Can a canal be called a river?

1. Canal is an artificial waterway used to communicate water transport between regions or waters, and is usually connected with natural waterways or other canals. Besides shipping, canals can also be used for irrigation, flood diversion, drainage and water supply.

China has a long history of building canals, which were dug in Sugagawa in 506 BC. It is the oldest artificial canal in the world and the earliest recorded canal in China. The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is the longest canal in the world, a great water conservancy construction project created by the Han working people in ancient China, and the earliest and largest canal in the world. After dredging in Yuan Dynasty, it further reached Beijing, with a total length of 1794 km. There are canals connecting the Mississippi River, Hudson River and the Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario). The former Soviet Union connected moscow river, Volga River, Don River, Caspian Sea, Black Sea, Azov Sea, White Sea and Baltic Sea with canals to form a waterway network. The main Danube Canal in Germany will connect the rivers of Europe 13 countries into a network.

Waterways are divided into natural rivers, channelized rivers and artificial canals, each with its own special problems. Natural rivers are often forced to stop sailing seasonally because of floods, droughts and freezing, which even leads to the diversion of rivers and the formation of sandbars. Waterway engineering should focus on strengthening riverbeds and embankments and maintaining existing rivers. The method is nothing more than eliminating tributaries, unifying river sections, cutting and straightening, and making the water flow smooth. On the channelized river, cascade locks can be built for navigation, and low dams and gates are set at the gates where ships pass to discharge excess water. When an artificial canal crosses a mountain valley, the river bank and riverbed of the canal must have protective facilities to prevent erosion and leakage. In order to choose the artificial canal route, it is necessary to create conditions to build a long-distance horizontal reach that can sail quickly. The shiplock can adopt stepped multi-stage shiplock or stepped shiplock, which is separated by a short river between the two shiplocks. In the construction of water storage reservoirs, high-level reservoirs should supply water to high places to make up for the evaporation loss of water discharged after crossing the sluice; In addition, a low-level reservoir must be built to accommodate the water discharged when ships frequently pass through the sluice.

2. History

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The improvement of ancient canals and the construction of artificial waterways are all for irrigation. As early as the 7th century BC, Assyrians opened a canal 80 kilometers (50 miles) long and 20 meters (66 feet) wide to bring in fresh water. In the 5th century, Persia dug a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. Egypt once built dams on the Nile to prevent floods and established irrigation systems in vast river basins. From 3rd century BC to 1 century BC, the China River Opening Project was even more impressive. In fact, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug the first canal in human history in Yangzhou, with the purpose of connecting the north and the south and facilitating the transportation of military pay to the northern front. It is still in use, and it should be the earliest canal recorded in history books in the world. In addition, there are Lingqu in Guangxi, the water road from Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty, to the Yellow River, and the old Bianhe River in Henan. The most striking thing is the Grand Canal, which was opened to traffic for 960 kilometers (600 miles) in June10, enabling grain to be transported from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River to Kaifeng and Luoyang. The water level of these canals changes gently, and a stone pier or wooden column gate is set up every 4.8 kilometers (3 miles) to store water or drain water to control the water level. /kloc-in the 20th century, the expansion of commerce promoted the revival and perfection of European canal construction. 1373, a water storage gate was built in the Netherlands, with internal and external gates to control the water level. This method was widely used in14th century. China canal architecture is ahead of Europe. 1280 to 1293, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was built from Huai 'an to the north of Beijing, with a total length of 1,120km (700 miles), which flows through a hilly area in Shandong with rolling mountains along the way, making it the earliest ridge-crossing canal.

The development of miter gate marks the arrival of canal expansion period in 16 ~ 17 century. The Briare Canal in France was completed on 1642. The water level of the river rises by 39 meters (128 feet), flows through the plateau, and then drops by 8 1 meter (266 feet) to flow into the Loin River. * * * There are 40 sluices, of which 6 cascade sluices are used to cross the Loing River. The European canal era began at the end of 17. The main achievements of waterway construction in various countries during this period include the bridgewater Canal built in Britain in 176 1, which made outstanding contributions to the prosperity of Britain in the half century before the arrival of the railway era. After that, the Grand Canal, which runs through the whole of Britain, was built, providing water transportation convenience for exporting to the European market. France built the Central Canal, connecting the Royal River and the Thorne River, and completed the first inland waterway in Europe from the English Channel to the Mediterranean Sea.

