China's railway line

The railway network in China has basically taken shape, with trunk lines running through the north and south and across the east and west. China's railways running through the north and south mainly include:

Beijing-Guangzhou line. It starts from Beijing in the north and ends in Guangzhou in the south, with a total length of 23 13 kilometers. This railway runs through Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong provinces, and spans five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River. It is the main artery of north-south traffic in Central China.

The Jingha Line starts from Beijing, passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces and cities, and ends in Harbin, the largest city in Northeast China, with a total length of 1388 km. It is the main railway line from the northeast to the capital and all parts of the country.

Tianjin-Shanghai line. It starts from Tianjin in the north and passes through Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces and cities, and reaches Shanghai in the south. It is the main artery of north-south traffic in eastern China, with dense population, developed industry and agriculture, and frequent exchanges of personnel and materials.

Baocheng Line starts from Baoji, Shaanxi, passes through Qinling and reaches Chengdu, the land of abundance. It is an important trunk line connecting Guanzhong with northwest and southwest Sichuan.

Chengdu-Kunming Line starts from Chengdu in the north and reaches Kunming, the "Spring City" in the south, which is another important trunk line in the southwest of China.

Taijiao-Jiaodi-Liu Zhi Line. Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi province, known as the "coal sea" in the north, and Liuzhou, Guangxi, the outpost of southwest external relations, have become another "small scenic spot" parallel to the Beijing-Guangzhou line and running through the hinterland.

In addition to the above-mentioned large railways running through the north and south, there are also some important railway trunk lines running through the east and west in China, namely:

Beijing-Baotou Line and Baolan Line. From Beijing, the capital, to Baotou, the "grassland steel capital", and then from Baotou to Lanzhou, the northwest industrial center, this trunk line has strengthened the connection between the capital and the northwest region.

Longhai Line and Lanxin Line. Longhai Line starts from Lianyungang in the east and reaches Lanzhou in the west; Lanxin Line runs from Lanzhou to Urumqi. These two railways are the main arteries that cross the east and west of China, and then connect with Almaty, the former Soviet Union, and become the "Eurasian Bridge", which is of great significance for developing the western work area of China and strengthening its ties with Europe. Together with Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, they form the main skeleton of China Railway.

Shanghai-Hangzhou line, Zhejiang-Jiangxi line, Hunan-Guizhou line and Guikun line. Shanghai-Hangzhou line from Shanghai to Hangzhou; The Zhejiang-Jiangxi line runs from Hangzhou to Zhuzhou. Hunan-Guizhou line from Zhuzhou to Guiyang; The Guiyang-Kunming line runs from Guiyang to Kunming. These four railway lines constitute the main artery connecting the east and west in southern China, connecting the economically backward and resource-rich southwest region, which is of great significance to close economic ties, develop the economy and consolidate national defense.

Many railway hubs have been formed at the railway interchange. The main railway hubs in China are: Beijing, Shenyang, Harbin, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Xuzhou, Zhuzhou, Guiyang, Liuzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu and Lanzhou.

The first railway built in New China.

Chengdu-chongqing railway is the first railway built by China people after the birth of New China. The railway starts from Chongqing in the east and ends in Chengdu in the west, with a total length of 505 kilometers, running through central Sichuan. It is the main artery of economic construction and national defense construction in southwest China.

Before liberation, there was no railway in a province as big as Sichuan. As early as 1903, the Qing government clamored for the construction of chengdu-chongqing railway, and the commercial Chuanhan Railway Company began preparations in 1903, mainly by way of stock exchange, with a share of up to 20 million yuan. However, because the line is from Yichang along the river, the project is extremely arduous, so the design and construction scheme is not controversial.

