Why did Guangzhou start riding an arcade?

Although it has a "combination of Chinese and western" architectural style, as a folk commercial and residential architectural form, merchants often adopt "foreign-style storefront", which caters to customers' foreign worship psychology on the one hand and is unconventional on the other. Its designers and builders are not professional architects, but ordinary craftsmen. In the face of western architecture, apart from absorbing some structural methods and layout methods, they see more decoration. With rich practical experience, craftsmen "imitate" according to their own understanding and adopt a laissez-faire attitude of "takenism". This creative imitation and bold improvement of western architecture has formed a vivid and distinctive architectural style of Guangzhou arcade.

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There are two main theories about the origin of Guangzhou arcade. One is that the arcade is the legacy of the "Ganlan" architecture of the ancestors of the Yue nationality, which was developed according to the hot and humid climate and the needs of commercial operation in Lingnan area. Another view is that arcade is the product of Guangdong people's combination of western architecture and Lingnan architecture. Some people even think that "Guangzhou Thirteen Lines Commercial Building" can be said to be the embryonic form of modern arcade architecture, and Guangzhou is the birthplace of modern arcade in China. As a formal name, the arcade first appeared in Articles 14 and 15 of the Regulations on Banning Buildings and its Implementation Rules promulgated by the National Government in 19 12. 19 18, Guangzhou established a municipal office. In the 1920s and 1930s, Guangzhou's commercial arcades had considerable scale and characteristics, and arcade styles were gradually formed in bustling commercial districts, such as Yonghan Road (now Beijing Road), Taiping South (now Renmin South), Ai Hui Road (now Zhongshan No.4 Road) and Chang Di. From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the 1970s, Guangzhou's urban construction developed slowly, the city basically maintained the old pattern, the commercial development was severely restricted, and the arcade construction was greatly reduced. The arcades built in this period mainly include Yuehua Road and Haoxian Road. The arcade buildings in this period are obviously different from those in the 1920s and 1940s in terms of volume, style and street function: most of the buildings along the street are residential buildings, with shops on the first floor, which have weak commercial functions and the service scope is limited to neighborhoods; Most buildings are 7-9 floors (22-30 meters), and the street space is relatively narrow and depressing; The building retains the form of arcade, but replaces the traditional "foreign storefront" with modernist architectural style. The facade is basically unadorned, the buildings along the street are uniform, and the street view is relatively simple. Since the late 1970s, Guangzhou's economy has developed rapidly, its cities have been expanding, and the traffic volume has increased greatly. The old city is facing large-scale old city reconstruction and infrastructure construction. During this period, Guangzhou basically did not build a complete arcade, but when some of the original arcades were rebuilt, the old arcades were demolished and a new arcade was built. However, because the whole street has not been completely rebuilt, in some sections, such as Wanfu Road, Danan Road, Jinlong Road and Chang Di Road, the old and new arcades are staggered and juxtaposed. In addition, the road widening and reconstruction in the old city has also caused damage to some arcades, such as the influence of the construction of Renmin Road viaduct on the style of Renmin Middle Road and Renmin South Road; Jiefang Road and Zhongshan Road were widened, Ren Minqiao and Inner Ring Road were built, and traditional arcades such as Jiefang Road, Zhongshan Fifth Road, Zhongshan Sixth Road, 623 Road and Hongfu Road were demolished.

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The structure of Guangzhou arcade is divided into three sections: the lower section is a column with a width of about 4 meters, the middle section is a floor, and the upper section is a cornice or mountain flower; On the side along the street, there are many decorative patterns or bas-reliefs on the wall or cornice lintel under the window of each floor. Guangzhou arcade can be divided into Xiguan arcade and Dongshan arcade according to architectural style. Xiguan arcade is a representative of the early arcade, and its appearance is mainly decorated in baroque style. Most of the designs of mountain flowers and buildings directly have the decorative features of ancient Rome, such as Roman columns and curly patterns, but they also incorporate elements of traditional China architecture, such as China's decorative tiles for walls. One of the most distinctive buildings in China is the Manchu-Han banquet window, a kind of square window made of tiny stained glass, which is very common in xiguan big house. The cornices of mountain flowers at the top are also made into soft arched roofs with China characteristics. Dongshan arcade was formed a little later than Xiguan arcade and became more modern and concise. For example, Roman columns have become simple square columns and columns, fine stone and rice walls have replaced fair-faced brick walls, and geometric patterns have increased. The hanging of mountain flowers is the most unique feature of Dongshan arcade. Picking out the arched awning on the front wall is both beautiful and practical. Various styles of arcades are: Gothic imitation example: Aiqun Building, Xinhua Bookstore, Beijing Road. Nanyang-style ancient Roman coupon gallery imitates the tradition of Baroque China: Nanhua Road, Tongfu Road, Wanfu Road, Dezheng Road and Guangzhou Uprising Road also have a small amount of remains. Modern arcades were mostly built after 1980s, which are quite different from traditional arcades in all aspects. They are concise, vivid and tend to be pragmatic.

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Imitation gothic style

Masterpiece: Aiqun Mansion in Long Beach is rare in other cities. Beijing Road Xinhua Bookstore and Chang Di Aiqun Building are its representative works. Beijing Road Xinhua Bookstore presents obvious Gothic decoration, strong vertical lines and elongated arched windows. Aiqun Mansion flexibly uses and improves the Gothic style. The facade is dominated by vertical composition with imitation Gothic windows, and the arcade colonnade on the ground floor is also treated as imitation Gothic windows, which makes people feel a strong Gothic style.

