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1860 Lincoln's victory in the US presidential election triggered the secession of South Carolina. By February 186 1, six more states will secede. On February 7th, seven states adopted the provisional constitution of the Confederacy and established their capital in Montgomery. The 186 1 peace conference held in Washington in February before the war failed to solve the crisis. The rest of the southern states remained in the Union. Some breakaway states seized the Federal Fort (but not Fort Sumter). President Buchanan protested, but there was no serious military response except trying to provide supplies to Fort Sumter. However, the governors of Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania secretly bought weapons and trained troops.

Less than a month later, on March 4, 186 1, Lincoln officially took office as the president of the United States. At the inaugural meeting, he advocated that the Constitution is a "more perfect combination", which is different from the previous Confederate regulations as a binding contract. He declared that secession was "legally invalid". He claimed that he had no intention of invading the southern states, but would use force to safeguard the ownership of federal property. His speech ended with a call for the restoration of federal relations.

The South once sent representatives to Washington, willing to pay the price for federal property and discuss a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederate representatives on the grounds that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and negotiations were equivalent to recognizing the Confederacy as a sovereign government.

Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, is one of the three fortresses within the Confederacy that are still under federal control. Lincoln insisted on holding it. On April 12, under the orders of Confederate President jefferson davis, the troops of the Confederate government shelled the fortress and forced it to surrender. In response to Lincoln's call to the States, the North sent troops to recapture the fortress and protect the Union. In the small-scale rebellion at that time, Lincoln called 74,000 volunteers in 90 days. A few months ago, some governors had carefully prepared militia; The operation began the next day.

Although the four upper southern States (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina and Virginia) repeatedly rejected the Confederacy proposal, they refused to send troops to fight against their compatriots and announced their secession and joining the Confederacy. In return for Virginia, the Confederacy moved its capital to Richmond. That city is a symbol of the confederacy; Once it falls, the Confederacy will lose its legal status. Richmond is located on a winding supply line, which is difficult to defend. Although Richmond has deep ditches and high fortifications, the supply of the city was weakened by Sherman's occupation of Atlanta, and was completely interrupted after Grant surrounded Petersburg and supplied Richmond's railway.

1860 Lincoln's victory in the US presidential election triggered the secession of South Carolina. By February 186 1, six more states will secede. On February 7th, seven states adopted the provisional constitution of the Confederacy and established their capital in Montgomery. The 186 1 peace conference held in Washington in February before the war failed to solve the crisis. The rest of the southern states remained in the Union. Some breakaway states seized the Federal Fort (but not Fort Sumter). President Buchanan protested, but there was no serious military response except trying to provide supplies to Fort Sumter. However, the governors of Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania secretly bought weapons and trained troops.

Less than a month later, on March 4, 186 1, Lincoln officially took office as the president of the United States. At the inaugural meeting, he advocated that the Constitution is a "more perfect combination", which is different from the previous Confederate regulations as a binding contract. He declared that secession was "legally invalid". He claimed that he had no intention of invading the southern states, but would use force to safeguard the ownership of federal property. His speech ended with a call for the restoration of federal relations.

The South once sent representatives to Washington, willing to pay the price for federal property and discuss a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the representatives of the Confederacy on the grounds that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and negotiations were equivalent to recognizing the Confederacy as a sovereign government.

Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, is one of the three fortresses within the Confederacy that are still under federal control. Lincoln insisted on holding it. On April 12, under the orders of Confederate President jefferson davis, the troops of the Confederate government shelled the fortress and forced it to surrender. In response to Lincoln's call to the States, the North sent troops to recapture the fortress and protect the Union. In the small-scale rebellion at that time, Lincoln called 74,000 volunteers in 90 days. A few months ago, some governors had carefully prepared militia; The operation began the next day.

Although the four upper southern States (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina and Virginia) repeatedly rejected the Confederacy proposal, they refused to send troops to fight against their compatriots and announced their secession and joining the Confederacy. In return for Virginia, the Confederacy moved its capital to Richmond. That city is a symbol of the confederacy; Once it falls, the Confederacy will lose its legal status. Richmond is located on a winding supply line, which is difficult to defend. Although Richmond has deep ditches and high fortifications, the supply of the city was weakened by Sherman's occupation of Atlanta, and was completely interrupted after Grant surrounded Petersburg and supplied Richmond's railway.