At this time, in order to plunder Sichuan's resources and wealth, imperialists want to seize the right to build railways in Sichuan. The aggressive ambition of the imperialist robbers aroused great indignation among the people, demanding that the people raise funds to run the Sichuan-China Railway, and established the Sichuan-China Railway Company on 1904. However, at the instigation of imperialism, the Qing government, regardless of the interests of the people, forcibly nationalized the private Sichuan-Han Railway Company and sold it to imperialism. This traitorous crime aroused the resistance of the broad masses of the people, so a "road protection comrades' meeting" was organized in Chengdu, which set off a magnificent road protection movement. Later, hundreds of thousands of people participated in the whole province. The Qing government sent troops into Sichuan from all directions to suppress it, which caused the tragedy of protecting the road. After the Kuomintang reactionaries came to power, just like the Qing government, they threatened to build chengdu-chongqing railway from 1936, shouting 14 years, wiping out the people's blood and sweat, and there was not even a shadow of the railway. People sang in a poem like this:

Chengyu Road is not Chengyu Road,

Is a cash cow for the reactionary government,

The people's wishes have been rewarded,

Chengyu Road has become the blood and tears of the people.

After liberation, the Party and the government decided to build chengdu-chongqing railway. In March 1950, 1 1, Chongqing Railway Engineering Bureau (later changed to Southwest Railway Engineering Bureau) was established, and construction officially started in June 15. Chengdu-chongqing railway is the first railway built on its own after liberation, which is very difficult. Under the leadership of the Party, the broad masses of road builders work day and night with great political enthusiasm and work enthusiasm under the slogan of "the people build their own railways", and all roads are made of domestic materials. Sichuanese once launched a movement to offer sleepers, and farmers cut down1.2000 excellent sleepers from the mountain. Actively creating new technologies in construction, such as layered filling and tamping of subgrade, segmental construction of long culvert, factory reinforced concrete, pre-drilling of sleepers and other advanced methods, not only shortened the construction period, but also improved the engineering quality.

The railway started construction on June 1950, was laid to Chengdu on June 13, and was officially opened to traffic on July 1, so that the rich products along the line were continuously transported to all parts of the motherland. It has played a very important role in developing industry, prospering economy and improving people's lives in southwest China.

Railways on the roof of the world

The highest railway line in the world is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in China.

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts in Xining City, Qinghai Province, passes through Hargil, Delingha, Golmud, Toto River, Amdo, Naqu and Mozhugongka, and reaches Lhasa, the capital of Xizang Autonomous Region, with a total length of 2,949 kilometers.

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway will pass through the Qaidam Basin, Kunlun Mountain, Huofeng Mountain, Tanggula Mountain and Nyainqentanglha Mountain. Across the Golmud River, Chumar River, Tongtian River, Toto River and other rivers; Most of the railways are located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the roof of the world, with an altitude of more than 930 kilometers ranging from 4,000 to 5,000 meters. In most areas along the line, the climate is cold and changeable, windy and rainy, the air is thin, and the construction conditions are very difficult. According to the plan, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is determined to be built in sections. First, build the section from Xining to Golmud. The total length is 834.5 kilometers, which was completed in July 1979.

The place where the Qinghai-Tibet Railway passes is the road that Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty walked more than 1300 years ago, leaving beautiful legends and encountering many unexpected difficulties in the history of road construction.

The plateau area from Xining to Golmud lacks about 30% oxygen, and all machines that need engines need to be equipped with superchargers. There are 40 to 70 days of strong winds of magnitude 8 or above throughout the year. Although there are several small rivers, due to the salt and other chemical elements in the water, they cannot be drunk or used in engineering, so small bridges and culverts need to be pre-built in the factory and then transported to the site for assembly. The difficulties encountered in building this railway are rare in the railway history of China and the world.

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway will pass through the Qaidam Basin and then reach Golmud. Qaidam Basin is one of the three inland basins in China, and is known as the "cornucopia". Qaidam means "salt lake" in Mongolian. Among the 32 lakes in the basin, 14 has developed into a salt lake, the largest of which is Chaerhan Salt Lake. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway has 32 kilometers to pass through Chaerhan Salt Lake.

Only the former Soviet Union and the United States have tried to build railways on salt lakes. However, the former Soviet Union only built a short special line in the salt mine area, and the salt lake in the United States is still a water lake. However, the geological structure of Chaerhan Salt Lake is complex. On the outer side of the northern edge of the railway, there is a section called saturated fine sand vibrating liquefaction, which is powdery fine sand within the range of 10 meter from the ground. After a long period of salt water immersion, the structure becomes soft, because the sand is flowing and vibrating, and the bearing capacity is greatly weakened. It is hard to imagine building a railway on it.

