When did small towns with foreign characteristics begin to rise?

How to build a foreign town? When did it start to rise? Let's start with the following cases:

Grass, France

The perfume capital of the world

Modern perfume originated in16th century in the town of Grasse in southern France. As the saying goes, "the romance on earth is in France, and the fragrance of France is in Caozhen."

The town of Grasse is located in the southeast of France, between the Mediterranean Sea and southern alps. It is a medieval town with beautiful and quiet environment, mild and humid climate and narrow streets. Located in the mountainous area, it is relatively warm, 20 kilometers away from the sea. The special climate is very suitable for flower planting. Coupled with regional humanities and industrial preferences, the key industries in the town are gradually biased towards flower planting and perfume industry. Flower planting industry includes jasmine, moonlight fragrance, rose, narcissus, hyacinthus orientalis, violet, carnation and lavender, and its essence has become the reason why many perfumers flock to it.

France is the largest perfume exporter in the world, accounting for 38% of the world's perfume exports. Glass, a beautiful town located on the C? te d 'Azur, is the first producer of French perfume. There are more than 30 perfume factories in this place with less than 40 thousand people. Since the end of 18, the perfume manufacturing industry in Grass has been quite prosperous, and the world-famous brand chanel no.5 perfume was born here, which also won the reputation of "the country of perfume and water" for France.

The town of Grasse produces two-thirds of France's natural spices, which are used to make perfumes and food seasonings. The perfume industry creates more than 600 million euros of wealth for the town every year. Because of perfume, the town also has famous scenic spots such as International Perfume Museum, fragonard Art Museum, fragonard Perfume Factory and Provence Art History Museum, which attracts people who love perfume and travel all over the world. Glass holds the International Rose Expo and Jasmine Festival every year. At the Jasmine Festival, there will be grand activities, gorgeous floats passing through the town, fireworks, free parties, folk music groups and street performers. The town of Glasgow has become one of the holy places for tourists visiting the perfume road.

The town of Grasse is built on a mountain, and the steep steps are like a winding belt, connecting the scattered tower buildings in the town with the narrow stone road. It faces the sea, and the summer monsoon from the Mediterranean is humid and pleasant. The groundwater and abundant sunshine under the Alps make Grasse a fertile ground for flowers and plants. After Christmas in winter, the yellow velvet flowers from Australia dyed the glass and the whole blue coast golden yellow; In spring, yellow velvet flowers are replaced by dyed wood yellow flowers; In summer, the fields are purple lavender; May and June are the season of roses, and jasmine flowers bloom from July to September. In addition, there are fragrance under the moon, roses, daffodils, hyacinthus orientalis, violets, carnations and lavender ... Because the grass is located on a slope, all kinds of flowers find their own height and enjoy themselves. As many as 7 million kilograms of flowers are collected in this area every year.

In the mountains near the town of Grasse, a quiet valley looms, a winding country road is drawn from the middle, a stream named Sevani flows peacefully, and the flat rose and jasmine fields on the other side are world-famous perfume shrines. This film called Le Petit Campadieu, which means "God's small camp" in French, is the birthplace of the most famous perfume in the world.

In fact, the French town of Grass was first famous for its leather industry, and later it developed flower cultivation because of environmental pollution. Later, grass borrowed the essence of flowers to become the perfume capital of the world, and now tourism has become the leading industry of the town. It can be seen that Caozhen has experienced many industrial transformations and finally embarked on an economic development model based on green agriculture (flowers), emerging industries (perfume) and modern service industry (tourism).

The first transformation started at the beginning of16th century and lasted until the middle of17th century. This transformation made Grasse people give up the production of handmade leather gloves with serious pollution, and instead produce flavors and fragrances with more environmental protection and higher added value. This transformation has two successes. The first is to eliminate the smelly leather gloves, upgrade the industry and improve people's quality of life. Secondly, craftsmen who are good at finding business opportunities have voluntarily given up the leather glove industry and turned to a new industry with higher added value and greater social demand-essence and fragrance industry, in order to obtain higher income.

The second transformation of the town is about half a century, and it has been successfully integrated into the global industrial chain. Nowadays, distillation is widely used to extract essential oil in small towns. In order to ensure the quality of essential oil, flowers as raw materials have always been picked by hand, especially a local jasmine flower, which can only be picked between 4 am and 10. This almost harsh tradition has been passed down from generation to generation. Due to the high cost of locally picked flowers in grass, perfume manufacturers turn to imported raw materials, such as high-quality roses imported from Bulgaria, Turkey and Morocco. Jasmine comes from Egypt and Italy; Yilan comes from tropical Comoros and Indonesia; The main producing areas of bitter oranges and lemons are also Italy; Huo Guangxiang, a precious raw material, is mostly imported from Indonesia.

