Did the rulers make Kaifeng their capital?

The Jin Dynasty had three capitals, namely, Attending Beijing (now Acheng, Heilongjiang Province) and Huining House was the first capital of the Jin Dynasty. 1 153, King Hailing moved the capital to Yanjing (now Beijing). As the second capital of the Jin Dynasty, it was called the capital of the Jin Dynasty. The eighth Emperor Xuanzong of the Jin Dynasty moved his capital to Nanjing in 12 14.

Appendix:

The Jin Dynasty established these capitals.

The Jin Dynasty was founded by the Jurchen nationality, an ancient nationality in the northeast of China. Jurchen and her ancestors lived in the vast areas of Songhua River and Heilongjiang River basin for generations, so-called Baishan Blackwater, with many ethnic groups. The ancestors of Nuzhen have a long history, which can be traced back to Shun, Yu and Shang and Zhou Dynasties. At that time, the jurchen, who lived and multiplied between Baishan and Heishui, was called Sushen and was the oldest ethnic group in Northeast China. Since then, the names of descendants of Su Shen have changed frequently. In the Three Kingdoms period, it was called Lou, and in the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was called Buji, which was divided into seven parts: Baishan, Sumo, Shi Hao, Anqigu, Fonie and Heishui. It was called cymbals in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it is still divided into seven parts. In the Five Dynasties, Blackwater cymbals gradually flourished in the evolution of natural selection and were renamed as Nuzhen. Among the more than 30 tribes of Jurchen, Wanyan Department is the most powerful. When their ancestor Hamp lived in Puwo River (now Mudanjiang). By the 4th century, when Jurchen offered her ancestral years, Wanyan Department had moved from the foothills of water to the banks of ancient sea water (now Haigou River). Offering her ancestral years could change the old custom of Jurchen chasing aquatic plants in summer and living in caves in winter. In Haigushui, according to the lake (now Ashe River), houses were built to live in, trees were planted, carbon was attacked to make iron, and wood was cut into utensils. At this time, the social development of Wanyanbu reached the mutual division and combination of fishing, hunting, agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts, and entered the Iron Age and became powerful. Since then, after several generations of struggle, such as the teaching method of Records of Zhao Zu, the self-improvement and autonomy of Jing Zu Nai, the chaotic alliance of Sai Zu and the consolidation and development of the Ying Ge League, the Yan Hong Department has gradually unified the ministries of Jurchen. By the time of Akuta, Jurchen had risen between Baishan and Heishui. Because of its strong strength and unbearable oppression by Liao and Song Dynasties,114 September, Akuta ordered all the Nuzhen ministries to come to Liushui (now Lalin River) and began a ten-year war of cutting Liao. 1 1 15 On the first day of the first month, Yan Hong Akuta proclaimed himself emperor, and the yuan was changed to the year of receiving the national yuan. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Daikin was awarded, and its capital was Huining (now Acheng). Jin Yu 1 125 destroyed Liao. After the Liao Dynasty was destroyed, Wu Taizong, the second emperor of the Jin Dynasty, ascended the throne. According to the imperial edict of Jin Taizu's Yan Hong Akuta to unify China and foreign countries, he ordered the Southern Expedition to the Song Dynasty and destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty in 1 127.

From the territory map of the heyday of the Jin Dynasty, it can be seen that the dark green area is the territory of the Jin Dynasty, with the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk (now Sakhalin Island in Russia) in the northeast, Xing 'an Mountains (now Far East in Russia) in the north, Mongolia in the northwest, the junction of Hetao, Hengshan Mountain in Shaanxi, East Gansu and Xixia in the west, and the confrontation with the Southern Song Dynasty in the south.

As can be seen from the figure, there were three capitals in the Jin Dynasty, namely, Huining House in Shangjing was the first capital of the Jin Dynasty, and King Hailing moved to Yanjing (now Beijing) on 1 153 as the second capital of the Jin Dynasty, called Jindu, and the eighth emperor Xuanzong of the Jin Dynasty moved to Nanjing on 12 14.

Zhucheng Du Ying

During the reign of Jin Taizu Akuta, due to the busy war, no palace was built. After Emperor Taizong Hong and Wu succeeded to the throne, Tianhui (1 124) appointed Lu Yanlun, a Han Chinese, to preside over the establishment of the capital. The pattern of the capital was a combination of Liao and Song styles at that time. Generally, the organizational system of the capital of the Jin Dynasty adopted the methods of approximate axis, approximate balance and approximate symmetry, planning streets, building palaces and official residences, making the capital of the Jin Dynasty the northernmost capital of China in the Middle Ages.