After years of observation and a lot of investigation and study, China researchers and railway builders decided to drive tens of thousands of sand piles into soft stratum and inject tens of thousands of cubic meters of coarse gravel sand to enhance the density of stratum and improve the bearing capacity. Finally, a solid dam was built on the spongy silt layer. On June 23rd, 1979 successfully laid the track to the south bank of Salt Lake, thus completing the track laying task of the first phase of Qinghai-Tibet Railway ahead of schedule.

With the official opening of the railway, the inexhaustible precious resources of Chaerhan Salt Lake have been fully developed and utilized.

Beijing-Guangzhou railway

Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, including Han Jing Railway and Yuehan Railway, starts from Beijing in the north, passes through Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Zhuzhou and Hengyang, reaches Guangzhou, and runs through Hebei, Henan, Hunan and Guangdong provinces, with a total length of 2,324 kilometers. 1957 After the completion of the Yangtze River Bridge, it connects the Beijing-Han and Guangdong-Han trunk lines.

Han Jing Railway was originally built from the northern section, which was originally called Lu Han Railway, that is, from Lugou Bridge to Hankou. After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government also realized the importance of building railways from the failure, so it officially announced that building railways was an important measure of "practical politics". 1896 10 zhili governor Wang Wenshao and Huguang governor Zhang Zhidong called for the establishment of a railway corporation, with a big bureaucrat comprador and Tianjin official Sheng Xuanhuai as supervisory ministers. The railway is 1.200 km long, and the construction plan needs more than 20 million taels of silver. It was originally planned to receive 7 million taels of merchant shares, allocate 3 million taels of official funds, borrow official funds10 million taels and borrow 20 million taels of foreign debt. The Qing government first used the allocated official funds to build the Lugouqiao-Baoding section, with a length of 13 1 km, which was built by the Shanxi-Henan Railway General Administration. February 1898 started, and 10/899 was completed and opened to traffic.

Hankou is an important land and water town in China, and connecting Hankou with Beijing has long been the coveted goal of imperialism, so countries have been fighting for it. First, the United States and Britain fell through because of "too many claims", so they negotiated with Belgium. With the support of France and Russia, Belgium signed a loan contract with a loan amount of112.5 million francs. According to the contract, the road construction project will be supervised by Belgian companies; All the required materials, except those supplied by Hanyang Iron Works, are borne by Belgian companies and enjoy tax-free treatment. During the 30-year loan period, all traffic management rights are owned by Belgian companies. This not only made China completely lose its railway sovereignty, but also suffered huge financial losses, which set an extremely bad precedent for the imperialists to use the debt relationship to plunder China's railway rights in the future.

In order to speed up the project progress, save costs and cut corners, the Belgian company resulted in extremely low line quality of the building. Just like the Yellow River Bridge, which is an important project, it also adopts low-standard design, and the insurance period is only 15 years, which often leads to traffic disruption due to water damage.

Luhan Railway started construction on 1898. After Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, the French aggressor troops extended the Luhan Railway from Lugou Bridge to Qianmen of Beijing on 190 1 and became the Han Jing Railway. Han Jing Railway was opened to traffic in April, 1906, with a total length of 12 15km.

After the opening of the Jinghan Railway, the business is developed and the profits are rich. Under the influence of the Boxer Rebellion and the pressure of the people all over the country to reclaim the railway sovereignty, the Qing government went through many twists and turns, and finally in June 65438 +0909 65438+ 10, it allocated 5 million taels of silver to the government, borrowed 50,000 pounds from two banks, namely HSBC in Britain and Credit Suisse Bank in France, paid off the loan of Jinghan Railway and redeemed the railway.

When the Qing government decided to build the northern section, it planned to build the Guangdong-Han railway in the southern section, and the American Hexing Company obtained the loan undertaking right of this railway. However, due to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War and disputes within the company, by June1903+1October 65438, only a 49-kilometer branch line from Shiweikou to Sanshui in Guangzhou was built in five years. Later, because Huamei Hexing Company breached the contract, the China government redeemed the railway.

