Research on energy-saving design of green buildings?

Building energy consumption mainly refers to the energy consumed by non-industrial buildings, such as apartments, residential quarters, gardens, shopping malls, hotels, subways, stadiums and other buildings. It is the general name of energy consumed by many civil buildings. During the construction and use of civil buildings, energy consumption will persist in the form of lighting, refrigeration, water supply and power supply, which is the basis for civil buildings to provide various services. The following is the main content of the green building energy-saving design research brought by Zhong Da Consulting Company for reference.

Recent situation of global building energy consumption

Building energy consumption is one of the main ways of energy consumption today, which has a great influence on global energy consumption. The scale of building energy consumption is directly proportional to the national economic strength. The stronger the economic strength, the greater the proportion of building energy consumption. Building energy requires the state to pay huge energy costs, which is generally unaffordable for developing countries. So basically, countries with more building energy consumption have stronger comprehensive national strength. For example, the United States, a typical representative of developed countries, consumes nearly 20% of the world's energy, and nearly half of the energy consumption belongs to building energy consumption. The per capita energy consumption of buildings in the United States and China ranks first and second. In the United States, the huge data is due to the high energy consumption of buildings, while in China, the huge data is due to the population of 65.438+300 million. However, the per capita building energy consumption of urban population in China is much lower than that in the United States.

Recent Situation of Building Energy Consumption in China

The energy consumption required for building operation is as follows: nearly15 of the total power generation in China belongs to urban building energy consumption, nearly 310 of the non-power generation coal in China is used for heating in cooler towns, and the part of the national commodity energy consumption exceeding15 belongs to building energy consumption. Through analysis, the energy consumption of different types of buildings, except for rural houses, is the lowest, and there is little difference among the other three buildings. However, compared with the average energy consumption per unit area of these three buildings, there is a big gap in energy consumption, and the order from low to high is residential energy consumption, heating energy consumption and commercial and public building energy consumption.

Analysis on Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in China

The energy consumption of urban housing (excluding heating) refers to the energy consumed by urban housing in cold and cold areas except heating energy consumption. 20 1 1 year, the energy consumption of urban housing in China is153.5 million tee, accounting for 22.34% of the total energy consumption of buildings in China.

Definition of building energy efficiency

Broadly speaking, building energy conservation refers to the reduction of energy consumption in the whole life cycle of a building. The whole life cycle of a building refers to the process of collection, design and construction, installation and use, maintenance and demolition of raw materials. This process involves the processing of building parts, on-site construction and other links, and the energy consumption in this process can be reduced through reasonable technology and means. This definition includes a wide range of building energy efficiency. The narrow sense of building energy saving only needs to reduce the energy consumption during operation. At present, building energy consumption accounts for nearly 80% of the total energy consumption. The overall content of this paper refers to building energy consumption in a broad sense, but when discussing single buildings or green buildings, it is usually a narrow study.

green building

Its definition is: within the service life of a building, avoid wasting resources (saving energy, land, water resources and materials), avoid environmental damage, reduce pollution, make people have a healthier, more suitable and efficient living environment, and realize the harmony between architecture and nature.

assessment standard for green building

GB/T 50378-20 14 "Green Building Evaluation Standard" (hereinafter referred to as "green label") takes green building as its core content and "star green building evaluation logo" as the unified logo when evaluating buildings in China. This evaluation standard follows the basic principle of "four sections and one environmental protection". When determining whether the green building meets the standard, six indicators, such as the economical use of land, energy, water and materials, the external environmental quality of the building and the building management, are mainly considered. When defining "greening degree", the six indicators are divided into three grades, namely, control, general grade and excellent option. For all the buildings participating in the evaluation, the control item is an essential prerequisite. Then, according to the requirements of the last two items, it is determined that the building belongs to one star, two stars and three stars. According to this standard, there are two kinds of green buildings, one is public building and the other is residential building. This paper mainly studies the latter type.

Evaluation requirements of green buildings

1) Save land and outdoor space. Its control items include: the impact of buildings on the environment, construction site, per capita land use index, daily sunshine of buildings, greening of building communities and per capita green space area, site pollution and construction situation. General projects include: reuse of old buildings, physical sound, wind and heat environment, construction of public facilities and equipment, adaptability of greening plants, variety and quantity, public transportation, water infiltration, etc. Advantages are: utilization of underground and abandoned space, etc.

2) Energy saving and utilization. Its control items include: thermal performance, central heating and cooling, central household heating metering and indoor temperature control. General items include: ventilation, lighting, maximum utilization of equipment, indoor lighting, energy recovery, etc. The advantages are: the maximum proportion of comprehensive energy saving in buildings and the proportion of renewable energy recovery.

