Housing construction near natural waterscape in Shanghai?

Artificial waterscape has become a hot spot in urban human settlements construction. Water is one of the most important components in the natural environment and the source of life. When human beings are still a young embryo, they have been cared for by their mothers in amniotic fluid. Perhaps it is because people have such a natural connection with water that people have an instinctive affinity for nature and water.

Lyall Watson, a famous life scientist, once put forward a new view on human evolution, arguing that human ancestors were not monkeys coming out of the forest, but "monkeys in the water". It is well-known common sense that people evolved from apes, but Lyle Watson thinks that they are a group of apes playing in the water, and people come from the ocean instead of the forest, which also explains people's indescribable hydrophilic feelings from another side.

Traditional gardens in China are also famous for their ideas and techniques of creating natural landscapes, among which waterscape is a major part, which is called the soul of gardens, that is, the so-called "water is the spirit". Therefore, the pursuit of waterscape is not a temporary fashion, but a long-standing one. The rise and attention of the concept of waterscape is also a natural embodiment under this background, and it has become a fashion that people pursue after real estate development and greening.

Present situation and evaluation of waterscape housing in Shanghai

1. Evaluation index system of waterscape housing In order to understand the present situation of waterscape housing in Shanghai, analyze its shortcomings and put forward further effective improvement measures, we take the newly-built waterscape housing in Shanghai in recent years as the object, select 65 representative and influential houses from nearly 200 houses, and analyze and evaluate the survey results under the guidance of ecological theory, aiming at the "close to nature" waterscape. The survey method is a combination of field measurement and questionnaire survey. The investigation items include naturalness, health, landscape, hydrophilicity and water saving, among which health is obtained through field measurement of water quality and laboratory testing after sampling, including dissolved oxygen concentration, pH value, water depth, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll concentration, CODCr and so on. The other four indicators are also evaluated through field observation. Indicators and standards are as follows.

Excellent naturalness: close to natural revetment; The vegetation on the bank slope is rich in species and complete in structure; Aquatic plants have high diversity and complete life forms, including submerged plants, floating plants (floating leaves and floating) and emergent plants; There are aquatic animals such as fish in the water.

Good: imitation of natural artificial hard revetment, natural underwater; The vegetation on the bank slope is rich in species and has a certain community structure; Planting aquatic plants in water.

Medium: artificial hard revetment; There is only one kind of plant along the coast.

Poor: artificial hard revetment and bottom, less biological breath.

The comprehensive index evaluation method is used to calculate the water quality indexes (pH, dissolved oxygen -DO, chemical oxygen demand -COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, heavy metals, etc.). ), the comprehensive index evaluation value of the corresponding index is obtained.

Excellent landscape: it is a mixed landscape of borrowing scenery and landscaping, with high water surface rate; The waterscape is in harmony with the architectural style in this area; All kinds of water bodies (central lakes, rivers and waterways), fountains, overlapping water and sculptures with their own characteristics; There are abundant ornamental plants such as aquatic flowers.

Good: high water surface rate, fountains or overlapping water and sculptures; There are aquatic flowers.

Medium: low water surface rate, fountains or overlapping water and sculptures; There are aquatic flowers.

Poor: low water surface rate and single water shape.

Excellent hydrophilicity: there are gentle slopes and beaches, and you can play directly in the water; There are water sports.

Good: You can touch and play with water through the hydrophilic platform.

China people: There are buildings, pavilions, terraces, bridges, etc. , you can check it nearby.

Poor: you can't get close to the water, you can only see it from a distance.

Excellent water saving: adopt natural water system to form self-circulation system.

Good: Use natural water system or deep well to replenish water.

Medium: replenish water with deep well or tap water.

Poor: completely use tap water for water.

2. Present situation of residential buildings with waterscape in Shanghai Among the 65 communities surveyed, 8 communities are under construction or have temporarily stopped water supply, so no water samples were collected and no health assessment was conducted. The other five communities were unable to conduct the survey because they did not participate in the activities. As a result, 60 communities obtained survey data and 52 communities obtained complete data. After standardizing the original values of five indicators: naturalness, health, landscape, hydrophilicity and water saving, the weight values of each indicator are determined by the coefficient of variation method of objective assignment. Then, according to the standardized value and weight value, the comprehensive index evaluation value of each waterscape residence is calculated by comprehensive index evaluation method. At present, Shanghai waterscape houses are characterized by attaching importance to appreciation and hydrophilicity. Health has become the bottleneck of waterscape quality, and water replenishment measures have caused pressure on management and protection. Nature and appreciation complement each other.

The percentage of (1) landscape degree and hydrophilicity above (excellent) is as high as 75%, which shows that developers pay more attention to the ornamental and hydrophilicity of waterscape, which meets the requirements of people for waterscape at present. Because the waterscape itself is beautiful, it can make the environment more pleasing to the eye; Hydrophilic, can meet people's yearning for water and entertainment requirements.

