Why did Sun Yat-sen lose many battles?

Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of the democratic revolution, dreamed of improving China when he was young. 1June, 894, he wrote to Li Hongzhang, the governor of Zhili in the Qing Dynasty, stating that "the great classics of governing the country are the foundation of strengthening the country", and Li Hongzhang refused. The failure of the petition made Sun Yat-sen lose his fantasy and wake up completely. "There is no way to know peace. However, the stronger the desire for governance, the more eager it is, and the more I gradually realize that the means of peace have to be slightly strengthened. " Since then, until the Wuchang Uprising overthrew the Qing Dynasty in191,Sun Yat-sen led ten armed uprisings: the Battle of Guangzhou (1895 10), also known as the Guangzhou Uprising, with Sun Yat-sen as the main commander. This uprising, which died before it was launched, went down in history as the beginning of Sun Yat-sen's "war cause" to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. The Battle of Huizhou (1900, 10), also known as Huizhou Sanzhoutian Uprising, was led by Zheng Shiliang. After half a month of bloody fighting, the rebels were forced to disband because they ran out of ammunition and food. Zheng Shiliang evaded Hong Kong. The Battle of Huanggang in Ding Wei (1May 907), also known as the Chaoshan Huanggang Uprising, was led by Chen Yongbo and Yu Chengcheng. The rebel army persisted in fighting for several days and finally failed because of heavy casualties. The Battle of Seven Women's Lakes in Huizhou, Ding Wei (1June 907), also known as the Seven Women's Lakes Uprising in Huizhou, was mainly commanded by Deng Ziyu. The rebels fought fiercely with the Qing army for more than ten days, and finally they had to disband themselves because of the disparity between the enemy and the enemy. Ding Wei's siege campaign (1September, 907), also known as Qin Lian's siege, was mainly commanded by Wang Heshun. Beaten between Scylla and Charybdis. The Battle of Nanguan in Ding Wei Town (1907,65438+February), also known as Zhennanguan Uprising, was led by Mingtang Huang. The rebels held on to the fortress and fought bloody battles for several days. Being outnumbered, they had to break through. The uprising failed. The Battle of Crossing the Mountain between Wushenma and Shenma (1March 908), also known as Qin Kang Shangsi Uprising, was led by Huang Xing. In the end, due to lack of ammunition, the rebels had to declare their dissolution. The Battle of Wushen Hekou (1April 908), also known as Hekou Uprising, was led by Mingtang Huang, Wang Heshun and Guan Renfu. In the end, it failed because it was outnumbered. The Battle of Guangzhou New Army in Geng Xu (19 10 February), also known as Guangzhou New Army Uprising, was led by Ni Yingdian. Due to insufficient preparation, the uprising failed under the sudden attack of Guangzhou navy. Ni Yingdian died heroically. 19 1 1 March 29th, 2008 (191April, 2008), the Battle of Guangzhou, also known as Huanghuagang Uprising, was led by Huang Xing. Finally, it was defeated by a serious shortage of troops. After the failure of the uprising, Huang Xing fled back to Hong Kong injured, and Yu Peilun, Fang Shengdong and Lin Juemin were killed. Eighty-six members of the Communist Youth League died, and the bodies of 72 of them were collected by Pan Dawei and buried in Honghuagang, the eastern suburb of Guangzhou. Pan Dawei also renamed Honghuagang Huanghuagang, which was called "Huanghuagang Uprising". The armed uprising led by Sun Yat-sen, whether he personally commanded it or someone he appointed, ended in failure. Some miscarried because of leaks before the uprising, some failed because of inadequate organization preparation and hasty action, and some failed because the enemy was stronger than us. Why did ten uprisings fail ten times, and these uprisings were organized and planned under the leadership of so-called military figures such as Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing? Why do they fail one after another? Compared with Wuchang Uprising, the rank, qualifications, knowledge and ability of organizers and commanders are ten times stronger. But why did Wuchang Uprising succeed and win, but these ten uprisings ended in failure? So, how should we know the ten armed uprisings led by Sun Yat-sen? The armed uprising overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and established a democratic republic, which was the goal and action program of the revolutionary faction headed by Sun Yat-sen. Ten armed uprisings directly or indirectly commanded by Sun Yat-sen failed, and the Wuchang Uprising without Sun Yat-sen succeeded. The big environment has not changed, and the big background has not changed. Why did a few junior officers succeed in major events, but our Mr. Zhongshan launched ten armed uprisings but never succeeded? 1. Because Sun Yat-sen was wanted by the Qing court and deported from Japan and other countries, except for the Nanguan Uprising, which went to the front with Huang Xing and others, he basically remotely controlled or raised funds for the uprisings in Taiwan Province and Hanoi, and entrusted Huang Xing, Hu and other specific commanders on the spot. At that time, the uprising was violently attacked by both inside and outside the revolutionary camp. Constitutionalists denounced Sun Yat-sen as a "long-distance running revolutionary" who cheated people to death. Within the alliance, doubts and discouragement about the revolution breed and spread, and there are two waves of "falling behind the sun". Due to the repeated failures of the uprising, there are differences within the alliance. Zhang Taiyan thinks that "Guangdong people are good at profit without military strategy", and Jiao Dafeng thinks that the focus of Sun Yat-sen's uprising in Guangdong is "no foresight"; Tao believes that the location of the uprising should be in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. But Sun Yat-sen insisted that Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan were the best choices.