Schematic diagram of urban planning. Both the northern and southern cities of Beijing are rectangular, with the western wall as the edge, lying in a bent ruler shape. The north-south length of the north city is1828m, and the east-west width is1553m. Cheng Nan is 2148m long from east to west and1522m wide from north to south. This palace is located in the west of Cheng Nan, with a circumference of more than 2 kilometers. There used to be four doors, but now only the address of the meridian gate is left, and there are five palace gate addresses on the central axis behind the meridian gate. The perimeter of the outer wall of the second city is greater than 1 1 km, and the remaining height is about 3.5 meters. There are 89 horse faces and 7 doors. According to records, at that time, the construction of Jindu Palace had built thousands of houses, and the scale was also very small.

Attending the noon gate of the imperial city in Huining, Beijing, is the only remaining house address. When the capital was built here, these ridge tiles and cloth tiles were all building materials.

Market prosperity

Huining Shangjing Mansion was shaped in the period of Emperor Taizong of Jin Dynasty and Xizong of the third generation of Jin Dynasty, and began to expand the imperial city and palace of Shangjing.

In the first year of Tian Juan (1 138), Lu Yanlun was ordered to build a palace. This expansion added a cool hall consisting of a palace, a bedroom, a book hall and eight pavilions.

During the reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, the Jin regime entered a relatively stable period of development, and there was basically no major war. He vigorously promoted the feudal social system and legal system, trying to assess the situation, order the land and restore the economy. After his comprehensive restructuring and reform, the economy of the Jin Dynasty was developed and the national strength was enhanced. At this time, there have been special business districts inside and outside Beijing, with shops on both sides of the street and bustling streets.

Shangjing Road and Huining Building

The official residence of Huining Mansion in Shangjing is located in the early capital of Dajin State, and it is also the seat of Shangjing Road in Jin Dynasty. The local administrative divisions of the Jin Dynasty were roughly the same as those of the Liao Dynasty. There are five Beijing and nineteen roads in the Jin Dynasty, which is the highest and largest administrative region in the Jin Dynasty, equivalent to a modern province. Shanxi merchants have the widest understanding of Ning and other states through the route, with Nenjiang River basin in the west, Xing 'an Mountains in the north, Sea of Okhotsk in the northeast, Sea of Japan in the east, Xianping Road (now Huaide County, Jilin Province) in the south and Su Li Guanlu (now Jinxian County, Liaoning Province) in the long distance. Jin Shangjing Road * * * Jurisdiction: One house, namely Huining House; Three States, namely Zhaozhou, Longzhou and Xinzhou; Five roads, namely Puhe Road, Helan Road, T-shirt Road, Disuguan Road and Huli Road; 6 counties, namely Huining County, Qujiang County, Yichun County, Shixing County, Lishe County and Wuchang County.

Huining House and Shangjing Road are under its jurisdiction, but they are also the governing places of Shangjing Road. Huining House is adjacent to Huli Road in the east, Zhaozhou in the northwest, Puhe Road in the northeast and T-shirt Road in the southeast. Huining Prefecture governs Huining, Qujiang and Yichun counties. The highest official of the road is the general manager of the military forces, and the route to Beijing will be led by the magistrate of Ning.

Today, the seals preserved in the museum, among which Shangjing Lutong is a national first-class cultural relic, play an irreplaceable role in studying and understanding the official system and military system of the Jin Dynasty and even the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and confirming the political, economic, cultural and social development of the Jin Dynasty.

Move the capital to Yanjing

Just as the capital was advancing, a palace coup took place in the Jin Dynasty. The main reason is that Jin Xizong was arrogant and extravagant in his later reign, killing people brutally, which caused dissatisfaction among senior officials in the DPRK. Yan Hongliang, the son of Jin Xizong's stepfather, took advantage of this opportunity to kill Jin Xizong with his cronies and became emperor himself. After King Hailing ascended the throne, in order to alleviate the contradiction between the murder of my brother-in-law and the murder of my brother-in-law, I moved Kyoto to Yanjing (now Beijing) because of the fact that Shanghai Huining House is located in the northeast corner, the transportation of materials and the delivery of official documents are contrary to the mistakes, and it is difficult for envoys to travel, resulting in the failure to reach home and abroad in time. King Hailing moved the capital to Yanjing, which is a kind of progress to adapt to the situation of Jin State and the need of developing and ruling the Central Plains, as well as the development of Jurchen nationality and Yanjing's opening to the outside world.