(2) The percentage of naturalness and health above good (excellent) is 50%, only about half. When developers pursue landscape benefits and hydrophilicity, they often ignore the naturalness of waterscape and the requirements for water quality. Only 9.6% of the communities are in good health, which is the lowest among the five indicators, indicating that there are some problems in water quality control, such as insufficient water depth, stagnant water, inability to exert self-purification ability, increased accumulation of pollutants in water, and algae outbreak, which lead to poor water quality, and even "black odor" in serious cases, which affects the overall effect of water features and greatly reduces the landscape effect.

(3) The proportion of good (excellent) water saving is the lowest, which is 48.3%, and the proportion of poor water saving is also very high, so water saving needs to be paid attention to. In today's water shortage, landscape water should also be used sparingly, which is the requirement of environmental protection. At the same time, the exploitation and utilization of groundwater in deep wells and even the application of tap water for water will also increase the management pressure on property management and increase the economic burden of community owners.

(4) Nature and landscape can achieve the effect simultaneously. In the survey, there are 16 residential areas with excellent naturalness, among which *** 14 residential areas with excellent landscape. It can be seen that the unification of the two is completely possible, and there are many successful experiences abroad to learn from. Therefore, how to change people's understanding of landscape water, from the simple pursuit of beauty to the requirements of natural ecology, so as to guide developers to actively learn to build ecological waterscape is an effective way to successfully build ecological waterscape in Shanghai.

3. Non-ecological artificial waterscape hinders the overall improvement of the quality of human settlements. In the construction of artificial waterscape in the investigated residential areas, many residential areas only regard waterscape as a pure landscape, only pay attention to visual enjoyment, and unilaterally pursue its landscape function, failing to fully consider the importance of waterscape in the living environment and the function and role of water as an ecosystem; Or just regard it as a means to cater to the trend and pursue the benefit of real estate investment. In terms of construction technology, we also stick to hard artificial revetment such as cement revetment and hydrophilic platform, and even hard-paved "swimming pool" waterscape, which not only has high construction cost, but also has different degrees of pollution in the constructed artificial waterscape. Due to the lack of effective improvement and control measures, some communities can only adopt the management mode of changing tap water for water regularly.

The depth of artificial water bodies in most residential areas is generally shallow. Among the waterscape houses surveyed, the water depth is less than 1m, accounting for 72.6%, and the water environment is single without twists and turns, which can not provide good habitat conditions for living things. The importance of river closure is often neglected in design and construction, which makes the surface runoff formed after atmospheric precipitation carry a large number of pollutants directly into the water body; There is no effective management mode, and the landscape effect of water body is maintained by frequent water change management mode. When there is an emergency, they tend to use emergency physical and chemical methods, "treating the headache and treating the foot pain", only seeking temporary improvement of the landscape effect, but not a permanent cure. Due to the above reasons, the main problems existing in the waterscape construction of residential quarters today are: (1) The waterscape cannot form an ecosystem with self-purification ability and self-circulation. A complete ecosystem consists of producers, consumers and decomposers. As the energy source of the whole ecosystem, producers determine the emergence and development of the whole ecosystem. However, there are few aquatic plants in artificial water bodies in many communities, and some water bodies with hard substrates can't grow plants at all. In addition, the artificial water environment in most residential areas is not suitable for animals and microorganisms to inhabit, and the hard cement revetment surface is smooth and the temperature difference is large. It can't provide habitat for living things, and it also blocks the communication between land and water. Shallow water depth and single water environment make many creatures "have nowhere to hide". The biological chain from producer to decomposer is blocked one by one. Therefore, it is impossible to form a complete and fully functional ecosystem that can purify water by itself.

(2) Pollutants can only enter and exit, and the rainwater directly falling into the water body due to algae proliferation is basically clean, while the rainwater falling on the land washes the surface and carries a lot of impurities such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter directly into the water body, which will cause serious pollution to the water body. In most communities, effective interception measures are not taken, and no organisms in the water absorb these nutrients or remove them from the water body, resulting in pollutants not entering and algae growing in large numbers, thus reducing the transparency of the water body, decomposing dead algae consumes a lot of dissolved oxygen, forming an anaerobic environment in the lower layer of the water body, and existing organisms will also die due to lack of oxygen. When the situation is serious, the water will be black and smelly, emitting toxic and harmful substances, which will not only affect the landscape effect, but also affect the health of nearby residents.

(3) Improper management and maintenance methods lead to further deterioration of water bodies. The management cost of non-ecological waterscape is high, and some communities do not realize the importance of management, which leads to the sudden deterioration of water quality; Some communities use a very wasteful method of water resources-changing water to maintain their landscape effect. However, even if the water is changed frequently, the deterioration of water quality cannot be avoided. Many people prefer to use physical and chemical methods to solve emergencies in order to achieve immediate results. However, these methods are all temporary solutions, and we should "prescribe the right medicine" according to different situations, otherwise it will lead to more serious water pollution problems. Many physical and chemical methods have apparently improved the water quality, but in fact, they have further destroyed the ecological balance in the water and further deteriorated the water quality.

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