What is the Gini coefficient? High price reward!

printing block

Gini coefficient of related cartoons, or translated as Gini coefficient, is an index to judge the fairness of income distribution defined by Italian economist Gini according to Lorenz curve in the early 20th century. Is a proportional value, between 0 and 1, which is an important analysis index used to comprehensively investigate the income distribution differences of residents in various countries in the world.

catalogue

Overview of Gini coefficient

economic meaning

Calculation of Gini coefficient

Sectional division of Gini coefficient

The Present Situation of Gini Coefficient in China

Analysis on the Change of Gini Coefficient in China

Experts' countermeasures to the present situation of Gini coefficient

Comparison of Gini coefficient among countries

Gini coefficient of China residents over the years

China Gini index exceeds warning line.

Distribution map of Gini coefficient in various countries.

China province wealth gap index.

On the polarization between the rich and the poor from the Hurun Report

Gini coefficient problem

see

The definition of Li Yining Gini coefficient algorithm is controversial.

Overview of Gini coefficient and social stability Gini coefficient

economic meaning

Calculation of Gini coefficient

Sectional division of Gini coefficient

The Present Situation of Gini Coefficient in China

Analysis on the Change of Gini Coefficient in China

Experts' countermeasures to the present situation of Gini coefficient

Comparison of Gini coefficient among countries

Over the years, the Gini coefficient of China residents has exceeded the warning line of China Gini index. Regional division map of Gini coefficient by country. China province wealth gap index. See Li Yining Gini coefficient algorithm Gini coefficient definition controversial Gini coefficient and social stability

Edit the summary of Gini coefficient in this paragraph

Gini Coefficient was put forward by Italian economist corrado Gini (1884- 1965) in 1922, which was used to quantitatively measure the degree of income distribution difference. Figure 1: The green line in the figure represents the relationship between the percentage of low-income population and the percentage of total income in the absolute average state, the red line represents the actual situation, and the blue line represents absolute inequality (that is, all income is only occupied by one person). The smaller the area between the red line and the green line, the more equal the income distribution. 1

Edit the economic meaning of this paragraph

Its economic meaning is: in all residents' income, the income used for uneven distribution accounts for the percentage of total income. The maximum value of Gini coefficient is "1" and the minimum value is "0". The former means that the income distribution among residents is absolutely unbalanced, that is, 100% of the income is occupied by the owner of a unit; The latter means that the income distribution among residents is absolutely average, that is, the income between people is completely equal, without any difference. But these two situations are only absolute forms in theory, and generally do not appear in real life. Therefore, the actual value of Gini coefficient can only be between 0 ~ 1 At present, there are many methods and indicators used to analyze and reflect the income distribution gap of residents in the world. Gini coefficient is widely recognized and adopted by countries all over the world because it gives a quantitative boundary that reflects the gap between the rich and the poor, can objectively and intuitively reflect and monitor the gap between the rich and the poor, and can predict, warn and prevent the polarization between the rich and the poor.

Edit the calculation of Gini coefficient in this paragraph.

Gini index to judge the degree of distribution equality according to Lorenz curve. Let the area between the actual income distribution curve and the absolute equality curve of income distribution be a, and the area at the lower right of the actual income distribution curve be B. The degree of inequality is expressed by the quotient of a divided by (A+B). This value is called Gini coefficient or Lorenz coefficient. If a is zero and Gini coefficient is zero, it means that income distribution is completely equal; If b is zero, the coefficient is 1, and the income distribution is absolutely unequal. The more equal the income distribution, the smaller the curvature of Lorenz curve and the smaller the Gini coefficient. On the contrary, the more income distribution tends to be unequal, the greater the curvature of Lorenz curve and the greater the Gini coefficient. In addition, you can refer to Pareto index (an index to measure the degree of uneven income distribution). In recent years, many domestic scholars have explored the specific calculation method of Gini coefficient and put forward more than ten different calculation formulas. Mr. Zhang Jianhua from the School of Economics and Business of Shanxi Agricultural University put forward a simple and easy-to-use formula: Assuming that a certain number of people line up in the order of low income and are divided into N equal groups, the cumulative income from 1 group to I group accounts for wi of the total population income, then

Note: This formula is obtained by using the definition of definite integral and dividing the integral (area b) of Lorenz curve by the sum of the areas of n trapezoid with equal height.

Edit the segments of Gini coefficient in this paragraph.