After the redemption of the Guangdong-Han Railway, it will be handled by the three provinces in three different ways: the Guangdong section will be handled by business; Du Shangban, Duan Guan, Hunan; Hubei section is officially run. During this period, due to the "state-owned railway" of the Qing government, the railway protection movement in Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong and Sichuan provinces was caused, and the Guangdong-Han railway was built from time to time. Guangzhou-Shaoguan section, with a total length of 224 kilometers, was completed in June 2005.1965438; The Wuchang-Changsha section was built with a part of British loans from four banks established by 19 1 1, and the British chief engineer was hired. 1965438+ started construction in August 2002, and 1965438+ was opened to traffic in September 2008, with a total length of 365 kilometers. The middle section of Shaoguan in Zhuzhou is 456 kilometers long. Due to political chaos, it was shelved 10 for many years. After the establishment of the Kuomintang government, the railway was built with boxer indemnity returned by Britain. From 1930 to June 1936. It took 38 years to build the Guangdong-Han Railway, from signing a contract with the United States in April 1898 to June 1936, from Wuchang (Xujiapeng) to Huangsha (now Guangzhou South Station) in Guangzhou, and it was officially opened to traffic. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, almost all the Beijing-Han and Guangdong-Han railways fell, and it was not until the national liberation in 1949 that they returned to the people's hands.

Beijing-Guangzhou Railway is not only the longest railway line connecting the north and south of China, but also has a glorious history of revolutionary struggle.

Since the establishment of China * * * Production Party197/KLOC-0 in July, Han Jing railway workers have realized the importance of organization from the struggle practice under the education of the Party. 1922 In April, initiated by Changxindian Workers' Club, the preparatory meeting of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions was held, and the trade union organization of the whole railway was preliminarily rectified. At the preparatory meeting of 1923 1.5, the Draft Constitution of Han Jing Railway Federation of Trade Unions was drafted, and the inaugural meeting of the Federation of Trade Unions was formally held in February of 1. The establishment of the Federation of Trade Unions was completely open. The news was published in various newspapers and reported to Zhao Jixian, then director of the Railway Bureau. Present at the inaugural meeting were 65 representatives of the Jinghan Railway Trade Union Branch, and more than 200 guests from trade unions, education circles and the press from all over the country. They all gathered in Zhengzhou.

The establishment of the Jinghan Railway Trade Union Federation shocked the imperialists and feudal warlords. Warlord Wu instigated Zhao Jixian, the railway director, to intimidate the director of Zhengzhou Public Security Bureau. The Preparatory Committee of the Federation of Trade Unions still decided to hold the meeting as scheduled. 1 923 On the morning of February1,Wu ordered Zhengzhou to implement emergency martial law, and arranged military and police officers along the street, armed with live ammunition, to prevent delegates and guests from entering the venue. The delegates were furious, shouted slogans, finally broke through the tight encirclement, rushed into the venue, immediately set off firecrackers for a meeting, and announced the formal establishment of the Han Jing Railway Federation of Trade Unions. The delegates shouted "Long live the Han Jing Federation of Railway Trade Unions!" "Long live the victory of the working class!" The meeting didn't end until 4 pm.

In the afternoon, Wu ordered reactionary military police to surround the residence of the delegates, and guests and delegates were not allowed to walk and talk freely. The premises of the Federation of Trade Unions and Zhengzhou Branch were sealed up and occupied, and the documents of the trade unions were confiscated and destroyed. The arrogance and brutality of the warlords aroused great anger among the workers. That night, the Federation of Trade Unions held an emergency meeting and decided to announce the strike of the Jinghan Railway Federation of Trade Unions at noon on February 4. From 9: 00 am on the 4th, in less than three hours, the whole road stopped working, and all passengers, goods and military vehicles stopped driving together.

After the general strike broke out, the "envoys" of the imperialist countries held an emergency meeting in Beijing, put forward a "serious warning" to the Beiyang warlord government, demanded an early resumption of traffic, and instigated the warlords to suppress the workers by force. On February 7, Hubei Governor Xiao Yaonan sent Zhang Housheng, chief of staff, to lead two battalions to surround the Federation of Trade Unions, shoot and kill workers who resisted empty-handed, surround workers' dormitories and search for strike activists. 38 people were killed and more than 200 people were injured. Chairman of Jiang 'an Sub-branch, party member Lin Xiangqian were arrested.