Nanyang style

Masterpiece: Wen Ming Road 186 This is a very unique and creative form in Nanyang, that is, there are one or more circular or other holes in the daughter's wall, which was originally designed to prevent the strong typhoon attack in Nanyang and reduce the wind load on the building, thus forming a unique architectural art form. You can find it at Wen Ming Road and Haizhu Road.

Ancient Roman coupon gallery style

Masterpiece: The arcade style of Xinhua Hotel is rare in other cities, but many examples can be found in Guangzhou. Xinhua Hotel in Long Beach is one of the representative works. The arcade on the ground floor is in the form of a ticket column, and the center of the ticket is decorated with a whirlpool, which has a magnificent style, clear line angle and rich details. Some parts also use simplified Roman columns to make their Roman style stronger.

Imitate baroque style

Masterpiece: Wanfu Road 1 14 This form is widely used in arcades in Southeast Asia and cities in southern China. These baroque decorations are not only different from the rigor of classical style, but also different from the complexity of baroque style and the pursuit of curve and movement in17th century. But add baroque decoration on the basis of stable composition. Among the arcades in Guangzhou, baroque decoration is mostly used for mountain flower decoration and the curve of parapet, which is found in Xiajiu Road, Jinlong West Road and Wanfu Road.

Modern style

Masterpiece: This kind of arcade along Taikang Road was generally built after 1980s, and it is obviously different from the traditional arcade in terms of scale, structure, material and modeling style. Generally speaking, the complex decoration is abandoned in the facade treatment, and a simple, lively and practical functionalism treatment method is adopted.

China traditional style

Representative work: Dezheng South Road 139. This arcade style continues the characteristics of traditional houses in southern China. The ground floor is picked out along the street, and the corridor is arranged along the street across the sidewalk. There are two or three windows side by side on the front wall of the floor, and the facade is basically unadorned. This kind of arcade is only kept sporadically in Nanhua Road, Tongfu Road, Wanfu Road, Dezheng Road and Uprising Road.

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Guangzhou

Since 1990s, Guangzhou arcade has been demolished. 65438+In the early 1990s, Guangzhou built the subway 1 line along Zhongshan Road, and introduced developers to develop properties along the line. The arcade became an obstacle to the building and began to be demolished. Typical incidents include the demolition and destruction of arcades such as 623 Road, Zhongshan Road, Renmin Road and Jiefang Road. In the late 1990s, Guangzhou arcade, as a cultural feature of Lingnan architecture, attracted attention, and the voice of protecting Guangzhou arcade began to sound. 1The Regulations on the Protection of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in Guangzhou, which was adopted on June 2, 1998, states: "Within famous cities, areas where cultural relics are concentrated, or blocks, buildings, villages and towns and scenic spots that fully reflect the traditional features or ethnic local characteristics of a certain historical period, should be designated as historical and cultural protection areas." Section 7 of the Technical Standards and Guidelines for the Examination and Approval of Urban Planning in Guangzhou clearly stipulates the protection, renewal, transformation and new construction of all kinds of arcade buildings. There are 36 arcades in Guangzhou, with a length of more than 20 kilometers, which are concentrated in the old streets of Liwan District, such as Renmin Road, Shangxiajiu, Shifu Road, changshou road, Enning Road, Jinlong Road and Chang Di, which are about 10 square kilometers. Wen Ming Road, Dezheng Road, Haoxian Road, Wende Road, Donghua East Road and Donghua West Road in Dongshan District; Beijing Road, Danan Road, Yide Road, Uprising Road and Haizhu Road in Yuexiu District. In addition, Haizhu District also has some sections of Tongfu Road, Southeast China, Central South China and West South China. Guangzhou Qilou Street Protection and Development Plan divides Guangzhou's existing Qilou Street into three areas, namely, the overall pattern of protection and development of Guangzhou Qilou Street: "Qilou Style Area" with Chang Di, the municipal commercial center of Renmin South Road as the core; "West Qilou Block" with Fushi Road-Shangxia 91 Regional Municipal Commercial Center as the core; The "East Arcade Block" centered on the municipal commercial center along Beijing Road-Zhongshan Road. Then it is divided into four types: core protection section, key transformation section, style coordination section and construction and development section, and different types will adopt different protection and transformation policies and measures.

Hong Kong

Guangzhou-style arcade before the war in Shanghai Street, Mong Kok. The Cantonese arcade in Mong Kok bears witness to the historical and cultural characteristics of Hong Kong. There are 73 pre-war wide-style arcade buildings in the URA action area and its surrounding areas, 7 of which are within the scope of reconstruction projects and have been protected. Another building, 10, was listed as a first-class historical building by the Antiquities Advisory Committee and also included in the protection strategy. Most of the remaining 56 Guangzhou-style arcade buildings have not been rated as historical buildings; According to the research commissioned by URA, 10 Guangzhou arcade building belongs to 1 class with significant cultural relics value, 16 with high cultural relics value belongs to Class 2 with high cultural relics value, 12 with medium cultural relics value belongs to Class 3 with medium cultural relics value, and 18 with low cultural relics value belongs to Class 2 with low cultural relics value. Wan Chai Jiahuixuan Shopping Center "J Senses" is jointly operated by Wan Chai URA and Jiahua International, located at 60-66 Johnston Road. It consists of four buildings with a long history and connected balconies, including "Hechang Dabei" built in 1888, which was originally owned by Luo Zhaotang, the founder of Yutaihang. In 2003, it was purchased by URA for more than HK$ 25 million as a cultural relic protection project.