After King Hailing moved the capital to Yanjing, in order not to leave traces of the popular imperial system of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, and to completely remove the alliance and resistance of the Jurchen royal family to ensure their own throne, he ordered the destruction of Beijing in the second year of Zheng Long (1 157). According to records, Xiao Yanliang, a doctor in the official department, was ordered to destroy palaces, ancestral temples, houses of major ethnic groups and Chu Qing Temple, and raze them to the ground to cultivate fields. At the same time, in August of Zheng Longlong's second year (1 157), King Hailing ordered the cancellation of the yamen in Beijing, which was called Huining House only, and ordered the troops stationed in Beijing under the jurisdiction of Emperor Taizong, Zonggan and Han Zong to merge to reduce their troops and move to Zhongdu.

After King Hailing moved the capital to Beijing and destroyed it, the population of Huining Prefecture in Beijing once dropped sharply, the economic development once declined, and there was no prosperity in the past.

Renumber in Beijing

After Hailing moved the capital to demolish the ancestral temple of the Forbidden City in Beijing, she had gone to worry about the bleak wall, so she was fully prepared for the war of invading the Song Dynasty. At the same time, it built palaces and plundered people. The brutal rule has brought profound disasters to the people, and the people are in dire straits. In the sixth year of Zheng Long (1 16 1), Cao Guogong, who stayed in Tokyo, was stationed in Liaoyang, and Liaoyang was renamed Jin Shizong. At this time, Wan Yanliang was still in the Song Dynasty, and 8 Jin Jun was also very war-weary. General Lu Ye Yuan Yi turned against him, Yuan Yi and his men shot Wang Hailing in front of the account, and Hailing died in Guazhoudu.

Sejong changed to Yuan, granted amnesty to the world, and counted dozens of crimes committed by Hailing. During the reign of Jin Shizong, economy and culture were restored and developed to a certain extent.

In the second year of Dading (1 162), Jin Shizong issued imperial edicts to make Huining County a place where the country is rich and the people are strong. Nine halls should be built on the former site of Qingyuan Palace, and the old name should be kept for recommendation at that time. In the fifth year of Dading (1 165), the Taizu Temple was restored, and in the twenty-first year of Dading (11), the palace was restored and the Town God Temple was built. Up to now, most of the old palaces and ancestral temples destroyed by Jin Shangjing have been restored, but only Chu Qing Temple has no record of restoration. In the twenty-fourth year of Dading (1 184), in order to govern its city, a brick wall was built outside the earth wall to strengthen the firmness of the city wall. In the 13th year of Dading (1 173), Jin Shizong ordered the restoration of the title of Huining House to Beijing, and the restoration of Beijing to the yamen, with officials. Jin Shizong re-established the historical position of Jin Shangjing Huining House. This is the monument of Daikin's victory over Tuosong in today's Waizitun, Fuyu County, Jilin Province. Jin Shizong traveled east to Beijing 1 184, and came to Beijing to offer condolences 1 185. This is the place where Akuta led the Nuzhen rebels to swear to cut Liao.

The decline of the Jin dynasty

In the last few years in Jin Zhangzong, natural disasters became more serious, and the prosperity of going to Beijing has become a thing of the past. In November of the eighth year of Taihe (1208), Jin Zhangzong died, and Zhang Zong's uncle Shao Wei Wang Yongji succeeded him. At the same time, the Mongolian Khan Genghis Khan rebelled against Jin and began to attack the northern part of the Jin Dynasty, and quickly occupied the vast area north of the Great Wall. 12 13 broke through the Great Wall defense line and entered the Yellow River Plain. By 12 15, Genghis Khan led the Mongolian army to plunder and occupy the Beijing of the Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Aizong of Jin Dynasty (1234), the Mongolian and Song allied forces attacked Caizhou City, and the late Jin emperor Wan Yan Cheng Lin, who ascended the throne in the war, died in the disorderly army, and the Jin Dynasty perished.

From 1 1 15 to 1234, Wan Yan Cheng Lin died in Cai Zhou, and the Jin Dynasty experienced the history of 1 19, while Jin went to Beijing as early as1. In the late Jin Dynasty, Wan Yan Taiping, the capital of Shangjing, colluded with Wannu and was ordered by Wannu to burn down large buildings such as Shangjing Temple. The defenders of Shangjing suffered serious losses in the battle with Wannu. However, Shangcheng was still in use during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and was finally abandoned in the Qing Dynasty.