After Comrade Lin Xiangqian was arrested, the enemy tied him to the telephone pole at the riverside station and forced him to go back to work. Comrade Lin Xiangqian resolutely refused. Zhang Housheng, the executioner, had a knife cut on him and asked him, "Can I go to work?" Comrade Lin Xiangqian said, "No!" Zhang ordered another seal and asked him, "Can I go to work?" Comrade Lin Xiangqian reluctantly shouted, "If you want to go to work, you must obey the orders of the Federation of Trade Unions. My head can be broken, and you can't go to work yet! " Zhang cut another knife, and the excellent party member died heroically. He died indomitable in front of the enemy for the cause of the working class, which showed the fearless spirit of the working class in China. Party member Shiyang, legal adviser of Wuhan Federation of Trade Unions, was also killed in Wuchang on June 5438+05. In addition, workers at other railway stations in Zhengzhou and Han Jing were also arrested and massacred by warlords. In order to preserve the revolutionary forces, the Beijing-Han Railway Federation of Trade Unions and the Wuhan Federation of Trade Unions ordered on February 9 to persuade workers to reluctantly return to work.

Although the "February 27th" struggle failed, it showed the great strength of the working class. The martyrs who died heroically in the struggle set a shining example for the working class. To commemorate the martyrs of Lin Xiangqian, 196 1 Lin Xiangqian Martyrs Cemetery was built in Shanggan Town, Minhou County, Fujian Province at the beginning of this year.

Longhai railway line

Longhai Railway starts from Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, passes through Xuzhou, Zhengzhou, Xi 'an, Baoji and Tianshui, and ends in Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu Province, with a total length of 1759 km, which is an artery that runs through China.

Longhai Railway was originally built from Kaifeng to Luoyang, then called Bianluo Railway. The road was surveyed as early as 1895, but due to the lack of funds of the Qing government, the track was not laid. 1899165438+1October, Sheng Xuanhuai, the minister in charge of railway supervision in the Qing dynasty, wrote to the Qing government on the grounds of "pre-financing repayment to preserve the branch road" and asked for approval to raise funds to build trunk roads. At that time, the Belgian company requested to undertake the project in the background of France, which was accepted by the Qing government. In June, 1903, 1 1, Sheng Xuanhuai and Ruffar, the representative of Belgian railway company, signed the Loan Contract for Bianluo Railway. Compared with the railway company, it undertook a loan of 25 million francs (1907, additional loan16 million francs), and obtained the rights and interests to undertake the Miro Railway and the priority to extend the line to Xi 'an. Bianluo Railway started in June/KOOC-0/905, was completed in February/KOOC-0/909, and was officially opened to traffic in June/KOOC-0/909/KOOC-0/,with a total length of/KOOC-0/84 km.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, people advocated building roads. In Henan, a big landlord and capitalist named Liu Guo set up Luoyang Railway Commercial Company under the guise of self-repairing railways, and planned to build a railway from Luoyang to Tongguan. Because Liu Guo was bent on plundering the wealth of the people, apportioning shares to counties and forcibly raising the price of salt Jin, which caused strong opposition from the people and had to be stopped. By 19 12, the Belgian company signed a loan contract with the Beiyang warlord government for Longqin Longhai Railway (referred to as Longhai for short), and all the border railways were merged into Longhai Road, ready to be repaired eastward and westward respectively. In this way, the Longhai Railway was actually monopolized by Belgian companies.

From 19 13, Longhai Road has been expanding eastward and westward. Thousands of road repair workers are working hard with the simplest road repair tools under harsh working conditions. Kaifeng to Xuzhou is 277 kilometers long, and Luoyang to Kannonji is 93 kilometers long. The terrain is relatively flat and the project is not too difficult. It took more than two years to complete. It was not opened to traffic until 1924.

Compared with other lines at that time, the equipment of the original Longhai line was very simple. There are only four small locomotives on the whole line, and the locomotives often have no coal to burn, so they have to use firewood instead. The corruption of its operation is well known all over the country. Often find excuses to blackmail passengers. Around 1930, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to extend his political, military and regular troops to the northwest to complete a transportation line to attack the liberated areas and decided to extend the Longhai Railway to the west. Using boxer indemnity to expand from Lingbao to Tongguan. 193 1 year 65438+completed in February,1932 65438+1October opened to traffic. Tongguan to Xi 'an, extending to Baoji, was jointly invested by Paris Industrial Electric Company and domestic banking group, and was opened to traffic in March 1937. The eastern section of Longhai Railway was built by Dutch Port Management Company to Lianyungang. At this point, the Longhai Railway starts from Lianyungang in the east, reaches Baoji in the west, and extends to 1226 km.