Gini coefficient, according to the regulations of relevant United Nations organizations: if it is lower than 0.2, it means absolute average income; 0.2-0.3 means average; 0.3-0.4 means relatively reasonable; 0.4-0.5 indicates a large income gap; More than 0.5 indicates a large income gap. Economists usually use the Gini index to represent the wealth distribution of a country and region. This index is between zero and one. The lower the value, the more evenly the wealth is distributed among the members of society. On the other hand, from Dallas to the auditorium, 0.4 is usually regarded as the "warning line" of the income distribution gap, and according to the golden section law, its accurate value should be 0.382. Generally, the Gini index of developed countries is between 0.24 and 0.36, and that of the United States is 0.4. Chinese mainland's Gini coefficient exceeded 0.5 at 20 10, and it has entered the ranks of income disparity and uneven distribution of wealth. In addition, Lorenz curve describes the relationship between the percentage of total market delivery value and the cumulative percentage of small and medium-sized manufacturers in the market. The smaller the curvature of Lorenz curve, the smaller the Gini coefficient.

In this paragraph, edit China's current Gini coefficient.

Since the reform and opening up, the gap between the rich and the poor has gradually widened while the economy of China has been growing. Judging from the income of all kinds of residents, it is an indisputable fact that Gini coefficient has crossed the warning line. China's Gini coefficient has exceeded 0.5. The gap between the rich and the poor in China has exceeded a reasonable limit. The lowest-income population accounts for only 4.7% of the total population, while the highest-income population accounts for 50% of the total population. The outstanding performance is that the income share gap and the income gap between urban and rural residents have further widened, the income gap between residents in the eastern, central and western regions is too large, and the gap between high and low income groups is wide. Taking the Gini coefficient of 0.4 as the warning line to monitor the gap between the rich and the poor should be said to be an abstraction and generalization of the practical experience of many countries, which has certain universal significance. However, the specific conditions of different countries and regions are very different, and the affordability and social value of residents are also different. Therefore, this quantitative limit can only be used as a frame of reference for macro-control, but not as imprisonment and dogma. At present, China * * * calculates three Gini coefficients, namely, the Gini coefficient of rural residents, the Gini coefficient of urban residents and the Gini coefficient of national residents. The international alert standard of Gini coefficient of 0.4 is basically applicable in China. From the objective reality of our country, the warning line of Gini coefficient can be set at 0.4 when measuring the income distribution gap among rural residents or urban residents alone; When calculating the income distribution gap of Chinese residents, we can limit the warning line to 0.45, and operate according to 0.5 in actual work.

In this section, edit China Gini coefficient change analysis.

In the change of Gini coefficient, taxation closely related to adjusting the income distribution gap of social members is undoubtedly an important aspect worthy of attention. On the whole, however, at this stage, the redistribution function of tax adjustment social equity in China is weakened and absent, mainly in the following aspects: 1, and the unreasonable tax structure restricts the adjustment function of tax equity and tends to strengthen income inequality. The way of tax adjustment income distribution is mainly realized through macro tax burden, tax structure, tax type setting and tax base and tax rate adjustment of various taxes. In short, the tax structure is the distribution of tax revenue. Different tax structures have great differences in regulating income distribution and realizing income equity. The basic feature of the tax structure based on income tax is that income tax is the main tax category and the main source of tax revenue. Income tax revenue generally accounts for more than 60% of the total tax revenue, while turnover tax revenue generally does not exceed 20% of the total tax revenue. This tax system structure is conducive to reflecting the social fairness of taxation and plays a good role in regulating income distribution. At present, China's tax system with turnover tax as the main body has fully played its tax function and ensured a substantial increase in tax revenue. At the same time, because it is applicable to proportional tax rate, it is regressive in income distribution adjustment, and turnover tax is easy to pass on. The greater its proportion, the greater the income distribution gap. 2. The imperfect tax adjustment system and the lack of integration between taxes have affected the function of tax fair adjustment. The adjustment of personal income distribution can not rely solely on personal income tax, but must establish a tax policy system to adjust income distribution. 3. The design of personal income tax system is not standardized, which restricts the function of tax fair adjustment. Compared with other taxes that regulate income distribution, personal income tax has the strongest ability to regulate income distribution and plays an irreplaceable role in realizing the function of fair income distribution.

