Zhuhai history

Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, the coastline of the Northwest River Delta was located in the north of Wugui Mountain (now Zhongshan City), and Zhuhai was a remote island scattered outside the Pearl River Estuary.

Zhuhai belonged to Panyu County and Nanhui County in 22 1 BC, Panyu County in Han Dynasty, Dongguan County in Jin Dynasty, Baoan County in Sui Dynasty and Dongguan County in Tang Dynasty. At that time, Wenshun Township was established in Jinshanchang Village, which was the earliest administrative institution in Xiangshan area. After the Song Dynasty, Xiangshan Town was set up in Shanchang Village because of the prosperity of salt industry and silver mining. In the 22nd year of Shaoxing (1 152), Xiangshan County was established, belonging to guangzhou fu, along the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Qianshan built a city, which was called "Qianshanzhai". It is not only a military fortress, but also responsible for the administrative and diplomatic affairs of Macao and Qianshan. After the Revolution of 1911, Xiangshan County was subordinate to Guangdong Province. 1925 April 15 In memory of Sun Yat-sen, it was renamed as Zhongshan County, which was subordinate to the first Office of the Administrative Inspector. 1930- 1934 Tangjia, the seat of Zhongshan county government. 1949101The inland area of Zhuhai was liberated on October 30th, and the Wanshan Islands was liberated on August 3rd 1950. 195 1 year/month, Jitoujiao, Yongkou Mountain, Wanshan Islands and Qi 'ao Island are delineated by Zhongshan County, Wanqingsha, Wu Yong, Yiyong and Longxue Islands are delineated by Dongguan County, and Neiling, Guwu, Shekou, Yantian and Wailing are delineated by Baoan County. 1July, 952, the Island Management Office was handed over to Zhongshan County. In June of the same year 10, Tangjia Town established the people's government of fishing area to manage 48 large and small islands and bays. In order to strengthen coastal defense management and develop agricultural and fishery production, Zhuhai County was established on April 20th 1953 with the approval of the State Council. It is composed of some coastal areas and islands set aside by Zhongshan, Baoan and Dongguan counties, and belongs to the administrative office in central Guangdong. The county seat is located in Tangjia. There are one area (Tangjia), two areas (Qianshan), three areas (Sanzao) and four areas (Wanqingsha). During the period of 1955, Zhuhai was designated as a border area, and border checkpoints were set up in Shang Yong and Xiazha, and border resident cards were issued. /kloc-at the end of 0/956, the district was withdrawn and merged into big townships, and six small townships in Zhongshan County, namely Cuiwei, Jikang, Zaobei, Xiazha, Guantang and Dong 'an, were incorporated into Zhuhai County. 1958 10 People's communes were established in various towns, and soon the whole county became a big commune. 1959 merged into Zhongshan county in March. In August, Zhuhai Working Committee was established. 196 1 April, the organizational system of Zhuhai county was restored, and the county was located in Xiangzhou. March 5 1979 Zhuhai County was changed into a provincial city.

1980 In August, the 25th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fifth NPC of People's Republic of China (PRC) approved the establishment of a special economic zone in Zhuhai. The area of the special zone was originally 6.8 1 km2, and it was expanded to 15. 16 km2 and 12 1 km2 in 1988. 1983 In May, Doumen County was placed under the jurisdiction of Zhuhai City. 1June, 984, Xiangzhou district was established in the former Zhuhai county, which was a county-level organizational system. In the future, Hongqi and Pingsha Farms under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province in Zhuhai were placed under Zhuhai. The administrative scope of Zhuhai includes Xiangzhou District, Doumen County and Sanzao, Wanshan, Pingsha, Hongqi, Qi 'ao, Zhumeigang and Hengqin.

Located at the seaside, Zhuhai has always been a military fortress. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, this was the place where the Yuan Army fought with Song Jun. Tomorrow, in the first year of Kaiyuan (162 1), the government will build a new village in Qianshan, with the purpose of "governing Macao and foreigners" (referring to Portugal occupying Macao), which is called "the former cottage". It will establish a Senate and send nearly 2,000 sailors and marines. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/7th century, Wanshan and Dong 'ao seas were frequently invaded by foreign enemies, and wars were frequent. Therefore, Dong 'ao Island was established and troops were stationed. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government imposed a maritime ban and strictly guarded Macao. During the Qing dynasty, a battery was set up on Qi 'ao Island. In the 19th year of Qing Dynasty (1839), Lin Zexu was ordered by an imperial envoy to ban opium in the coastal areas of Guangdong, and led troops to inspect the original shanzhai in Xiangshan County, which strengthened the protection in this area. In the 21st year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (184 1), a fort was built in Lion Mountain in Beiling and troops were stationed. In the 13th year of Guangxu reign (1887), Gongbei Pass was formally established, and Gongbei Port was opened according to the unequal treaty between China and Portugal and Beijing. In the past, the garrison in the cottage decreased, and the city gradually became a trade market and residential buildings.