During Chiang Kai-shek's stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, relying on the "assistance" of the United States, Britain and other countries, he continued to build a number of railways, including the Longhai Railway, which extended from Baoji to Tianshui and surrounded the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia revolutionary base area with soldiers. This road was paved with the removed rails east of Luoyang on the Longhai Railway. /kloc-0 started construction in may, 939, and Tianshui was completed at the end of 1945, with a length of154km. The engineering quality of this section of railway is very poor. At that time, the Resources Committee of the Kuomintang government planned to build Weihe Reservoir in Baoji Gorge, requiring the roadbed of Baotian section to be increased by 60 meters to avoid the railway being cut off by the reservoir in the future. This not only unnecessarily increases the workload of subgrade and tunnel in Baotian section, but also leads to frequent landslides and frequent interruption of traffic, which becomes the "cecum" of northwest railway. By the evening of liberation, the entire Longhai Line was severely damaged and almost paralyzed. From Tianshui to Lanzhou, although 1947 was started, only 3/ 10 was completed before 1950 was liberated in the northwest. 1950 After the liberation of the northwest in May, the Ministry of Railways rebuilt this section of railway under the policy of "local rerouting and key construction". By August 1952, the track-laying task was completely completed, and it was officially opened to traffic in June 10. Before that, the whole line of Longhai Railway was completed, making Longhai Railway.

chengdu kunming railway

On the map of our motherland, a railway crossing Qian Shan was built along the road taken by the Red Army's Long March-this is the world-famous chengdu-kunming railway.

Chengdu-kunming railway starts from Chengdu, Sichuan in the north and reaches Kunming, Yunnan in the south, with a total length of1100km. It connects Baocheng and chengdu-chongqing railway in the north and Guikun and He Kun railways in the south, which makes the southwest frontier closely connected with Chinese mainland. Starting from 1958, the Chengdu-Emei section of this railway started construction in an all-round way, and some key projects in the middle also started construction one after another. July 1970 was completed and opened to traffic. 197 1 year 1 month 1 day, officially delivered to the state for use.

Chengdu-kunming railway starts from Chengdu Plain, which is 500 meters above sea level, to the south, along the beautiful foothills of Emei Mountain. In the southwest of Ebian, the turbulent Dadu River turns to Niuri River and crosses the continuous Liangshan Mountain. The terrain in this area is steep and steep, and there is a "first sight" canyon as deep as two or three hundred meters. From Jinkou River to Dai, there is a 44-kilometer tunnel, which is called the "underground railway" along the Daliu River. From Ganluo to Xide, it is necessary to cross the watershed of Minjiang River and Yalong River. In this section of 120 km, the winding mountain was laid out four times, crossing Niurihe River 13 times, and a tunnel of 66km and 65438 was built. The railway runs south from Xide, enters Anning Valley, and then turns back to Longchuan River to Central Yunnan Basin, about 1.900 meters away from Bohai Sea. Jinsha river basin is a famous deep fault zone in geology, which belongs to the earthquake zone of magnitude 7-9. There are not only collapses, rock piles, landslides, debris flows, groundwater and harmful gases, but also "one step bitter" cliffs and dry and hot "Flame Mountain", which is called "geological museum". There are strata containing salt, nitrate, gypsum and "Longjie silt" along the Longchuan River, and many vertical and horizontal faults are staggered. The route crosses Panshan Mountain three times in this valley, Longchuan River 47 times, climbs the watershed between the Yangtze River and Yuanjiang River, then goes south to Guangtong, passes through the hills and silt areas in Dianchi Lake area, and reaches Kunming.