Editor's response to the present situation of Gini coefficient

1, change the institutional defects of the current tax system in regulating income distribution, improve the tax adjustment system, and make the function of tax adjustment distribution effectively play in residents' income, stock property, investment income and other aspects. In view of the current situation of single, missing and weak tax adjustment in China, a multi-tax, three-dimensional and whole-process tax adjustment system is established. It is necessary to improve the tax policy and gradually establish a comprehensive and coordinated income distribution tax control system with personal income tax as the main body, property tax and social security tax as the two wings, and other taxes as supplements, covering the whole process of residents' income operation. 2. Strengthen the tax control of high-income groups by means of comprehensive control. First, speed up the reform of individual income tax and establish a tax system model that combines synthesis and classification. The second is to deepen the reform of the consumption tax system. Give full play to the redistribution function of consumption tax goods, implement low tax rate or tax exemption for necessities and high tax rate for luxury goods. Third, we can consider adopting a progressive tax rate for personal income tax levied on interest on savings deposits, and levying taxes such as property tax and inheritance tax. 3. Take "enriching the people first" as a major economic policy in the new stage of economic development and solving the problem of Gini coefficient expansion, and implement active tax support policies for low-income people. First, improve tax policies and measures to support agricultural development. The basic position of agriculture and the characteristics of weak industries require the government to give further policy support in improving the specialization and scale of agricultural production, vigorously developing agricultural industrial clusters and improving the modern agricultural product market system after the abolition of agricultural tax. Specifically, it is necessary to adopt a more favorable value-added tax rate for agricultural means of production, reduce the prices of means of production, and reduce the burden on farmers. The second is to increase support for small and medium-sized enterprises so that the private economy can develop by leaps and bounds. Obviously, China's small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in solving social employment and maintaining social stability. Third, increase tax support for the reemployment of laid-off workers in cities and towns, and promote employment and reemployment. Fourthly, it is suggested to levy social security tax. 4. Improve the supporting measures and increase the supervision of the income of the abnormally high income class. At present, the high-income class is mainly entrepreneurs, movie stars, monopoly industry practitioners, government officials "rent-seeking" gray income earners, and illegal underground economic upstarts. It is a very important basic work to establish an effective personal income monitoring mechanism and do a good job in monitoring personal income tax sources. First of all, we should strengthen the supervision of monopoly income. Second, we should actively promote the deposit registration system in real-name registration system, gradually create conditions to implement the financial assets registration system in real-name registration system, and limit illegal income. Third, take effective measures to crack down on and ban black income, corrupt income, gray income and abnormal income obtained by using various policy loopholes. Of course, in solving the disparity between the rich and the poor and the Gini coefficient "exceeding the police", the role of taxation is limited after all. We must work together with other macroeconomic policies of the government to better solve the problem of widening income distribution gap in China, thus promoting the healthy and harmonious development of China's economy and society.

Edit the Gini coefficient comparison among countries in this paragraph.

The annual index of countries and regions is the lowest 20%, the second 20%, the third 20%, the fourth 20% and the highest 20%.

China 2004 0.47 4.25 8.481.7351.86

China and Hongkong1996 0.43 5.26 9.3913.85 20.75 50.75

Bangladesh

Cambodia 2004

India in 2004

Indonesia 2002 0.348.41.1.921.541.209843.29

Iran1998 0.435.149.3914.0921.49 49.89

Israel 2001.39 5.71.1.4615.86 23.04 44.93

Japan1993 0.2510.5814.217.58 21.9835.65

Kazakhstan 2003 0.347.451.881.3922.841.48

Korea1998 0.327.9113.5617.9523.13 37.45

Laos 2002 0.358.0711.8815.6221.1343.3

Malaysia1997 0.49 4.37 8.1312.85 20.3154.34

Mongolia 2002 0.337.4712.1616.7923.140.48

Pakistan 2002 0.31.9.341.2.971.09 40.33

Philippines 2003 0.45 5.44 9.0813.57 21.27 50.63

Singapore 1998 22.02 48.97

Sri Lanka 2002 0.4 6.9910.4514.2 20.4438+0 47.95

Thailand 2002 0.42 6.34 9.8913.97 20.78 49.02

Vietnam 2004 0.37 7.141.1315.1421.78 44.5438+0.

Egypt 2000

Nigeria 2003 0.44 5.05 9.591.7149.1.07

South Africa 2000

Canada 2000

Mexico 2004 0.46 4.318.2912.6419.69 55.07

The United States in 2000 0.4 1

Argentina 2004 0.513.1.27.551.8221.0855.42

Brazil 2004 0.57 2.86.4510.9618.67 61.12.

Venezuela 2003 0.48 3.25 8.6913.9421.9952.6438+04

Belarus 2002 0.38.4613.2417.29 22.7438+0 38.438+0

Czech Republic1996 0.2510.2914.4617.6521.7335.87

France1995 0.337.1812.6217.19 22.8 40.438+0.