The town of Grasse has always maintained its vitality and is still in the process of transformation and development.

Greenwich USA

The legendary land of hedge funds

In America, there is a small town as famous as Silicon Valley. IT's just that Silicon Valley is talking about binary (IT), and here we are talking about derivatives (finance). In Silicon Valley, there is a unicorn company that exists like a god, and in Greenwich, there is a legendary $100 billion hedge fund crocodile. This is Greenwich, the hedge fund capital of the world.

Greenwich Town covers an area of only 174 square kilometers and is a small town in Connecticut. But what is different is that there are more than 500 hedge fund companies in this town, and the scale of their wealth is even more amazing. Qiaoshui alone controlled the capital scale of $654.38+050 billion. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that Greenwich Town in the United States is a legendary holy land for hedge funds.

Greenwich Town is close to New York State, and it takes 35 to 40 minutes by train, which is roughly equivalent to the distance from Shenzhen to Guangzhou. Every morning, you can see many young people rushing from new york to Connecticut to work, dressed exquisitely and forming a beautiful landscape.

Greenwich has a beautiful environment, picturesque scenery and many villas, which are very quiet. Most hedge fund staff can walk to work, and their eyes are green. This place is also very suitable for the elderly, and fund managers over 60 can live quietly.

But if it's just to live in a big house and the environment is good, there are many such places in northern new york far from Manhattan. Why must it be Greenwich?

Greenwich has formed its present scale after decades of development, which can be said to be spontaneous, but there are also government factors in it. Its special preferential tax has attracted many hedge funds to settle there.

When Greenwich began to attract hedge funds decades ago, local taxes were much lower than those in new york. /kloc-The annual income of about $0/0 million is $500,000 more in Greenwich than in new york. Coupled with its good environment, convenient transportation and proximity to new york, these tax savings really attracted the first batch of hedge fund enterprises.

The tax rate in Greenwich is also lower than that in new york. For example, the property tax of real estate is only 12% in small towns and 30% in new york, which is close at hand. But the tax rate is low. How does the Greenwich government work? Relying heavily on donations from hedge funds, including public schools, churches and libraries, is also a very important aspect of balancing the budget.

It stands to reason that institutions such as hedge funds can place orders remotely in transactions, and exchanges in financial markets have just become a concept. Geographical location is not important. Hedge funds should not care about office space. Why do they have to be together?

In fact, the hedge fund industry is the industry that needs the agglomeration effect most.

Many institutional investors in the United States have said this. They basically choose funds in new york and Greenwich, and rarely go anywhere else. It's simple. Business trips cost money. When institutional investors choose to invest in hedge funds, they should first conduct due diligence on the funds, which requires enough visits.

Moreover, investors need to track their portfolios regularly, so it is always inconvenient to be far away. This is why once the scale effect is established, it is difficult to shake this position.

Throughout the world, hedge fund clusters are generally located in coastal areas, because network speed is very important. Now it's all milliseconds, and a few seconds difference in network speed is a big disadvantage. In addition, the hedge fund center should be close to the financial center, because the exchanges involving banks should be at least close to larger branches. Greenwich town meets these conditions, and naturally a large number of hedge fund companies have gathered.

Hedge fund bases should also have strict security systems. In 2003, there was a famous kidnapping in the basement of Greenwich. ESL is a famous fund, which controls about $9 billion. Its boss was once the richest man in Connecticut. This man was kidnapped in the underground parking lot. Three boys kidnapped him. They didn't know he was the richest man in Connecticut, so they blackmailed him. He gave them a card with 5 million dollars in it. Those people are so happy, they are so happy. This is a question of external security as well as internal security. 1On July 20th, 999, a hedge fund manager of a company lost all his 105000 dollars in two months, and held a grudge against his colleagues. "I lose, you win", so he killed 12 people and injured 13 people with an automatic assault rifle. It was caused in north America at that time.

Greenwich's security system is very powerful. For example, there are police dogs at the entrance. If you bring any weapons in, you will be found. There is no need to worry about security.

In addition to its magnificent mansions, Greenwich is also famous for its waterways, winding country roads, forests, grasslands and canyons. It has become the most beautiful hedge fund capital in the world.

Danish Carenborg

Eco-city born of industry

Imagine if the industrial chain of an industrial city is like a food chain, a.

The company's waste is the food of company B, the steam from the power plant is provided to the pharmaceutical factory, and the sludge from the pharmaceutical factory becomes the fertilizer of the neighboring farm. Is this possible?