Facts have proved that Sun Yat-sen's military strategy is difficult to implement. The main activity area of the alliance is overseas, and the mainland does not have its own base. The rugged place where the armed uprising was launched was too far away from foreign headquarters, which caused great obstacles to Sun Yat-sen's foreign aid strategy. Uprising after uprising can't be supported and supplemented in time, and almost all of them fail for the same reason.

Third, there is a great social distance between the revolutionaries of overseas leagues and their potential allies and supporters at home. 1905- 1908 The ideological debate between revolutionaries and reformists was "strangely divorced from China's life". The content of the debate not only ignored 80% of the population living in rural areas, but also divorced from the rising movement in cities. Revolutionary leaders' views hardly touched all the issues concerning national dignity, autonomy, xenophobia and social reform that potential allies and supporters in China are concerned about, from the common reform plans such as banning gambling, smoking and foot-binding to organizing student unions, trade unions, railway construction and public projects. "Revolutionary leaders' ideas about political and economic issues are far from the actions of xenophobic demonstrators and social reformers. "Revolutionary remote control revolution, divorced from the social reality of China, is bound to hit a wall everywhere.

Fourth, the League is basically composed of intellectuals. To organize a nationwide revolution, "class boundaries must be crossed". Sun Yat-sen's strategy is to rely on secret societies as a bridge. But secret societies can't take this job. Hong Men, for example, is a secret association system in the history of China, which is characterized by "taking blood as the alliance, brothers with different surnames, opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight". Sun Yat-sen said: "Hong Men was founded in the Ming Dynasty and started in the Kangxi era. ....................................................................................................................................................... ........................... and Hong Men in the late Qing Dynasty have always been an anti-Qing force that no revolutionary can ignore. As early as when Sun Yat-sen founded the Anti-Qing Zhong Xing Society, there were many Hong Men members. In relying on strength, except intellectuals, they are all secret party member. At that time, intellectuals were seriously divorced from the masses and their own strength was very thin; Although the socialist party has certain strength, it has too many shortcomings to take on a big responsibility. Fifth, the Allies can dance and write, but they have no experience in armed struggle, and they are clumsy and ridiculous: they learn assassination skills by imitating the plots of foreign thrillers that were popular at that time; Self-injury when trial-producing bombs; Throw bombs and don't blow them up; The buried bomb lead is not long enough; The bomb did not hurt the opponent and was killed when it returned to peek; When the killer fires five or six shots at random, it doesn't hurt the fur of the target; When retreating in a hurry, the vital roster was missed and picked up by the Qing army, so that the escaped revolutionary army did not fall into the net. , full of loopholes, make a fool of yourself.

6. The ten armed uprisings led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen were not as hearty as the picture, nor did they shock the world, stirring the whole society and forming a "chain reaction that revolutionaries dream of". On the contrary, there are no obvious achievements, leaving almost all records of failure. Among them, there are many dilemmas of being alone, dilapidated guns and poor money and food; Rebelling against both ends of the first mouse of the Qing army, returning to rebellion, there is no lack of helplessness; There is no lack of embarrassment that the rabble dispersed in a hubbub without listening to the command and gathered at Sun Yat-sen's residence to beg for food. The Qing court suppressed it almost effortlessly every time. Some people use words such as "100 people", "noisy", "rotten guns", "leaking secrets", "mutiny", "riots", "each taking the mountain as the king", "fleeing", "disbanding on its own", "each going home" and "fleeing into a bomb shelter" to reflect objectively and truly. Is this also called "vigorous" and "anti-Qing armed uprising"? You can definitely answer: This is the "revolution". This is the "anti-Qing armed uprising" led by Sun Yat-sen, which is "heroic" because it has been "repeatedly defeated"! Although the action is still naive, immature and even ridiculous, it embodies the revolutionary's indomitable spirit, the courage to be the first in the world, the courage to dismount and claim the throne, and the valuable qualities of hard exploration and bold attempt for the revolution. Therefore, no matter what the birth defects are, no matter what the lamentable regrets are, many revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen are young talents who have traveled abroad and learned a lot, and should be worthy of a great book in ten armed uprisings. They used their lives and blood again and again to arouse the national revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty. By the way, the success of Wuchang Uprising was based on these ten uprisings, including their blows and vacillations to the Qing Dynasty, the gradual expansion of revolutionary forces and the gradual creation of revolutionary atmosphere. The most important thing is the contradictions and struggles within the Qing court. Yuan Shikai was excluded from Beijing, but the new army he commanded and trained could not move at all. Yuan Shikai took this opportunity to bargain with the Qing government, gaining enough shelf and saving enough face. Historians have made many useful explorations on the reasons for the failure of the "Second Revolution", but the fly in the ointment is that they mostly discuss the reasons from a purely military perspective, but ignore an important factor that caused the failure, that is, the social psychology in the early Republic of China restricted the revolution. The author systematically analyzes it from three aspects of social psychology in the early Republic of China, and shows that the leading factor affecting the failure of the "second revolution" is not the strength of the military forces between the north and the south. But at that time, the social atmosphere of begging Yuan by force had not yet formed. At that time, the social psychology of "destruction ends and construction begins" and the social psychology of rejecting war and longing for peace eventually led to the failure of this revolution.