Macao was originally under the jurisdiction of Xiangshan County. As early as the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1557) to the middle of18th century, Portugal built a fortress in Macao. When the Opium War broke out, Portugal provided batteries for Britain, attacked us and closed the city gates, and invaded Gongbei. The Qing army lost its military control of Macao for the first time. In the 29th year of Daoguang reign in Qing Dynasty (1849), the Australian Governor Anguo was killed by Shen, a farmer in Longtian Village, for expanding land, trampling on farmland in Qian Shan and destroying tombs. Portugal took the opportunity to wage war and occupied Wang Xia Village in Macau in the 29th year of Daoguang reign (1849). In the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (185 1), Taipa Island was occupied, and in the third year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1864), the island was occupied. In the sixth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1867), Shalitou and Shagang villages were occupied; In the fifth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1879), Longtian Village was occupied; In the 11th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1887), four so-called "Draft Convention on Sino-Portuguese Conference" were signed in Kyoto, Portugal on March 26th. In the same year, in February 65438, the so-called Sino-Portuguese Treaty was signed in Beijing. In the 13th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1874), Portugal built a city gate in Gongbei, which was a historical witness of Portugal's occupation of China territory.

Zhuhai has a glorious revolutionary tradition. This is not only the gateway for colonialists to invade China, but also the outpost for China people to resist foreign aggression. In the 16th year of Qing Daoguang (1836), British and American warships invaded Qi 'ao, and the people of Qi 'ao fought back, killing four people, forcing the invaders to surrender and paying 3000 taels of silver. In the 20th year of Daoguang (1840 August 19), on July 22nd, a British warship sailed from Jiuzhou Ocean to Macau to close the gate, suddenly opened fire and landed forcibly. The local military and civilians are United and brave against the enemy. Sinked several British ships, killed more than British officers and men 10, and seized more than 200 shells. The British army had to flee to Jiuzhou Ocean. Later, the British wanted to invade Qian Shan. Xiangshan county magistrate Wu Enshu blocked the inland river pass with eight ships, and Lin Zexu sent 8000 soldiers from all walks of life to guard it, which caused the British ship to retreat to Modaomen and Lingdingyang without success. Guanzha and Qian Shan's war against Britain were "China's first victory in the Opium War". In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1908), Zhuhai people spontaneously set up the "Xiangshan Demarcation Maintenance Association" to defend the border; Since then, more people with lofty ideals have embarked on the road of democratic revolution led by Sun Yat-sen; After the victory of Russian October Revolution and the establishment of China * * * Production Party, Zhuhai people took the lead in the national liberation movement. During the first revolutionary civil war, the peasant movement rose in the east coast, Nanping and Shangzha of Zhuhai. 1924, Ye Jianying organized and trained the new independent regiment of the Second Division of the Guangdong Army, which played an important role in quelling the warlord rebellion and participating in the Guangzhou Uprising and the Northern Expedition. 1938, the Japanese army occupied Sanzao Island, slaughtered more than 3,000 compatriots on the island, and built a military airport as a base for invading South China. The people of Zhuhai rose up and rebelled. Under the leadership of the * * * Production Party in China, they developed the Party organization and established the anti-Japanese vanguard. 1939 In March, the first "Lianzhong" Party branch in Zhuhai was established in Nanping. 194 1 65438+February, the Central Committee sent Xie Liquan and Xie Bin to Wugui Mountain and Fenghuangshan to establish anti-Japanese base areas, develop anti-Japanese armed forces, carry out the struggle against hegemonism and extermination of traitors, and crush the armed aggression of the Japanese army. 1950, Zhuhai people joined the army and fought bravely, helping the People's Liberation Army liberate Zhuhai land and all islands.