1840, the Ludwig Canal was built in Central Europe, forming a part of the Rhine, Main and Danube rivers. 17 18 The entire Russian-scale canal system has connected the Baltic Sea and the sea through the neva river and the Wawa rivers. By the19th century, the shipping of Wawa River, Nibo River, Don River, Devinast River and the upper reaches of ob river were also concentrated. American canal architecture started late, but developed rapidly. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, the canal was only 160 km (100 miles). By the end of19th century, the voyage had exceeded 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles). The major projects include the Erie Canal, which is 580 kilometers (363 miles) long and has 82 shiplocks, dug at New York State 18 17 to 1825. It has developed the prairie in the central and western regions, promoted industrial and agricultural production, and made new york superior to other Atlantic ports. 1829, Canada built the Welland Canal connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, making navigation with Lake Michigan and Chicago possible. /kloc-in 0/834, the United States opened canals in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, with a total length of 630 kilometers (394 miles), connecting the Susquehanna River and the Ohio River.

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, three world-famous Grand Canal constructions appeared, namely Kiel Canal, Suez Canal and Panama Canal. The Kiel Canal between Kiel Bay and Lake Ed was opened for trial on 1784. More than a hundred years later, it was widened, deepened and straightened, with a total length of 95 kilometers (59 miles), shortening the voyage from the English Channel to the Baltic Sea by hundreds of miles. The Suez Canal is a passage from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, and its voyage is much shorter than that around Africa. The whole project lasted 10 years and was officially opened to traffic on 1869+065438+ 10/7. It is a sluice-free waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, with a total length of 169 km (105 mile). Since the canal was built, it has been constantly being repaired. The main channel of 1954 can sail large ships with a draft of 1 1.3 meters (37 feet). This river was nationalized by Egypt in 1956. After the Israeli-Arab war in 1967, the canal was closed until 1975. The Panama Canal is a waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. 1906 high water level sluice was started, and 19 14 was completed. This river is 85 kilometers (5 1.2 miles) long, and the channels along it are at least 1 1.3 meters (37 feet) deep and 9 1 meter (300 feet) wide.

China Canal

Sugagawa, which was dug in 506 BC, is the oldest artificial canal in the world. Sugagawa is the earliest recorded canal in China and the earliest canal dug in the world. It originates from Gucheng Lake in Gaochun District of Nanjing, and its upstream is connected with Shuiyangjiang, a tributary of the Yangtze River in Wuhu, Anhui Province, and its downstream is connected with Jingxi, a water system in Taihu Lake.

In 486 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, built Seoul (now Yangzhou), dug a Han ditch and connected the Jianghuai waterway.

The Grand Canal was built in 486 BC, including the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the Sui-Tang Grand Canal and the East Zhejiang Canal. It spans eight provinces and cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Henan and Anhui. It is an artificial canal with the earliest digging time, the largest scale, the longest route and the longest duration in the world, and is still in use today. It has a history of about 2500 years. In the first year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (605), the deep mountain (now the Li Canal) was widened and the economic canal was opened, connecting the Luohe River, the Yellow River, the Bianhe River and the Sihe River with the Huaihe River. In six years (6 10), the Jiangnan Canal was widened and deepened to Hangzhou. At the same time, Yongji Canal was dug near Luoyang, connected with Weihe River, and now it passes through Linqing in Tianjin, with a total traffic line of about 2,700 kilometers. Beijing (then called Dadu) was the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Since A.D. 1283, Jeju River and Huitong River have been excavated in succession for 10, and the river channel was canalized by dams, and the voyage was shortened to 1794 km. It is the predecessor of today's Grand Canal.

3. Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal

brief introduction

It is one of the longest, largest and oldest canals in the world. Together with the Great Wall, it is called the two major projects in ancient China. The Grand Canal starts from Beijing (Zhuo Jun) in the north and ends in Hangzhou (Yuhang) in the south, passing through Beijing and Tianjin and four provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and runs through five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of about 1794 km. It has a history of more than 2500 years, and some sections still have navigation functions.

