Now in Shenzhen, the temperature is above 20 degrees. Do you want to grow orchids? Ask a master for advice

1. Potted soil requirements: loose and well-drained neutral acidic soil with a large amount of humus is the best, and the PH value is generally around 5.5 to 6.5. In Sichuan, Emei fairy soil and "Hong Xing brand" are mostly used to refine orchid plants, and "bamboo root mud" and humus soil under wet leaf forests in mountainous areas are more popular to cultivate orchids.

2. Location: Orchids can be cultivated outdoors and on balconies in spring, summer and autumn. It is required to choose a place with good ventilation, moist air and no environmental pollution. Just be close to the pond and the river. At least install trees or bamboo forests, install sunshade nets, reduce sunlight exposure and reduce temperature. It is best to put the basin on a wooden frame (or steel frame). If the floor is to be bricked, the balcony at home can also be bricked on a small tin can to increase the humidity.

3, proper shading: orchids are mostly semi-shaded plants, and most varieties are afraid of direct sunlight and need proper shading. Orchids can be opened in the first half of April to get more sunshine and promote their growth. In May, in addition to the sunshine at noon, it can also be basked for 6 hours; It has been cloudy all day since June. After 10, except Zhongyang, it can be fully opened for maintenance. Remember this proverb: "leafy shade is good, and more sunshine is good."

4. Rational fertilization: orchids are vegetarian, and fertilization depends on the selected pot soil and growth. Fertilization can be applied to those who grow luxuriantly and have no diseases, and fertilization or a small amount of fertilization is not suitable for those who grow poorly. A new orchid with incomplete roots needs 1-2 years to be fertilized. Generally, in June and July, when the leaf buds of orchids are about 1.5 cm long, the decomposed liquid fertilizer should be applied once every three weeks (the concentration should be around 10%). Don't use chemical fertilizer. If it is not suitable for fertilization in high temperature season, dilute fertilizer should be applied every 2-3 weeks from August to September. Orchids should be fertilized at night and watered in the morning, which is called "backwater".

5. Proper watering: Rainwater and spring water are better for orchids, and tap water or rice washing water should be used overnight. When you pour it, pour it from the edge of the basin, not into the bud. The amount of watering should be determined according to the temperature, the degree of dryness and wetness of the basin soil and the growth of bluegrass. Most of the leaves are watered, and the thin leaves are watered less. From April to May, the new buds have not yet been born, so the pot soil should be dry, and the new buds are too wet to rot easily; June-September is the growth period of orchid buds, so it is necessary to increase the amount of watering. Water it once every morning on sunny days, and don't water it in the hot sun at noon. To reduce water consumption in autumn, foliar water spraying can be used to keep the basin soil moist, and water consumption can be controlled to keep "80% dry and 20% wet" in winter.

6. Spraying in the evening: orchids are originally grown in a humid air environment, so in the dry season, in addition to shading, they must be sprayed in the evening to increase the air humidity and lower the temperature; You can also water the orchid floor (desktop), and "one cold and one hot" can stimulate the growth of orchids.

7, wind and rain: "February ghost wind" is a normal phenomenon, you can cut off dead branches and broken leaves. Orchids can rain lightly, but avoid mildew rain, heavy rain or continuous rain, otherwise the heart and leaves will rot easily. A small amount of plant ash can be appropriately sprinkled in rainy season.

8. Pruning and picking flowers: In orchid cultivation, you should always cut off dead leaves, broken leaves and diseased leaves. To promote ventilation. For rare orchids, if there are too many flower buds, only strong buds are left, and it is appropriate to have 1-2 flower buds per pot. Chunlan should be picked after half a month of flowering, and rare orchids should be picked after 7 days. The leaf buds in spring thrive and create the beauty of the next year. The last flower of the preface to Sharon was cut 3 cm away from the surface of the basin one week after flowering.