Zhuhai has outstanding people. Throughout the ages, many famous historical celebrities have emerged, including famous pioneers of democratic revolution and influential proletarian revolutionaries. There are politicians, militarists and diplomats, as well as famous entrepreneurs, writers, artists, educators and athletes at home and abroad. In order to implement the plan of Zhongshan Model County from 65438 to 65438 to 0934, Tang, the first Prime Minister of the Republic of China, returned to his hometown as the chairman of the Executive Committee and the county magistrate of Zhongshan County (model county). Zheng Zhong (Nanping), the first member of the China bourgeois revolutionary society, was praised by Sun Yat-sen for his dedication to the revolution, his help to Sun Yat-sen and his efforts to raise much-needed funds for launching domestic uprisings. Yang Paoan is a member of the Fifth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the first theorist who spread Marxism in the south during the May 4th Movement, and an outstanding proletarian revolutionary in the early days of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Lin Weimin, the first chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, was an outstanding leader of the early workers' movement in China. Su Zhaozheng, a member of the Fifth Political Bureau of the Central Committee, was one of the early leaders of the China * * * Production Party. He led a general strike in all provinces and ports, which dealt a heavy blow to British imperialism in Hong Kong. Guoan Tang, the first president of Tsinghua University (the predecessor of Tsinghua University), has trained a group of graduates of advanced disciplines for the development of Tsinghua University since its establishment, and sent them to study in the United States. Hong Rong (Nanping), the first foreign student in China to receive a doctorate in the United States, the first deputy minister of China in the United States, was a famous patriotic overseas Chinese and educator in China in modern times. He served the country for 60 years, devoted himself to changing the poverty and backwardness of the motherland, advocated learning advanced western science and technology, revitalized the economy, participated in the introduction of advanced machines, initiated and presided over the youth sent by China to study abroad, and initiated the education of studying abroad in modern China. The first batch of students studying in Japan, Tang Baodai (Tang Jia), founded the first cement plant in China (Tangshan Simin Soil Plant). Tang, a famous industrialist in modern China, founded Kaiping Coal Mine, the largest coal mine in modern history of China, built the first railway built by China-Tang Xu Railway, presided over the manufacture of the first steam car ("Dragon" locomotive) in China, and edited the first English-Chinese dictionary in China, and was known as "the first entrepreneur in China". Established the first insurance company (People and Water Insurance Company), the first private machine printing factory (Wentong Bookstore) and Xu Run, the first hospital in Shanghai. Cai Chang, the founder of China's largest department store (Shanghai Daxin Company). China's first world champion-Rong Guotuan (Nanping), the champion of men's singles in the 25th table tennis championship. Su is a famous painter, poet, monk, writer and revolutionary in modern China. Liang Ruhao, former Foreign Minister of the Cabinet of the Republic of China, and so on. The stars are bright and attract worldwide attention.

Zhuhai, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, has a superior geographical position and has always been valued by businessmen. According to historical records, in the Ming Dynasty, its sea area was the only place for foreign merchant ships to enter Guangzhou. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Bai Lang (now Nanshui) and Cross Gate (now southeast of Wan Chai) were foreign ports where foreign merchant ships docked in Guangzhou. From the 21st to 27th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1554- 1558), merchant ships from Annan, Yu Zhan and Siam gathered in Bai Lang and other sea areas. In the 25th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1802), foreign merchant ships berthed at Lingding Island and Jinxingmen waters outside Tangjiawai, with more than 100 ships at most, and Jinxingmen became a commodity trading market. In the 16th year of Qing Daoguang (1836), British and American ships invaded Qi 'ao Island in an attempt to occupy the island as a trading post.

In the 33rd year of Guangxu reign (1907), the Qing government implemented the "New Deal" to encourage overseas Chinese industrialists to invest in China. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1908), local citizens and American overseas Chinese businessman Wu planned to set up a stock market in Xiangzhou, and 1909 was approved by the Qing government. Governor Zhang of Guangdong and Guangxi attended the opening ceremony in Xiangzhou. After opening the port for a period of time, the business is booming, and there are more than 1000 shops of all sizes. In the third year of Qing Dynasty (19 1 1), the Qing government approved Xiangzhou to become a free port. However, due to the fire in Xiangzhou, the foreign tax administration blocked it and failed to implement it, which made investors transfer their funds and Xiangzhou became a ruin. Modern sages such as Tang, Tang and Sun Yat-sen also planned to build ports and open commercial ports in Jinxingmen area, but they failed for various historical reasons.