A complete picture

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal consists of artificial rivers and some rivers and lakes, and the whole journey can be divided into seven sections:

(1) Tonghui River: from Beijing downtown to Tongxian, connecting Wenyu River, Kunming Lake and Baihe River, dredging;

(2) North Canal: Tongxian to Tianjin, Tongxian to Tianjin, dug in the lower reaches of Chaobai River;

(3) South Canal: from Tianjin to Linqing, excavated from the lower reaches of Weihe River;

(4) Lu Canal: Linqing to Taierzhuang, using Wenshui and Sishui water sources, passing through natural lakes such as Dongping Lake, Nanyang Lake, Zhaoyang Lake and Weishan Lake along the way;

(5) Central Canal: Taierzhuang to Qingjiang;

(6) Li Canal: Qingjiang to Yangzhou and into the Yangtze River;

(7) Jiangnan Canal: Zhenjiang to Hangzhou.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

With Luoyang as the center, the Sui Dynasty started from Hangzhou in the south and reached Beijing in the north, with a total length of 2,700 kilometers, spanning more than 0/0 latitude of the earth, running through the most affluent southeast coast of China and the Great Plains of North China, passing through seven provinces and cities including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Hebei and Beijing, and reaching five major water systems: Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River and Haihe River. It is an ancient city in China. After the Yuan Dynasty, it was dredged and further reached Beijing, with a total length of 1794 km, becoming the present Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

work progress

Canal The world-famous Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is the earliest and longest artificial river in the world. The Grand Canal starts from Beijing in the north and ends in Hangzhou in the south. It flows through six provinces and cities including Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and connects five major water systems including Haihe River, with a total length of 1.794 km. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was dug in 486 BC and opened to traffic in A.D. 1293, lasting 1779. In the long years, it has experienced three major construction processes. The first time was in the late spring and autumn period of the fifth century BC. Fu Cha, the king of Wu who ruled the lower reaches of the Yangtze River at that time, mobilized civilian workers to dig canals from Yangzhou to the northeast, through Sheyang Lake to Huai 'an, and into the Huaihe River (now the Canal). It was named "Hangou" because it passed through Hancheng, with a total length of170km, which introduced the Yangtze River water into the Huaihe River and became the earliest section of the Grand Canal.

The second time was after the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country in the early 7th century, with Chang 'an as its capital. In order to control the vast areas in the south of the Yangtze River and transport the rich materials in the Yangtze River Delta to Luoyang, in 603 AD, it was ordered to dig a "Yongji Canal" with a length of about 1000 km from Luoyang to Zhuo Jun County, Hebei Province (now southwest of Beijing). In 605 AD, he was ordered to dig a "Tongji Canal" with a length of about 1000 km from Luoyang to Qingjiang (now Huai 'an) in Jiangsu. Then in 6 10, the "Jiangnan Canal" with a length of about 400 kilometers was dug from Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province to Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province (the foreign trade port at that time); At the same time, the Hangou was reformed. The third time was after 13 century, when the Yuan Dynasty made Beijing its capital. In order to connect the north and south, the Yuan Dynasty did not bypass Luoyang, but used 10 years to excavate the "Luozhou River" and "Huitong River" successively, connecting the natural rivers and lakes between Tianjin and Qingjiang River in Jiangsu, and connecting Hangou and Jiangnan Canal south of Qingjiang River to Hangzhou. Between Beijing and Tianjin, the original canal has been abandoned and a new "Tonghui River" has been built. In this way, the new Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is more than 900 kilometers shorter than the Grand Canal that bypasses Luoyang.

condition

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is divided into eight sections: from Beijing to Tongxian, it is called Tonghui River; Tongxian to Tianjin is called the North Canal; Tianjin to Linqing is called South Canal, or Wei Canal; Linqing to the north bank of the Yellow River is called Shandongbei Canal; The south bank of the Yellow River to Han Zhuang is called Shandong South Canal; Han Zhuang to Qingjiang is called Zhongqu; Qingjiang to Liuwei is called Canal; Zhenjiang to Hangzhou is called Jiangnan Canal. Due to the high and low topography of the passing area, there is no independent hydrological system, and the flow direction, source, discharge and storage of rivers are inconsistent. Due to the need to cross the Yellow River with high riverbed, the maximum sediment concentration of the Yellow River can reach about 30% in flood season, which brings the danger of siltation to the Grand Canal.