9. Cold and warm: orchids have different cold resistance due to different varieties, different places of origin, so the time to enter the house in winter and the location of indoor display are also different. Hanlan, Qiu Lan and Winter jasmine grow in the south. When the temperature is 5℃, they should enter the room (or close the windows and fences) and try to put them in the sunny place in the south. But in spring and Xia Lan, it has strong cold resistance, and it can only be put indoors at 0℃ and placed in the northeast. Around noon on a windless sunny day, open the window to the south or southeast, and pull the net for ventilation. Qiu Lan is not allowed to open windows on sunny days of 1-2℃. Of course, if there is a greenhouse, you can use electro-optic heating.

10, Disease prevention and insect control: Pot soil should be disinfected (or exposed to the sun) to prevent diseases. Orchids are most prone to white silk disease in rainy and hot seasons, and a small amount can be brushed off with a wet cloth. The amount of pots can be sprayed 500-800 times of Bordeaux solution or Tobuzine every 7- 10 days. Scale insects (commonly known as "blue lice") are the most common pests. During the incubation period, 1% omethoate and 1000 times 25% thiophosphate emulsifiable concentrate were sprayed once a week. It is advisable to treat both the symptoms and the root causes, and the pots and pans should be sparse to increase ventilation and reduce the occurrence of diseases.

How to raise orchids?