3) Save and utilize water resources. Vigorously advocate the implementation of "open source" and "throttling" strategies, maximize the use of water resources, achieve savings as much as possible, recycle water on the basis of sewage treatment, and take measures such as controlling water consumption, cascade supply of water resources, recycling water, and improving rainwater utilization rate to maximize the use of water resources.

4) Save and utilize material resources. Does the declared construction project reduce the amount of materials, maximize the use of local raw materials and reduce the amount of high-energy materials, increase the amount of recyclable raw materials as much as possible, and reduce the amount of purely decorative components, so as to minimize the negative impact of materials on the environment and resources. Because this part only reduces the material consumption of pure decorative components, it is related to architectural design and basically has nothing to do with other indicators, so this article will not discuss other indicators.

5) Indoor environmental quality. The control items of this part of residential buildings mainly involve sunshine and lighting requirements, indoor background noise, sound insulation performance of envelope, natural ventilation capacity of residential space and indoor air pollutant concentration of each unit; General projects mainly include the vision of the building, the anti-condensation performance of the envelope, the high-temperature thermal performance of the building, the adjustment ability of the heating system and air conditioning system, the use of external shading of the building, and the setting of indoor ventilation and ventilation devices. The main index of preference is the requirement of new functional materials in the building.

6) Operation management. In the stage of operation and management, it is required to properly handle the relationship between buildings, residents and nature, meet the residents' requirements for building safety and comfort in the space environment, and protect the surrounding natural environment. The assessment indicators of operation management mainly include energy saving, water saving, material saving, greening, garbage and intelligent system management. Because this part mainly evaluates the content of architectural use, it has little connection with architectural design, so this paper discusses and studies it less.

Main ways of building energy saving

1) active energy saving mode. Refers to the building energy consumption reduced by using high-efficiency and low-energy building equipment and building electricity in the construction operation stage. 2) Passive energy-saving mode. It refers to reducing or even canceling building equipment and electricity consumption, and reducing building energy consumption through non-equipment methods. This energy-saving way is to directly use the existing climate and environment, that is, wind, solar energy, environmental temperature and humidity, vegetation, site topography and other conditions to reduce the heat exchange with the outside world, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing building energy consumption. "Passive" and "active" are put forward for the ways of using energy and reducing energy in buildings, and different ways have different measures to reduce energy consumption in buildings.

Problems existing in current green building design

1) Rigid application of green building technology. China examines and declares green buildings according to green signs, but at present, many green buildings only use green building technology mechanically to reach the evaluation standard of green buildings, and it is impossible to realize the application of green building technology through reasonable and scientific means. For example, in the green label, shading is incorporated into the green building technology, but many buildings do not need shading at all. However, in order to meet the evaluation criteria, designers still rigidly use similar green building technologies, and even integrate and apply a variety of green building technologies without systematically and integrally designing buildings, resulting in unscientific green building design.

2) Too much equipment investment. Buildings need to rely on construction equipment to provide corresponding services, and the investment of construction equipment is determined according to the demand of construction services. However, in many cases, the number of equipment required for construction services is often different from the actual number of equipment provided. Too much or too little construction equipment is an unreasonable application of construction resources. Excessive investment in equipment wastes funds for equipment construction, resulting in deviation in energy consumption estimation; Too little equipment will reduce the service capacity of the building.

3) The designer's inertial design concept. Nowadays, many designers' design concepts cannot be updated with the development of the times. Green building and green building technology belong to the architectural concept of the new era, but many designers still use the traditional way of thinking to design green buildings. It is considered that designers do not need to consider energy saving and emission reduction in architectural design, but should fulfill the energy saving and emission reduction targets of electrical engineers, and understand the design of "green building" as "green" architectural design, lacking creative thinking in designing green buildings in the new era.

4) Green buildings cannot be designed according to local conditions. "Specific problems, specific analysis" and "local conditions" are the reference principles for designing green buildings. The natural environment and climate in each region are different, which requires designers to integrate green buildings into the local environment. However, the current green buildings in China are basically designed and built according to a unified model, which does not reflect the above reference principles and lacks characteristics.

Basic characteristics of building energy-saving design

According to different considerations in building energy-saving design, two basic characteristics can be summarized. First of all, it is the demand difference of building energy-saving design that leads to the need to consider regional differences, which is its first basic feature. Energy-saving design of buildings in different regions, different environments, natural climate, regional characteristics and different customs and habits in this region will lead to different architectural forms and energy-saving design of buildings. Secondly, the natural climate is constantly changing, and the building energy consumption is also constantly changing, which requires paying attention to process control, which is its second basic feature. Seasonal changes and weather changes in each region will affect the local temperature, ultraviolet rays and so on. This will lead to changes in building energy consumption. Moreover, even in similar areas, similar environments and different needs of building users will lead to differences in building energy consumption.

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