Germany

Italy 2000

Netherlands1999 0.317.613.2217.24 23.26 38.68

Poland 2002 0.34 7.51.1.91.1.22 42.25

Russian Federation 2002 0.46.1510.4814.92210.8246.63

Spain 2000

Turkey 2003 0.44 5.34 9.75 1.02 49.66

Ukraine

Britain1999 0.366.141.4115.9622.47 44.02

Australia1994 0.35 5.912.017.2 23.57 41.32

New Zealand1997 0.36 6.451.3715.8122.6438+0 43.76.

Edit the Gini coefficient of China residents over the years.

0995 1.389, 0996 1.375, 0997 1.379, 0998 1.386, 09991.397; Among them, since the reform and opening up, the Gini coefficients of rural residents from 1978 to 1999 are 0.2 124, 0.2407, 0.2406, 0.4438+07, 0.4438+06 and 0.2439 respectively. 0.3072,0.3 134,0.3292,0.32 10,0.34 15,0.3229,0.3285,0.3369,0.336 1; In the same period, the Gini coefficient of urban residents was 0. 16, 0. 16, 0. 15, 0. 16, 0. 19 and 0./respectively. Annual national Gini coefficient Annual national Gini coefficient1997 0.3706 2006 5438+0.4031.998 0.3784 2002 0.4326 1.999 0.3892 2003 0.4386.

Edit this paragraph. China Gini index exceeds warning line.

Internationally, economists usually use Gini index to represent the wealth distribution of a country and region. This index is between zero and one. The lower the value, the more evenly the wealth is distributed among the members of society, and vice versa. According to the regulations of relevant United Nations organizations, if the Gini coefficient is lower than 0.2, the income is absolutely average; 0.2-0.3 means average; 0.3-0.4 means relatively reasonable; 0.4-0.5 indicates a large income gap; More than 0.5 indicates a large income gap. Internationally, 0.4 is usually regarded as the "warning line" of the income distribution gap. Generally, the Gini index of developed countries is between 0.24 and 0.36, and that of the United States is 0.4. The Gini coefficient of Chinese mainland and Hongkong both exceeded 0.4. In 2007, China's Gini coefficient reached 0.48, exceeding the warning line of 0.4. The World Bank has published a data showing that the average income of the top 20% population and the bottom 20% population is 10.7 times that of China, 8.4 times that of the United States, 4.5 times that of Russia, 4.9 times that of India and only 3.4 times that of Japan. Quoting Xinhua News Agency and China Economic Net May 10 article 20 10: Su Hainan, director of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security Labor and Wage Research Institute and chairman of china association for labour studies Salary Professional Committee, thinks that the income gap in China is expanding in all directions and at multiple levels. At present, the income ratio of urban and rural residents in China has reached 3.3 times, the highest in the world about 2 times; The wage gap between employees in different industries is also obvious, the highest and lowest difference is about 15 times; The income gap between different groups is also expanding rapidly. The income gap between executives and front-line workers in listed state-owned enterprises is about 18 times, and the average salary of state-owned enterprises is 128 times. Shi Li, director of the Research Center for Income Distribution and Poverty of Beijing Normal University, has participated in four large-scale household income surveys since 1980s. He said that the income gap between the highest income 10% and the lowest income 10% has expanded from 7.3 times in 1988 to 23 times in 2007.

Edit this section of the Gini coefficient segmentation map with the country as the division unit.

2

Dark green: less than 0.25 grass green: 0.25–0.29 yellow: 0.30–0.34 light orange: 0.35–0.39 orange: 0.40–0.44 pink: 0.45–0.49 big red: 0.50–0.54 deep red: 0.55–0.59 ultra deep red: not less than. The closer to blue and green, the more average the income.

Edit this index of the gap between the rich and the poor in China provinces.

1 Guangdong 0.65 2 Beijing 0.6 1 3 Shanghai 0.57 4 Zhejiang 0.54 5 Fujian 0.53 6 Hunan 0.52 7 Hainan 0.49 8 Guangxi 0.49 9 Xinjiang 0.49 10 Jiangxi 0.47 1 Shanxi 0.47/kloc. 2 Liaoning 0.46 65444 Henan 0.44 18, Yunnan 0.44 19, Jiangsu 0.43 20, Heilongjiang 0.412/,Anhui 0.4 22, Hebei 0.38 23, Tianjin 0.36 24, Shandong 0.

Edit this paragraph to see the polarization between the rich and the poor from the Hurun Report.

Hurun mainland rich list statistics [1]: the number of people on the list in 2009 and the number of people on the list in 2008.