Dry cultivation and wet cultivation of orchids

Dry cultivation of orchids

Traditional orchid cultivation methods all adopt dry method, which does not require high environment, and can be used on balconies, under eaves, along corridors and under the shade of trees. Pottery jar, pottery jar, wooden jar, plastic jar, etc. Generally used, especially the drum-shaped pottery pots and pots are ideal, with good air permeability and strong water absorption, which are very suitable for dry orchid cultivation. Drain holes are needed at the bottom of the basin, and air holes are needed at the side. If it can't meet the requirements, it can be handled appropriately. The size of the flowerpot depends on the size of the orchid plant. It is the key to the success of orchid cultivation to avoid choosing the planting materials of Xiaolan basin and Weak Orchid basin. Generally, the cultivation of dried orchids usually adopts humus soil taken from the orchid growing place in the deep mountain valley, and then appropriate amount of bark, granular scorched soil and foamed plastic particles are added for proper transformation. This planting material is rich in humus, slightly acidic, loose and breathable, which is very suitable for potted orchid growth. Before drying or steam sterilization, the planting materials are divided into coarse particles, medium particles and fine particles with different mesh sizes and stored separately. Powdered broken soil should be discarded. When releasing the basin, the bottom of the basin is filled with broken tiles and foam blocks as drainage layers, which mainly play the role of drainage and ventilation, accounting for about one-fifth of the height of the basin; Then you can add a layer of coarse plant material and a small amount of fermented sheep manure particles as base fertilizer. This layer is the basal layer, which mainly plays the role of water filtration, ventilation and nutrition, accounting for about a quarter of the height of the basin. Carefully put the trimmed, disinfected and dried orchids into the orchid pot, straighten out the roots of the orchids, keep the hibiscus plants in the ideal cultivation position in the left hand, and gradually add medium-sized planting materials in the right hand. When the planting material is added to a certain amount, gently lift the orchid plant, gently shake the orchid flowerpot, and then gently compact it by hand, so that the orchid roots can fully contact with the planting material, and prevent the gap between the orchid roots from causing empty roots. Then continue to add planting materials to pseudobulb and shake the orchid again. This layer is the nutrient layer, which is the main place for orchids to grow and absorb nutrients. Its thickness accounts for about half of the height of the basin. Of course, its thickness should be adjusted according to different orchid varieties. Generally, the thickness of orchids with thicker roots can be appropriately increased, and the thickness of orchids with thinner roots can be appropriately reduced. Then add fine planting materials until it covers two-thirds of pseudobulb, and gently compact it to make it look like steamed bread. This layer is the covering layer. In order to prevent tiny plants from being washed away by water or mud splashing on orchids, an appropriate water-retaining protective layer should be added on this layer. Generally, rough and hard plants are used in this layer, such as granular burnt earth, bluestone, phytolith and even colored stones. Transplanted Cuiyuncao is widely used in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and water moss is widely used in Yunnan province. The water moss should be soaked in nail support 1000 times solution for disinfection, and then squeezed dry by hand. Orchids are fleshy roots, hairless, and live with orchids, and rely on the mycelium of orchids to absorb nutrients for their growth; Orchid root is an important respiratory organ of orchids, which needs to breathe oxygen. At the same time, orchids belong to aerobic bacteria, and their growth and reproduction also need oxygen. Therefore, planting materials must be breathable to ensure the supply of oxygen. If there is too much water, the oxygen content in the planting materials is low, the root respiration of orchids is blocked, orchids cannot grow normally, and it is easy to produce empty roots and rotten roots. Humus soil is used for dry cultivation of orchids. Although it has been properly treated, it still has strong water retention, poor permeability and heavy fertilizer content. With the increase of use time, the planting materials will harden and acidify, such as improper watering time, which will easily cover the roots of orchids and affect their growth. The ancients emphasized that "orchids are moist and afraid of dampness, and they like to dry and fear dryness". Generally, the water content of plant materials is 75-40%, and it should be watered below 40%. If it is higher than 75%, it is easy to damage the orchid root system for a long time. But when to water and when not to water depends on the environment, the plant materials used, the size of the basin, the temperature and humidity of the air and the growth intensity of orchids. How to determine the amount of water in the basin? After groping, Jia Lan has the following methods: 1 and intuitive judgment. According to the condition of orchid leaf surface and the wet and dry condition of orchid flowerpot surface, if the orchid leaf surface is slightly dehydrated, it means that the plant matter on the surface of orchid flowerpot has been completely dried. When the plant matter on the surface is dried about 5cm, it means that the plant matter is short of water and should be watered. 