After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), in 1953, the State Council approved the establishment of Zhuhai County in order to strengthen border defense construction and develop agricultural and fishery production. After democratic reform, three levels of political power have been established, mutual assistance and cooperation have been developed, water conservancy projects have been built, rice fields have been transformed, fishing boats have been built, transportation has been improved, energy sources have been built, industry, fisheries and agricultural production have been established, and people's lives have been greatly improved. However, because Zhuhai is located in the border defense, on the coastline of 100 kilometers, it is fortified layer by layer, self-enclosed, and people are very strict in entering and leaving. The export of agricultural and fishery products to Hong Kong and Macao is restricted, and the economic development is slow. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Hong Kong and Macao businessmen were encouraged to jointly invest in shipbuilding and develop fisheries, making it one of the regions with the best fishing gear and the highest fishing output in the province. However, this policy was criticized as "relying on the boss to develop production". In the early 1960s, Zhuhai's border economy was in trouble, and people in the border areas moved, and many people fled to Hong Kong and Macao. 196 1 year, according to the traditional historical habit of "both Hong Kong and Macao need fishery products" in Zhuhai, the provincial party committee decided to "open the frontier", allowing some members to sell agricultural and fishery products in Hong Kong and Macao, allowing flower farmers in Wan Chai to sell flowers in Macao, and allowing them to buy a small amount of production and living materials from Hong Kong and Macao; 1963, the provincial party Committee approved the implementation of "small-scale trade", allowed the agricultural and fishery products of production teams to be shipped to Hong Kong and Macao for sale, and planned to open some areas to the outside world ... These limited opening-up policies once made the frontier economy develop, the production showed vitality, the outflow of people returned, and the people's hearts gradually stabilized. However, when they first took steps, they regarded these open policies as taking the capitalist road and were criticized. As a result, the "frontier defense" was closed, small-scale trade stopped, large-scale planting of flower fields and traditional cash crops rice with high economic benefits, and the export of fishery and agricultural products dropped sharply, which missed the opportunity of opening up and invigorating the economy and the economy lingered until the end of the Cultural Revolution.

Zhuhai County is a small border county with a population of only 6.5438+0.2 million, mainly engaged in agriculture and fisheries. There are only a dozen factories, shipyards, agricultural machinery factories, fishing nets factories and food factories in the county. From 1953 to 1978, after 25 years of exploration and construction, Zhuhai's economic construction has made great progress compared with the initial stage of the county, but it is limited to agriculture and fisheries, and its economic structure is single. 1978 The total industrial and agricultural output value was only 1 100 million yuan, and the fiscal revenue was 7 million yuan. The total area of urban construction in 25 years is only 360,000 square meters. Xiangzhou, where Zhuhai County is located, is still a small border county with only one street and underdeveloped commodity economy.

1979 the establishment of Zhuhai city and 1980 Zhuhai special economic zone has opened up broad prospects for making full use of Zhuhai's advantages and promoting Zhuhai's economic development. The special zone is the base and window for opening to the outside world. The strategic task entrusted to the SAR by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council is to vigorously introduce foreign capital, foreign advanced technology and advanced management experience and develop an export-oriented economy. Many preferential policies are given to the SAR, such as relaxing the examination and approval authority, expanding the autonomy of enterprises, reducing or exempting taxes, and preferential land use fees. Through the bold exploration, pioneering and hard struggle of Zhuhai people, the economy of the Special Zone has developed rapidly.