Guangdong 169 168

Zhejiang 155 149

Jiangsu 10 1 94

Shanghai

Beijing 86 89

Fujian 55

Shandong 5 1 48

Sichuan 34 26

Liaoning 32 32

Shanxi 22 26

Hong Kong 22 22

Inner Mongolia 2 1 2 1

Hebei 20 30

Chongqing 19 13

Henan 19 24

Hunan 17 17

Jiangxi 16 1 1

Tianjin 14 12

Hubei 13 13

Shaanxi 10 7

Heilongjiang 8 13

Yunnan 8 8

Anhui 7 7

Jilin 6 4

Xinjiang 6 6

Gansu 4 4

Guizhou 4 5

Guangxi 3 5

America 2 2

Ningxia 1

Tibet 1 1

Macau 1 1

Hainan 1 2

Singapore 1/

Conclusion: Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Beijing, Fujian and Shandong (with more than 50 rich people) have the most serious polarization between the rich and the poor. However, there is no complete correspondence between the number of the rich and the polarization between the rich and the poor. For example, in Jiangsu, the actual gap between the rich and the poor is not prominent at the national level; The gap between the rich and the poor in Shandong is even smaller. The number of its rich people also benefits from its strong economic strength background.

Edit the Gini coefficient of this paragraph.

1, which does not show where there is unfair distribution. Gini coefficient reflects a static result, which is aimed at the result of exponential distribution, regardless of the initial conditions of distribution and the labor invested by various groups in distribution. Therefore, it is a tool that simply represents the fairness of the result, but does not reflect the fairness of the process, that is, it only depends on how much money different people finally get, and does not look at how much labor and education each group has paid to get the money. Therefore, when we pursue the fairness of results, it is more important to emphasize social fairness and rule fairness, and change the way of thinking that we only look at the results and don't care about the process. 2. There is no international standard for setting Gini coefficient. Some issues, such as whether taxes should be excluded, whether beneficiaries of public assistance should be excluded, whether non-local residents should be excluded, or whether they should join the government's welfare, are inconsistent, so there is no comparative standard.

Edit this paragraph. See editing.

M-type society Dell index human development index ranking

Editing this paragraph of Li Yining Gini coefficient algorithm definition dispute

Professor Li Yining of Peking University redefined the algorithm of Gini coefficient in an interview with Guangming Daily. Through his algorithm, China's Gini coefficient is greatly reduced. Professor Li Yining's new Gini coefficient theory points out that a better calculation method is to calculate the Gini coefficient of the family, the most basic social and economic unit in China, and then calculate the total Gini coefficient by weighted average from bottom to top. Only in this way can we correctly evaluate the polarization between the rich and the poor in China. According to this calculation method, China's current Gini coefficient will be a value lower than 0.2. Professor Li Yining said that although it is a bit strange, the fact is that there is no polarization between the rich and the poor in China. China's current problem is precisely that the polarization between the rich and the poor is too small, which shows that China is still a country where absolute egalitarianism prevails. We must thoroughly oppose absolute equalitarianism and widen the gap between the rich and the poor. Only when talents in China have the pressure and motivation to work hard can GDP go up and China make progress. Some critics think this is a cover-up of the polarization between the rich and the poor in China. If the algorithm of Gini coefficient is changed or redefined, the criteria for judging Gini coefficient also need to be changed. If we still use the evaluation criteria of the original algorithm to draw a tie, it has lost the meaning of the Gini coefficient itself, and the problem of polarization between the rich and the poor in China cannot be concealed by the new algorithm. It is obvious that trying to improve the indicators should focus on people's livelihood measures, not arithmetic and digital games. For example, it's like Li Yining trying to tell his parents that he got 90 points in an exam with a perfect score of 150, and Li Yining's answer was 90 points. In fact, you have to be slapped.

Gini coefficient and social stability

Gini coefficient is a commonly used index to quantitatively measure the income distribution difference of social residents in the world. It is considered that Gini coefficient below 0.2 indicates that income is too fair; 0.4 is the warning line of uneven social distribution, so the Gini coefficient should be kept between 0.2 and 0.4, and the social motivation below 0.2 is insufficient; Above 0.4, the society is unstable. China's Gini coefficient before the reform and opening up was 0. 16 (caused by absolute equalitarianism), and now it has reached 0.46, exceeding the warning line. Due to the hidden welfare of some groups, the gap in actual income in China is even greater. China's Gini coefficient is higher than that of all developed countries (for example, Japanese Gini coefficient is only 0.23) and most developing countries. This should arouse high vigilance. Getting Started Atlas More Atlas

reference data

1

Wang Chuanfu was worth 35 billion yuan and became the new richest man in the mainland in 2009.

Wang Chuanfu was worth 35 billion yuan and became the new richest man in the mainland in 2009.