2. Weighing method. The principle is that the experimental plant material is leached to its water content of 100% without adding water, and the plant material is fully dried to its water content of about 20%, and then weighed separately, and the corresponding water content per unit weight is obtained through calculation, so as to judge the water content of the plant material in the blue flowerpot. This method is more accurate in theory, but there will be some deviations in practical application, which is not easy to operate. 3. Insert rod method. Just insert a bamboo stick carefully in the appropriate position in the orchid pot and pull it out after about an hour. According to the humidity of bamboo sticks, the water content in the planting materials of orchid pots can be judged. Now some people use electronic hygrometer instead of small bamboo sticks. This method is more effective and easy to master, but the disadvantage is that it is easy to hurt the orchid root. 4, knocking on the basin to listen to the sound method. Pick up a pot of orchids, put it to your ear and tap the edge of the pot with your hand. If the sound is dull, it means that there is still a lot of water in the plant material. If the sound is crisp, it means it's time to water. This method requires some experience, which is not easy for beginners to master. 5. Control method. Fill an empty pot with the same plant material, then water it with the blue pot and put it together at the same time. When checking, you can compare the water content of plant materials in the blue basin by inserting your finger into the control basin for checking. Of course, some experienced orchid families have their own methods to judge the water content of plant materials through years of exploration. Generally, they only need to check a little to know the water content, which can be described as "knowing fairly well". However, watering is another matter. What they emphasize is to see what is dry and what is wet. During the growth of orchids, orchids and orchids constantly absorb oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide, and at the same time discharge some metabolic wastes. Watering can adjust the air in plant materials, discharge the original dirty gas, replace it with fresh air, and wash away metabolic waste. In addition, it can kill insects and eggs, hinder the growth of anaerobic bacteria and prevent orchid diseases. Generally speaking, water should be less in winter, because orchids are dormant in winter, and the demand for water is not very large, about. In spring, the temperature is getting higher, the air is dry, and orchids sprout new buds. The water supply can be appropriately increased to promote the germination and growth of new buds, usually once a week. From midsummer to early autumn, the sun is like fire, the temperature is high, orchids grow fast, and the demand for water is great. Give water once every 3-5 days; From Mid-Autumn Festival to early winter, the temperature difference between morning and evening is large, the air is dry, and water is given once every seven weeks. Water supply can be appropriately reduced in rainy days. Generally, the method of repeated water supply is adopted, and a small amount of water is spirally supplied several times along the basin edge until it is completely poured out. You can also soak in pots, but only one pot at a time. After pouring out, soak the other pot in fresh water, so as to prevent cross-infection of diseases. Because plant materials are rich in nutrients, and orchids grow slowly, the demand for nutrients is not as great as that of other plants. Therefore, the fertilizer used for the cultivation of dried orchids is generally light and thin, about once a month to prevent fertilizer injury. Weak orchids and diseased orchids had better not be fertilized. After a period of use, the permeability and PH value of plant materials decrease, so they should be replaced to prevent them from hardening and acidification from affecting the growth of orchids. In a word, dry cultivation of orchids is a simple, convenient, practical and economical method, which does not require too much energy and cost, especially for Lanyou who has limited time and energy. As long as the watering problem is solved, the cultivated orchids can grow well and flourish.