Due to the fierce resistance of a few Confederate troops in Manacas, Virginia, 186 1 July, Major General Owen McDowell led his troops to March into the Confederacy, and carried out the first battle of Manacas [5] (the first battle of Niuben River). Later, Joseph? Johnston and Piri Polligard fought back and returned to Washington. Thomas Jackson, a Confederate general, won the title of "Stone Wall" in this campaign because he resisted the Union like a stone wall. Awakened by this failure, in order to prevent more slave-holding states from seceding from the Union, the US Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson resolution on July 25th of the same year, claiming that the war was to safeguard the Union, not to end slavery.

George? Major General McClellan took over the Union Potomac Army on July 26th (he was the commander of the Union Army, but later Henry Holek took over), and the war officially began on 1862.

1In the spring of 862, McClellan invaded Virginia from Virginia Peninsula between York River and James River in southeast Richmond. Although McClellan arrived at the Richmond Gate in the Battle of the Peninsula, Joseph? Johnston stopped him at the Battle of Seven Pines, followed by Robert Lee and his men james longstreet and Joseph? Johnston repelled him in the Seven-Day Battle. The battles in northern Virginia, including the second battle of the Niuben River, ended in victory in the south. [8] McClellan violated the commander Hao to John? Pope's orders from the federal army in Virginia made it easier for the federal army in robert lee to defeat twice the enemy.

Encouraged by the second battle of Niuben River, the Confederacy invaded the north for the first time. On September 5th, General Lee led 45,000 people from Northern Virginia to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland. Lincoln then returned Pope's army to McClellan. On September 17, McClellan and Lee fought in the Battle of Antietam near Fort Heaps, Maryland, which was the bloodiest day in American history. Before being annihilated by McClellan, General Lee's army was finally stopped and returned to Virginia. The Battle of Antietam was regarded as a victory of the Union, because it prevented Lee from invading the North and gave Lincoln a chance to declare the emancipation proclamation [10].

Cautious McClellan was replaced by Major General Ambrose Bensay after his unsuccessful pursuit of Antietam. The tournament was quickly defeated in the Battle of Fort fredericks at 12+03 [1 1], and the frontal attack on Mary Heights was futile. 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or injured. After the battle, the event was replaced by Major General joseph hooker. Hook could not defeat General Lee's army. Although he was outnumbered by 2 1 compared with the Confederacy, he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellesville in May of 1863 [12]. In June, Li's second northward advance was replaced by george meade. Meade defeated General Lee in the bloodiest battle of Gettysburg [1 3] from July to July in12000, which is considered as the turning point of the whole civil war. The pickett charge on July 3 was also the final climax of the Confederate army, not only because it represented the end of Lee's plan to put pressure on Washington, but also because Vicksburg, the main stronghold controlling the Mississippi River, fell the next day. About 28,000 people were killed or injured in Li Jun (23,000 in the central region). However, Lincoln was dissatisfied with Meade's failure to stop Lee's retreat. After Meade's decisive autumn offensive, Lincoln decided to turn to the western battlefield for a showdown.

Although the allied forces won numerous victories in the east, they failed in the most crucial west. In the early battle of Pea Ridge, Union troops were driven out of Missouri. In addition, the invasion of Kentucky by the allied general Leonidas Polk angered the people of that state, so Kentucky became the enemy of the allies.

Nashville (the capital of Tennessee) also lost to the Union Army at 1862. Since May, 1862, 10 in Mississippi,  Island, New Madrid, Missouri, Memphis, Tennessee, and New Orleans, Louisiana have all been occupied by the Union Army. Since then, the Union Army has been like a "no man's land" in Mississippi. Only Vicksburg (a city in southwest Mississippi) continued to resist the Union across the river.

General Braxton Prague of the Union Army was also driven away by General Don Carlos Beale of the Union Army in the bloody battle of the second invasion of Perryville, Kentucky. A few months later, he was defeated by William S. Rosecrans's army at the Battle of Si Tong River in Tennessee. Fortunately, however, the Allies won the Battle of Kamoga in Georgia near the Tennessee border. Because General Breston Briggs was supported by james longstreet Corps in this battle (General Lee's eastern reinforcements). Although the Federal george henry thomas Corps fought bravely there, it could only retreat in the end.

The main war strategy of the Union came from ulysses simpson grant in the west, who once controlled enemy strongholds in this civil war, such as Donielson and Henry, and the Cumberland River in Tennessee. It consolidated the federal government's control of Mississippi and began the turning point of the American Civil War. And General Ulysses drove the Allies out of Tennessee and invaded the "heart" of the Allies, that is, Atlanta, Georgia.