The number of tunnels and bridges that this railway crosses mountains and rivers is rare in the history of China railway. The total length of tunnels and bridges accounts for 40% of the total length of the line. * * * There are 427 tunnels with a total length of 345.7 kilometers. These tunnels are single-line, multi-line, arc-shaped and circular. There are 9 tunnels with a length of more than 3 kilometers, and the longest Shamulada tunnel is 6379 meters long. Large, medium and small bridges 1009. The total length is 97 kilometers. There is the Jinsha River Bridge with the largest span among steel truss bridges in China at present, with a main span of192m. There is a 54-meter-long stone arch bridge of China First Line Sky Railway. In some areas, it is difficult to find a place to repair the station, so it has to be built on bridges or tunnels. There are 4 122 stations in the whole line, such as "air station" and "mountainside station". It is really "crossing mountains and mountains, climbing over eaves and walls, climbing over eaves and walls, and breaking bridges with empty bridges". The earthwork of subgrade construction in the whole line is 995.25 million cubic meters. If piled into a 1 meter-long levee, it can circle the earth twice. Such a huge project is an unprecedented feat in the history of railway construction in China.

Desert railway

Camels are called "ships in the desert" and used to be the only available means of transportation in the desert. However, with the development of science, building a railway in the desert is also a great pioneering work.

It is very difficult to build a railway in the desert. The climate in the desert is changeable. In some seasons, even within a day, it is cold like winter and hot like summer. There is little rainfall; There is a strong sandstorm. When there is a "sandstorm", the sand will be lifted by the wind, forming a rolling "sandstorm flow". Subgrade is vulnerable to wind erosion and sand burial, as well as wear and tear on locomotives, vehicles and communication equipment, thus affecting and interrupting traffic.

The first railway across the desert built in China is the Baolan Line (Baotou-Lanzhou). 1956 started construction and was opened to traffic in August 1958, with a total length of 980 kilometers, of which 140 kilometers passes through Tengger desert and the western desert of Ordos plateau. Shapotou, located at the southeast front of Tengger Desert in Zhongwei County, Ningxia Autonomous Region, is a sand mountain with an altitude of 100 meters. The construction of this railway, due to lack of experience at that time, caused large-scale erosion. The strong wind overnight will almost completely erode the desert subgrade that is about to be completed. Railway engineers in China summed up their experience and finally found out the landform, desert composition and source, hydrogeology, vegetation conditions, protective materials and meteorology of this sand road. When selecting the route, the route should be nearly parallel to the dominant wind direction to reduce sand accumulation and wind erosion on the subgrade. At the same time, various methods were adopted to fix sand, and finally 1958 was successfully opened to traffic in August.

To build a railway in the desert, the first thing is to fix sand and prevent sand damage. At present, the main sand fixation methods are plant sand fixation, mechanical sand fixation and chemical sand fixation.

Plant sand fixation means planting trees in desert areas, which is the fundamental measure to prevent and control sand. Practice has proved that flower stick, yellow willow, seabuckthorn, Calligonum mongolicum and Populus euphratica are plants adapted to the desert environment, which can not only resist drought, but also prevent wind and fix sand.

Mechanical sand fixation refers to pebbles, clay, asphalt, reeds, hay, etc. They are all sand buried on high dunes tens of meters to 100 meters above the ground on both sides of the railway, or grid sand barriers made of grass, just like flood levees, to stop the movement of sand. This method is the most economical, simple and effective sand fixation method before plant growth.

Chemical sand fixation is a new science and technology. Some of them use petroleum by-products, such as "asphalt emulsion", to fix sand. Switzerland has developed a granular compound. After this kind of thing is scattered in the desert like fertilizer, the sand can absorb water like a sponge, keeping its water heavier than the sand itself 12 times. One application can last for several years.

China Railway No.1 Bureau

The Beijing-Kowloon Railway runs from Beijing in the north to Shenzhen and Kowloon in the south, and lies between Beijing-Guangzhou and beijing-shanghai railway. It spans Beijing, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and connects the railway trunk lines such as Jingshan, Bao Jing, Qin Jing, Shide, Longhai, Zhejiang and Jiangxi, and its strategic position is very obvious. The Beijing-Kowloon Railway has a total length of 2,538 kilometers and an estimated investment of 2 1 100 million yuan. It is the railway trunk line with the largest investment, the longest mileage and the shortest construction period in the history of railway construction in China, and it is listed as the number one project in the eighth five-year plan. 1993 started in February, and it is expected that the whole line will be paved by the end of 1995.