Second, wetland orchid cultivation

Wet orchid cultivation is developed on the basis of summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of dry orchid cultivation. Its biggest feature is "wet", which requires relatively high environment and planting materials. When using wet orchid cultivation, we should pay attention to the following six points: 1) Compared with dry orchid cultivation, wet orchid cultivation requires higher environment, especially proper control of temperature and humidity. If the temperature and humidity are too low, it will lose the meaning of wet cultivation of orchids. Therefore, it is best to use a fully enclosed or semi-enclosed canopy with good ventilation and lighting, and try to avoid various pollution sources such as soot and dust. Common methods to increase humidity are: making waterproof materials for canopy foundation, laying water-retaining layers of building materials such as red bricks, sandstone and volcanic slate on the ground, or placing water trays and building pools. , using water curtain glass and volcanic slate curtain wall, and spraying water for humidification. About the problems that should be paid attention to in the construction of orchid shed, the author has a detailed description in "Four Checks of Orchard Shed Construction", and interested orchid friends can refer to it. 2) Selection of pots: pottery pots, wooden pots and plastic pots are all ideal pots for orchid cultivation, especially plastic pots, which have recently become the mainstream pots for orchid cultivation in wetlands in Yunnan and Sichuan. Most of the roots are above 0.4cm in diameter and above 20cm in length. Therefore, plastic pots with high waist should be selected to facilitate the growth and development of roots. At the same time, because of the wet cultivation, the selected orchid pots should be thin and small. The so-called thin here means that the orchid basin should be slender, which is different from the traditional waist-drum-type dry-planted orchid basin. The so-called small is relative. Orchid flowerpot is the space where orchids grow. Excessive size of orchid pots will affect ventilation, heat accumulation and drainage, easily lead to water accumulation and root rot, increase the difficulty of daily management and protection, and waste planting materials. If it is too small, it will limit the growth space of Cymbidium hybridum roots, and the Cymbidium hybridum roots will compete for space to squeeze the planting materials, which will lead to the hardening of the planting materials and weaken the activity of cyanobacteria. At the same time, too few planting materials will provide insufficient nutrients, which is not conducive to the growth of cymbidium root system, and it should be decided according to the specific situation. So how to judge whether the blue flowerpot is suitable? The roots of orchids can be used as a reference, which can make most of the roots of orchids stretch naturally in the basin. It is appropriate that the position of the fake ball in the basin is slightly lower than the basin surface. Of course, if orchids are particularly tall or have too many seedlings, pots should be used appropriately. For orchids with thin roots, such as Cymbidium hybridum, Cymbidium hybridum, etc., the height of the orchid basin can be appropriately reduced or the thickness of the filter layer at the bottom of the orchid basin can be increased. 3) The selection and preparation of wet-cultivated orchid plant materials are mainly coarse plant materials, and the preparation should strive to be "loose, breathable, draining and moisturizing". The author's approximate proportions are: rotten leaves 50%, granular bark 15%, granular burnt soil 15%, foamed plastic granules 10%, granular red soil 7% and snake wood 3%. The specific preparation method is as follows: the leaves of Quercus acutissima are put into a plastic bucket, compacted, boiled in water above 90℃, immersed, covered and soaked for one month, and the water is poured out. The soaked Quercus acutissima leaves are packed in plastic bags, stuck in the mouth and naturally fermented in the sun for about three months. When they turn black and give off a clear fragrance, they are taken out and screened to remove the broken leaf powder, which is called rotten leaves. Burned granular soil with a diameter of about 0.5 ~ 1 cm should be used and soaked for about a week before use. Bark particles are about 1 ~ 2 cm in diameter and should be fermented before use, especially oak bark and willow bark. Snake wood should be cut into small pieces about 2-5 cm long and soaked for a week before use. Mix humus soil, burnt granular soil, bark particles and foamed plastic evenly in proportion, put them into bags and sterilize them for later use. This plant material is slightly acidic and contains some nutrients and trace elements needed by orchids, which is very suitable for the cultivation of lotus petals and spring swords. Red soil mainly plays a role in regulating the pH value of plant materials and supplying trace elements needed by orchids. Because it is easy to subdivide and harden, the dosage should not be too much, and the pot method should be added and the layered culture method should be adopted. Specifically, a proper amount of foamed plastic blocks are placed at the bottom of the flowerpot as a drainage layer, and a small amount of plant materials prepared according to the above method are added as a base layer. At the same time, a small amount of fermented sheep manure particles can be added, accounting for about a quarter of the height of the basin, compacted, and a small amount of laterite particles can be added to form a thin layer. Then put the sterilized orchid plants into the pot, and straighten the roots of orchids with both hands to make the pseudobulb flush with the pot mouth. Then add the planting materials, and gently press them by hand while adding them, so that the roots of orchids can fully contact with the planting materials. When it is about half, a small amount of laterite particles are added. Add a small amount of laterite particles to form a thin layer, and then continue to add plant materials until pseudobulb is slightly exposed. Gently press the plant material into steamed bread shape by hand, then sprinkle the remaining red soil particles around pseudobulb, cover a small amount of phytolith on the red soil, squeeze out the water from the soaked and disinfected water moss, spread it evenly on the basin surface, and pour the root-fixing water. Of course, the above is only for the commonly used planting materials in You Lan. If other planting materials such as fairy soil are used for planting, it can be treated as a reference. Plant materials are perishable or finely divided after being used for a period of time, and should be replaced in time. 4) Water management "Wet" of wet orchid cultivation refers to heavy water management, which has three meanings: one is to appropriately increase air humidity, the other is to increase water supply, and the third is to increase water supply frequency. Because the pots used for wet cultivation of orchids are small, the plant materials have good air permeability, strong drainage, rapid evaporation of water, and the plant materials are not easy to accumulate water, so heavy water management is advocated in