According to the data provided by CUHK Teaching and Research Center, the level of Putonghua of Hong Kong people is concentrated in "Grade III A", that is, "qualified Putonghua", and there is no problem in daily communication; In recent years, the standard rate of Putonghua proficiency of Hong Kong people (that is, "second-class B") has been on the rise.

How to learn Mandarin

To learn Mandarin well, you can't just practice, but pay attention to certain skills, which will make you get twice the result with half the effort.

First, find out the corresponding rules in Putonghua and your own dialect, and strengthen the rules and memory. The differences between various dialects and Putonghua are mainly manifested in phonetics, with little difference in vocabulary and grammar. Pronunciation differences mainly include: in most areas, there is no difference between flat tongue and tip of tongue, no difference between N and L, lack of vowels such as eng, ing, e and uo, no misuse of light tone and children's voice, and most people's vowels are not round. Combining these characteristics, students can find out the corresponding laws between dialects and Putonghua by themselves or under the guidance of professional teachers, and the effect of practicing and remembering more will double!

Second, always listen and practice, and practice again and again. Listening is what we call "listening" or "ear training". Good listening is the basis of learning Mandarin well, so listening more is an aspect that beginners should pay attention to. You can choose the programs of China People's Broadcasting Station and CCTV as listening materials. When watching TV, you should pay attention to the announcer's mouth shape, and you can imitate it while listening. You can also compare the recordings of standard Putonghua speakers with your own recordings to find out the differences. Improve it!

Third, say: when your listening is good, you should move more. Listening is the premise, and speaking is the key. Speaking Mandarin well should be based on accurate pronunciation, so in the process of learning, students must pay attention to the learning steps, otherwise putting the cart before the horse will still make great efforts to correct the pronunciation mistakes. Let me elaborate: First, we should learn Chinese Pinyin well and lay a good foundation, and then we can try to practice targeted tongue twisters to improve the coordinated pronunciation ability of the pronunciation organs. When you master the pronunciation accurately, you can interpret the works, practice more and cultivate a good sense of language.

Fourth, we should pay attention to the problems existing in the process of "speaking"

1. Pronunciation Pronunciation: The requirements for pronunciation are: prefix pop-up, accurate location, full breath and strength; The belly of the word opens and stands up, and the breath is even; The suffix is complete and free, the sound is in place, clean and tidy, and tends to be clean. In fact, the interval of a Chinese character is very short. In a short time, we need to give attention to both phonology and pronunciation, so we should start from daily training and strictly demand:

* Words require accurate pronunciation and strong bounce.

* Richard asked the rhyme belly to open and stand upright, so that "the mouth is slightly closed and the voice is slightly open".

* Be clean and tidy when you return to the radio station.

Especially when "I, u, n, ng" is used as a vowel, we should pay attention to the change of mouth shape. Pay attention to overcome the problems of insufficient rhyme, insufficient echo and inaccurate tone adjustment. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the pronunciation characteristics of light tone, Hua Er, heavy format and tone.

2. Problems in tongue twister practice: First of all, the function of tongue twister is to make the brain react flexibly, use gas freely and articulate clearly. For tongue twisters, students should not be too hasty in tongue twister practice, nor should they be too hasty. First, they should pronounce according to the correct pronunciation method of Mandarin, and practice from slow to fast. The voice is from small to large, and the paragraph is from easy to difficult. Otherwise, unscientific training will lead to inaccurate pronunciation and vague pronunciation. The faster you pronounce, the more times you repeat the wrong pronunciation, and the farther away from the correct pronunciation standard!

3. When reading the article deductively, we must stop linking, emphasize training and correctly express the emotion of the article. When reading a work, we should pay attention to pause, stress, tone and rhythm. In other words, where to stop and how long to stop; Where there is stress, we should read lightly; In a paragraph, which words should be connected, which words are not connected, and which words are the key points; Whether the sound shape of the whole sentence is rising or falling, whether it is strong or weak, whether it is urgent or slow, we should carefully taste and practice more; I'll tell you a way to read aloud: read quickly, think steadily, stop less and contact more. Grasp the adjustment of breath and the integrity of the article.

Ok, that's all for today. Friends in the park can ask more professional teachers for specific questions, which will not be described here. At the same time, you can also learn from dictionaries, dictionaries and textbooks. The latest editions of Xinhua Dictionary, Modern Chinese Dictionary and Modern Chinese Standard Words Dictionary are recommended here. I hope that Xanadu will be full of peaches and plums, and the students will make progress in their studies.

Training of reading skills.

Reciting is a very high language art, but it is a big problem for beginners, because everyone familiar with reciting knows that learning to recite well requires two basic skills: one is standard fluent Mandarin, and the other is skilled reading skills. In fact, these are not enough. We should know that the biggest difference between reading aloud and reciting lies in this "reciting"; In addition, the former only needs expressiveness, and the latter not only needs expressiveness, but also recreates the work through audio language, and gives the audience the enjoyment of music, composition, feeling and artistic conception through language expression skills; But we can appreciate reciting works through reciting skills taught by teachers. At the same time, improve your taste and enjoyment! I still want to focus on the following-reading skills.

Through some training, reading skills can help us gradually master the rules of Chinese grammar, cultivate a sensitive sense of language, and comprehensively exercise vocal cords, pronunciation, tone, intonation and language potential. , so as to climb the realm of mutual affection. But in the process of training, we should pay attention to the step-by-step practice method.

The first step is preliminary training (foundation). You can choose an article about 100 words as reading material. The requirements are: accurate pronunciation, loud voice, clear articulation, no addition, omission, mispronunciation or inversion, and appropriate pause according to punctuation and grammatical pause requirements.

The second is transitional training. You can choose two or three hundred words to read aloud. On the basis of the first step, transition to fluency, and you can read different tones and intonations of statements, questions, exclamations, imperative sentences and other sentences.

The third step is to consolidate training. You can choose an article of about 500 words to read aloud, focus on practicing reading skills, and consolidate the training results of the first two steps in combination with listening and reading. On the basis of the first two steps, it is required to further read the pauses and key points in long sentences, and read them properly and naturally according to the ideological content of the article.

The fourth step is to practice comprehensive skills. You can choose an article of about 800 words to read aloud. Apply all kinds of skills gained in sub-training to reading aloud. Language fluency, coherent tone and strong appeal are required.

Through the practice of the above four steps, the level of reading aloud will be improved at different levels, and satisfactory results can be achieved in the Putonghua test. But friends need to pay attention: when studying, don't read in general. Look at this today, look at that tomorrow, and get twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, for beginners, concentration in learning is particularly important. Remember that sentence: Practice makes perfect. The correct method, hard training, will certainly be tempered into steel!