Zhejiang section

The Canal (Zhejiang Section) is located in the north-central part of Zhejiang Province and is one of the eight major water systems in Zhejiang. The canal (Zhejiang section) includes two canals, of which: the Zhejiang section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is about120km long; The East Zhejiang Canal is about 200 kilometers long. It involves five prefecture-level cities in the province: Jiaxing, Huzhou, Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Ningbo. General situation and characteristics of Zhejiang section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The Grand Canal in China is dominated by the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, including the East Zhejiang Canal and the Sui and Tang Dynasties Canal. At present, the list of people applying for world heritage and the list of international canal heritage have been listed, and it is planned to apply for world heritage on 20 14.

Step 4 classify

According to the location and function, canals can be divided into the following types:

Haiyunhe

Located on offshore land, connecting inland rivers and oceans, or oceans and seas, it is mainly used for sailing ships. For example, the Suez Canal and Panama Canal are famous international canals connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and are regarded as one of the seven engineering wonders in the world. The Panama Canal was excavated at 188 1 and completed at 19 14. The Panama Canal is 865,438+0.3km long, with a water depth of 65,438+03m to 65,438+05m and a river width of 65,438+050m to 304m. ..

inland canal

A canal located in the inland area for inland ships to sail. For example, the Grand Canal in China runs from Beijing in the north to Hangzhou in the south, runs through Beijing and Tianjin, flows through Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and connects five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of 1794 km, making it the longest canal in the world.

Cross the ridge canal

When a canal crosses a watershed or a hill, in order to reduce the amount of excavation work, shiplocks are often built on slopes on both sides, and canals crossing mountains, such as the Volga-Tonton Canal in the Soviet Union.

5, line selection

The route selection of the canal is directly related to the comprehensive benefits of the project investment and shipping of the canal, and shall meet the following requirements:

① Short transportation distance and low freight.

② The project cost is low.

③ Convenient management and maintenance and low cost.

④ The comprehensive economic benefit is high. Generally speaking, the line should be straight, make the best use of the existing river channel and reduce the engineering quantity; Avoid crossing mountains, rivers and roads to reduce the number of buildings; Avoid crossing geological fracture areas and reduce water leakage loss; There must be sufficient water supply sources.

6. Section

The longitudinal slope of the channel should pass the maximum flow, and the maximum flow rate should not exceed the allowable flow rate of the ship and the soil erosion rate. In order to reduce the longitudinal slope, the following measures can be taken:

① lengthen the length of the canal.

(2) Build shiplocks and ship lifts, focusing on overcoming water level drop.

7. Side branches

A branch canal excavated to connect factories and mines with nearby waterways.

Other classifications

According to whether there is a lock, it can be divided into sluices and sluices. A sluice-type canal, in which a lock is installed to overcome the problem of large water level difference, such as Panama Canal and Kiel Canal in Germany; A canal without a lock, such as the Grand Canal in China, has a small water level drop and no lock.

8. Slope protection

Water erosion, rain erosion and the flapping of ship traveling waves will destroy the bank slope of the canal, so the rock slope must be protected. Ship traveling wave is the main driving force to destroy the bank slope of the canal. Generally, both sides of the canal need slope protection, and the engineering quantity is very large. Ship traveling wave is a wave formed because the water body is squeezed by the moving hull and the speed changes. When the ship's traveling wave reaches the shore, the wave climbs along the shore, which puts great hydrodynamic pressure on the shore slope and may lead to collapse. Generally, the slope protection range of the channel should be determined according to the variation range of the channel water level and the wave height of the ship traveling wave.

The commonly used forms of slope protection are: ① riprap slope protection and masonry slope protection. ② Concrete and reinforced concrete slope protection. ③ Geotextile slope protection. ④ Asphalt and asphalt concrete slope protection. ⑤ Vertical shore wall, etc.