water management, and the air humidity should be around 70%. When watering, water it thoroughly. Under normal circumstances, the plants in the basin are always wet; Increasing the frequency of watering, the advantages of high watering frequency are as follows: first, it can drive the airflow in plant materials to move, replace the air in plant materials, and at the same time, oxygen in water will be released, so that the air in plant materials is rich in oxygen and supplied to orchids. Second, it can take away the metabolic waste produced by blue roots and auricularia, which is more conducive to the growth of blue roots and the activities of auricularia. Third, it can accelerate the transformation of plant organic matter, provide rich nutrition for orchids, and prevent the heat and waste generated by plant fermentation from harming the roots of orchids. Fourth, fresh water has high activity and contains certain nutrients and trace elements, which is more conducive to plant absorption and utilization. Wet management requires higher water quality than dry management. Fresh rain is good water for orchid irrigation, but it is difficult to collect. Secondly, air pollution is very serious in some places, and rainwater may be polluted. So tap water is mostly used now. However, for orchids cultivated by wet method, if they are used directly for a long time, excessive chlorine content will affect the growth of orchids, and atomic oxygen produced by chlorine gas combination reaction is a strong fungicide, which will inhibit the activity of orchids. If well water is used, because of the high calcium content in well water, it is easy to form calcium carbonate precipitation layer on the surface of the basin and the root of orchid after long-term use, which affects the growth of orchid, so a small amount of oxalic acid should be added to precipitate calcium ions. For long-term storage of water, the physical activity of water is greatly reduced due to the chain polymerization of water molecules, which is not conducive to the absorption and utilization of orchids. So try to use fresh water. Of course, heavy water management does not mean irregular and uncontrolled watering. Generally speaking, we should master a principle: water more in hot days, less in cold days, more in sunny days, less in rainy days, more in small pots, less in large pots, more in healthy seedlings, less in sick seedlings, more in dry air and less in humid air. Water 1-2 times a day from early spring to early summer, after sunrise in the morning and before sunset in the evening; From midsummer to Mid-Autumn Festival, you can water it 2-3 times a day, once in the morning, once in the middle and once in the evening. In late autumn and early winter, water 1 time in 2-3 days, at sunrise in the morning or sunset in the evening; In the dead of winter, because orchids are dormant, there is little demand for water, so they can be watered 1 time a week, at sunny noon. When watering, it must be thoroughly watered, and it is forbidden to water half of it, so as to prevent orchids from appearing empty roots due to excessive drying of planting materials and affecting their growth. When watering, you should also pay attention to prevent water from splashing on the heart of leaves. If you accidentally spill it, suck it off with cotton paper in time. Strengthen ventilation and lighting after watering. Because the cultivation of wet orchids adopts heavy water management, it is bound to cause some nutrients in plant materials to lose with water, so timely fertilization is extremely important. Generally speaking, it should be light, thin and diligent. The author uses self-made organic fertilizer, and the effect is good. The method is as follows: soak rapeseed cake, wormwood, etc. After natural fermentation for more than one year, add water to water orchids at the ratio of 1: 10, twice a week. At the same time, combined with foliar fertilizer, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea solution are sprayed for about 2000 times, once in the morning and once in the evening, so that fine drops are formed on the leaves and do not flow into the leaves. If they accidentally flow into the center of the leaf, they should also be carefully absorbed by the paper strip. If you don't have the conditions to make your own organic fertilizer, or it's too much trouble to do it yourself, you can directly apply the commercially available blue fertilizer, such as magic fertilizer, high extraction, blue mushroom king and so on. Whether it is self-made blue fertilizer or commercially available blue fertilizer, it is best to do experiments with common grass before application to know whether it is harmful and the appropriate application concentration to prevent accidents. 5) Management of lighting and ventilation In the cultivation of wet orchids, due to heavy water management, the water temperature in spring, summer and autumn is usually lower than the room temperature, which is easy to cause the temperature in the orchid pot to be too low and affect the growth of orchids. Therefore, on the one hand, the water temperature should be required, and the water temperature should not be too low, which will easily lead to a sudden drop in basin temperature and physiological dehydration of orchids; However, if the water temperature is too high, it is easy to cause heat accumulation in the orchid basin and suffocate the orchid root, which can generally be slightly lower than the ambient temperature. On the other hand, it is necessary to appropriately increase the amount of light to meet the temperature requirements of orchids. Sunlight is the driving force of plant growth. "Everything grows on the sun." Orchid leaves produce nutrients through photosynthesis, which not only meets their own needs, but also provides conditions for germination of new plants and reproduction. At the same time, proper lighting can enhance the stress resistance of plants, kill harmful bacteria, promote the normal germination of orchid leaf buds and flower buds, and promote the evolution of leaf art and floral art. Lighting can also increase the temperature in the orchid pot, promote the decomposition and transformation of organic matter in the pot, and provide necessary nutrients for the growth of orchids. Ventilation is also an important condition for orchid growth. Especially the wet cultivation of orchids, due to high temperature and humidity, all kinds of germs are easy to breed, and careless watering may cause orchids to accumulate water. If you don't pay attention to ventilation, diseases will easily occur, and the air flow can not only inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, but also help the air flow in potted plants, taking away the water in orchids and the surrounding waste gas and miscellaneous gas that are not conducive to orchid growth. Therefore, it is very necessary to strengthen ventilation. Natural ventilation is generally better. Taking Yuxi as an example, due to the south wind all the year round, ventilation window can be set in the south and north of Penglan, which can achieve satisfactory results. If there is no window opening condition, or natural ventilation cannot meet the actual needs, it is also a good choice to use electric fans for artificial ventilation. 6) Pest control

References:

Baidu Wen Ku