Carenborg is the embodiment of enterprise and circular economy. Carenborg, located about100km west of Copenhagen, is a small town with about 50,000 residents. In the past 40 years, Carenborg has created an industrial model, and your waste is my concept of raw materials, which proves that cross-industry resource recovery is not a dream.

At first, there was only one coal-fired power plant and one oil refinery. After several years of development, since the late 1960s, major enterprises in Carenborg have exchanged steam, water with different temperatures and purities, and various by-products or "wastes". Since the 1980s, local development departments have realized that they have gradually spontaneously created a system, which is called "industrial sanitation system". The development of "industrial life system" has made this little-known town famous all over the world. After decades of development, its scale and influence have been expanding, and it has become a traditional model for other countries to develop circular economy and implement regional circular economy.

It is understood that there are currently four enterprises in Carenborg's industrial health system: Asnesvargai Power Plant, the largest thermal power plant in Denmark, with a power generation capacity of 6.5438+0.5 million kilowatts; The largest refinery in Denmark, Stador Refinery, has an annual output of over 3 million tons and consumes over 5 million tons of crude oil. Novo Novo Dierske Sweden Gypsum Material Company, the largest bioengineering company in Denmark.

The Carenborg municipal government is also involved in the operation of this sanitation system, which uses the steam sold by power plants to heat the whole city. * * * The members of the biological system are not more than several hundred meters apart from each other, and are connected by a special pipeline system. In addition, there are sulfuric acid plants, cement plants, farms and other enterprises in the industrial park to participate in the industrial health system.

Because of the reasonable connection, energy and by-products can be reused at many levels in these enterprises. These enterprises trade materials in the form of energy, water and waste, and the waste of one enterprise becomes the raw material of another enterprise. After biological purification, the wastewater from the refinery is transported to the power plant as cooling water for cooling the generator set. The surplus gas produced by the refinery is used as fuel to supply power plants, partly replacing coal and oil, which can save 30,000 tons of coal and 0.9 million tons of oil/kloc-0 for power plants every year. At the same time, these gases are also supplied to gypsum material factory for dry gypsum board production. The steam generated by power plants is supplied to refineries and pharmaceutical factories (fermentors). At the same time, the power plant also sells steam to gypsum plants and municipal governments, and it even provides hot water to a farm. The 70,000 tons of fly ash produced by the power plant a year is used by the cement plant to produce cement. Through this "mutual assistance", enterprises can realize the recycling of waste and achieve the purpose of energy saving and emission reduction.

It is understood that the total investment of Carenborg 16 waste exchange project is 60 million US dollars, and the annual benefit is more than100000 US dollars, which has achieved great environmental and economic benefits.

Exploring the motive force of the development of small towns in Carenborg, we can see that the first motive force comes from the policy mechanism. The government has implemented a mandatory high charge policy for sewage disposal in institutional arrangements, making sewage disposal a cost factor. For example, a waste emission tax is levied on all kinds of polluting wastes according to the quantity, and the emission tax is gradually raised, forcing enterprises to emit less pollutants. In order to prevent enterprises from hiding hazardous wastes and evading waste emission tax driven by the pursuit of interests, which will cause great harm to society, hazardous wastes are exempted from emission tax and are subject to a declaration system, and the government organizes specialized agencies to deal with them. At the same time, give economic incentives to reduce pollution emissions. This is the basic reason for Carenborg's eco-industrial model.

The second driving force comes from the economic benefits and long-term development of enterprises. Carenborg is short of water resources, and groundwater is very expensive. If the cooling water of power plant is discharged directly, it will not only lead to water shortage, but also make other local enterprises have no water available, limiting their development, and pay pollution tax. Therefore, other enterprises actively signed agreements with power plants to utilize the cooling water and waste heat generated by power plants. Because in Carenborg, for those enterprises, the cost of wastewater reuse can be saved by 50% compared with paying sewage tax; Compared with the direct use of new groundwater, the cost can be saved by about 75%. Therefore, the recycling of water has become the earliest factor of production. This is the core of the existence and development of eco-industry in Carenborg.

The third driving force comes from the ecological morality and social responsibility of enterprises. Pharmaceutical factories in Carenborg make organic fertilizers from organic wastes produced by pharmaceuticals and give them to surrounding farms free of charge. In return, enterprises get agricultural products from farms as raw materials. This makes the pharmaceutical factory and the farm become a circular economy complex, realizing zero emission of pollutants. This is the result of pharmaceutical companies' pursuit of social responsibility image and ecological morality.

Forward-looking Industrial Research Institute, an institution of "industrial research+planning+landing" in characteristic towns.