Zhuhai Special Economic Zone has experienced three stages of development: from 1980- 1985 as the initial stage, it is mainly to explore ways, sum up experience, clarify the policy of "industry-oriented, comprehensive development", build infrastructure, improve the investment environment, introduce funds and advanced technology, train talents and accumulate funds. From 65438 to 0984, Deng Xiaoping inspected the Special Economic Zone and wrote an inscription "Zhuhai Special Economic Zone is Good", which pointed out the direction for the development of Zhuhai Special Economic Zone and greatly inspired the cadres and the masses. After five years of hard work, the basic project of the special zone centered on "seven connections and one leveling" has been basically completed; The transportation network combining land and sea was initially established; Hydropower supply basically meets the needs of the construction of special zones; Posts and telecommunications have gradually developed into modernization, and preferential measures and regulations conducive to the development of productive forces have been formulated; A large number of talents have been introduced and trained, the investment environment has been improved, and more and more foreign capital has been introduced. A number of export-oriented key industrial projects have been launched, and an industrial system focusing on electronics, textiles, food and building materials has been gradually established. Driven by industry, all walks of life in the city are competing for development. 1986, the total industrial and agricultural output value reached 945 million yuan, an increase of 1.75 times compared with 1980. Among them, industry increased by 3.2 times, and agriculture and fishery increased by 31.9%; Fiscal revenue has increased by 3.7 times, and people's living standards have been greatly improved. Zhuhai has not only changed the situation of living on state subsidies in the past, but also has the ability of self-development. The second stage, 1986- 1990, is the stage of establishing industry-led economic development. From the initial stage of "laying a foundation and setting up a stall" to "grasping production, improving the level and seeking benefits", a series of reform measures have been implemented to adapt to the period of national governance and rectification and develop the economy of the special zone. We will introduce foreign capital extensively, build a number of key industrial projects, develop an export-oriented economy and explore foreign markets, so as to make the economy of the Special Zone develop rapidly. At the same time, with the special zone as the center, we will promote the development of the western and eastern regions and strengthen the construction of basic industries such as energy and transportation raw materials. By 1990, more than 40,000 sets of equipment had been imported from abroad, including more than 80 production lines with 65,438+10,000 US dollars, advanced technology projects 133, more than 4,000 contracts signed, and the actual investment was 65,438.02 billion US dollars, respectively from the United States, Canada, Switzerland and Japan. More than 500 foreign-funded enterprises and 380 inline enterprises have been established, with an investment of nearly 600 million yuan, and more than 20 agricultural and fishery export commodity bases have been established, forming an economic system dominated by electronics, food, textiles, building materials and export-oriented agriculture and fisheries. Compared with 1979, the economic indicators of 1990 have increased significantly. 1990 GDP was 465,438+200 million yuan, up by 16.38 times, foreign trade export value was 489 million dollars, up by 68.9 times, fiscal revenue increased by 55.9 times, and urban per capita housing area was 12.8 square meters. Ten years ahead of schedule, the strategic goal of quadrupling the gross national product by the end of the 20th century was achieved.

In 1990s, Zhuhai's economic development entered the third stage. Efforts should be made to increase the advantages of innovation, improve the overall quality of the people, shift the focus of introduction to high-tech projects with high technical content and high added value, shift the focus of economic construction to the western region, and devote themselves to building roads and ports and developing high-tech enterprises. At this stage, the economic construction of the special zone has been pushed to a faster speed. From 65438 to 0990, Zhuhai's GDP increased by 67.4% in the comprehensive strength evaluation of cities in China, ranking fourth among cities in China. The national income increased by 63.3%, ranking second in the national cities; The per capita GDP is as high as 22,546 yuan, ranking second in the country; Per capita annual national income 134 1 1 yuan, ranking third in the country; The per capita annual fiscal revenue is 2504 yuan, ranking second in the country; Social labor productivity is 25,407 yuan per year, ranking second in the country. The annual income of employees is 479 1 yuan, and the per capita annual income is 267 1 yuan. Per capita housing area 17. 1 m2, per capita electricity consumption of 368kW/hour, and gas penetration rate of 69.6%. Paved roads per capita 13.7 m2. A number of major projects such as Zhuhai Airport and Zhuhai Port have been completed, and 240 kilometers of advanced roads such as Zhu Hui Avenue have been built, initially forming a network extending in all directions. The total annual passenger traffic reached 65.438+0.27 billion passengers. Posts and telecommunications are developed, with an annual per capita total of 824 yuan, and every 100 people have telephones 18.438+0. Water, electricity and gas basically meet the needs of industrial production and residents' life. The average annual water supply is 275. 1 ton, which is 22% higher than the national average water tightness. The average electricity consumption is 3 190 kwh, which is 60% higher than the average water level. The annual gas supply per capita is 179.2 cubic meters, which is 19% higher than the average level. The urban greening coverage rate reached 39.7%, ranking fourth in the national cities; The per capita green area is 53.6% square meters, and there are 40.7 sanitation workers per 10,000 people. Zhuhai has changed from an economically backward border county to a new garden city. An industrial system with high-tech as the focus and an all-round development of export-oriented economic structure has initially taken shape; Social productive forces have developed rapidly and economic strength has been greatly enhanced; The construction of socialist spiritual civilization has achieved fruitful results and its mental outlook has taken on a new look. Zhuhai has been awarded many honors by national and provincial authorities, such as "Model City with Double Support", "Sanitary City", "Top Ten Cities in National Spiritual Civilization Construction", "Forty Best Tourist Attractions in China", "Excellent City with Twelve Years of Recruiting Talents", "Garden City" and "Advanced City in Family Planning".