The Beijing-Kowloon Railway spans the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River, the Ganjiang River and other high mountains, and the terrain and geological conditions are very complicated. Erecting 549 extra-large bridges and large and medium-sized bridges133.3km, excavating 57.6km of tunnels 136, filling nearly 200m cubic meters of earth and stone, requisitioning more than 70,000 mu of land1200,000 square meters of houses ... This is a huge and complicated system engineering. The whole line is divided into 10 section, with both new line construction and old line reconstruction. The difficulty, the problems and the short construction period are rare.

Known as the "head of all difficulties", the Ji 'an-Dingnan section of Beijing-Kowloon Railway is 346 kilometers long, with 9/kloc-0 tunnels, accounting for 6 1% of the total tunnel length. There are 7 tunnels over 1,000 meters, with severe mountain weathering and mostly weak surrounding rocks. There are 0/76 bridges/Kloc-0, including 9 extra-large bridges, 3 of which will be built on the Ganjiang River with water depth above10m, and 2 are long-span cantilever concrete continuous beams which are rare in China. Bridge and tunnel * * * accounts for 18.9% of the total length of this section. The construction period before track laying is only two years, which is too short for "difficult" sections. Chen is the commander of Ganzhou headquarters. From the beginning, he concentrated on conquering bridges and tunnels. After repeated research with experts and colleagues, he decided to adopt the method of "short tunnel, short bridge and fenced off", which played a key role in grabbing the construction period.

The total length of Ganjiang Bridge in Ji 'an is 2,655.75 meters, and 73 piers and abutments need to be built. It is one of the five most important and difficult projects of the entire Beijing-Kowloon Railway, and it is also the only bridge built on karst terrain. The bridge site crosses the junction of limestone and sandstone, with dense caves and ditches and criss-crossing caves and underground rivers. This has always been considered as a forbidden area for bridge construction. In order to complete the construction task of this super-large bridge with good quality and quantity, the Third Branch of the 16th Engineering Bureau of the Ministry of Railways invited 28 experts and scholars at home and abroad through the Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Construction, and held scientific and technological research conferences in Beijing and the bridge site three times, which effectively solved the problems of hole collapse and slurry leakage encountered in drilling the foundation in a large area of karst caves, overcome major construction difficulties such as cofferdam construction and assembling five large steel beams in deep water, and defeated the attacks of many catastrophic floods, only 65,438. This is the first time in China and rare in the history of bridge construction in the world. The quality inspection department conducted a comprehensive inspection of 4,300 sub-projects of the bridge, and the qualified rate reached 100%, and the excellent rate reached over 90%, which was highly praised by experts and leaders.

In the 126 tunnel along the Beijing-Kowloon railway, it was pushed to the top of the key and difficult projects and became the Qiling tunnel of the throat project of the Beijing-Kowloon railway. Located at the junction of Fengxian County and Nankang County in Jiangxi Province, with a total length of 2,536 meters. It integrates karst caves, karst gullies, faults, rockburst and yellow clay, and is rich in groundwater and difficult to construct, which has become a hot spot at home and abroad. Under the guidance of experts, scholars and technicians, more than 2,000 employees of the Third Bureau and the Fourteenth Bureau of the 18th Bureau of the Ministry of Railways who are in charge of the construction boldly adopted a series of advanced new materials, new technologies and new processes, such as "cement-sodium silicate double liquid grouting" and "dewatering from heavy wells", which overcame many major difficulties such as landslides, water gushing, mudslides and faults, and set an average of 65,438 0.33 in the history of railway tunnel construction in China.

Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge is the largest dual-purpose bridge with double-deck and double-track railway and four-lane highway in China. The railway bridge is 7675 meters long, which is 900 meters longer than the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. It has once again set a new Guinness World Record for the world's longest road-railway dual-purpose bridge, and made ten technical breakthroughs, which has attracted the attention of the world bridge community. Among them, the world's rare 56 mm thick steel plate is used for welding large bridges, which breaks through the limitation that the thickness of bridges in Europe and America should not exceed 50 mm.

Sunkou Yellow River Bridge is 6673 meters long and has *** 148 holes, which is the longest double-track railway bridge on the Yellow River at present. The bridge adopted the most advanced integral splicing technology in the world for the first time in China, and further developed according to the construction practice.

Beijing-Kowloon Railway is a high-quality and powerful north-south passage. Its completion will contribute to China's north-south passage.