Who are the Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties?

the eight great prose masters of the Tang and Song dynasties

Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty were called Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Mr. Ba chose eight ancient Chinese essays, including Liu Han, and began to use the name of Eight. There are eight literary works in Tang and Song Dynasties in Wenbian compiled by Tang Shunzhi in the middle of Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Mao Kun inherited the theory of the two men and selected the notes of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. This book is widely circulated, and so are the names of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Since the introduction of Eight Schools in Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, Eight Schools have been regarded as the schools of ancient scholars in China. Pass the "Eight Masters Paper Money in Tang and Song Dynasties" (volume 164), including the Ming Wanli engraving and the Qing Dynasty bookstore engraving. In the Qing Dynasty, Wei Yuan had A Reader for Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties (8 volumes).

Han Yu (768 ~ 824)

China was a writer and philosopher in Tang Dynasty. Return the word. Henan (now Mengxian) people, ancestral home Changli, known as Han Changli. Assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title, also known as Han Wengong.

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He was three years old and lonely all his life. He was raised by his brother and sister-in-law, and he was stranded in his early years. He has the ambition to learn from the world. At the age of 20, I went to Chang 'an to take the Jinshi exam, but I failed the third exam. At the age of 25 ~ 35, he was admitted to Scholar's Academy first, and then lost in the three exams of erudite and colorful words, and served as two ambassadors of Bianzhou Dongjin and Xuzhou Zhang Jianfeng. Later, he returned to the capital and served as the fourth doctor. 36 ~ 49 years old, for the censor, due to book shortage and hunger, please reduce taxes and demote Yangshan order. Xianzong was pardoned and returned to the north to be a doctor of the country. He was tired of being an official for the right illegitimate son of the prince, but he failed. 50 ~ 57 years old, he first put down the rebellion in Wuyuanji, Huaixi, and then transferred from Peidu to Assistant Minister of Punishment. Because of remonstrance, the Buddha's bones greeted, and Chaozhou's secretariat fell. Move to Yuanzhou. Shortly after Li returned to Korea, he offered wine, served as assistant minister of the Ministry of War, assistant minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and other prominent positions, and made great achievements in politics.

It is believed that Han Yu's thoughts originated from Confucianism, but there are also some deviant remarks. He claimed to be Confucian orthodoxy, opposed the purity and extinction of Buddhism and the superstition of theocracy, but believed in the fate of ghosts and gods. He admired Mencius and rejected Yang Zhu and Mozi, believing that Yang and Mohism ignored the right path and advocated using Confucius and Mohism. He advocated living with Confucius, valuing the king and despising the tyrant; But also praised the achievements of Guan Zhong and Shang Yang. He criticized the reform of the two kings group, but he was no different from the two kings in opposing the separatist regime of the buffer region and the eunuch dictatorship. These complex and contradictory phenomena are all reflected in his works.

Literary Advocacy and Creation He has a whole set of theories about poetry creation. (1) He believes that Tao (that is, benevolence and righteousness) is the purpose and content, and literature is the means and form, emphasizing that literature carries Tao, literature and Taoism are integrated, and Tao is the main one. (2) Advocating the study of ancient Chinese prose in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and harvesting the works of Zhuang Zhou, Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong. (3) Advocating making the past serve the present and innovating on the basis of inheriting the tradition. Adhere to the "words must be spoken" and "Wu". (4) Pay attention to the writer's moral cultivation, and put forward the theory of nourishing qi, which holds that "strong spirit means short words and high voice means appropriate". ⑤ Put forward the argument that "injustice is the sound". It is believed that the author's injustice to reality is the reason for deepening his works. ⑥ In the style of works, we emphasize "strangeness" and take strangeness as good.

Han Yu's prose and poetry creation realized his own theory. His works in various genres, such as Fu, Poetry, Argumentation, Saying, Biography, Recording, Ode, Praise, Book, Preface, Mourning, Inscription, Form, Form and Writing, have all made outstanding achievements.

Guangdong Chaozhou Hanwen Temple

Essays occupy an important position in Han Wenzhong. The novellas with the main content of respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism include The Original Road, Buddha's Bone Table, Original Nature, Teacher's Commentary and so on. Most of them are very organized and well-organized. Some essays mocking the current social situation, such as Essays and Enlightenment, have clever metaphors and profound implications; Novels, such as "Sending Poor Articles" and "Learning Solutions", adopt the form of question and answer, with humorous strokes, strange ideas and sharp edges. There are various genres to discuss literary thoughts and writing experience. For example, the epistolary "Answering Li Yi's Letter", "A Written Talk with Su Feng", the complimentary "Preface to Meng Dongye" and "Preface to Master Gao Xian" have varied styles, fantastic images and exquisite theories.

Narrative occupies a large proportion in Han Wenzhong. Among them, those who study Confucian classics, such as Pinghuai Xibei, use styles such as Shangshu and Ya Song, which are large in length, heavy in sentences and hearty; Ji Hua directly tells many characters, and its writing style is beyond Shangshu Gu Ming and Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji's Zi Renzhi. Inherited the tradition of historical prose in Historical Records, such as the famous Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, which combines narrative, discussion and lyric in one furnace. There is no need to discuss the vivid and peculiar characters depicted in Historical Records and Hanshu, such as the epitaph of Wang Jun in Dali and the epitaph of Zhang Jun in Qinghe. Writing to writers with deep friendship can highlight the characteristics of different writers, such as Liu Zihou's epitaph, Nanyang Fan Shaoshu's epitaph, and Yao Zhen's epitaph. But in a large number of tombstones and epitaphs, there are also some works that "ignore the tomb", which were already ridiculed at that time.

Odes in lyric articles, such as Ode to Twelve Lang, are written in prose, which breaks through the routine of four rhymes. One kind writes about friendship between friends and hardships in life, with four rhymes, such as Henan Foreign Language and Liu Zihou. In addition, a wild letter with Meng Dongye and a preface to seeing Yang off are also masterpieces with certain appeal. Han Yu's other essays, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Preface to Ding Shilian's Poems, are completely fictional and close to legendary novels.

Han Yu's prose is magnificent, vertical and horizontal, odd and even, clever in metaphor, cunning or solemn, with diversified artistic characteristics, sweeping away the gentle style of the couple since the Six Dynasties. He is good at sublating the language of his predecessors, refining the spoken language at that time and bringing forth the new. He advocated "preface", created a written prose language extracted from spoken language, and expanded the expressive function of classical Chinese. But he also has a kind of writhing sentence, which has a certain influence on later generations.

Han Yu is also a famous poet, and his artistic characteristics are mainly strangeness, heroism and strangeness. For example, some poems, such as "Huangfu's Rhyme in Luhun Mountain Fire" and "Yuchuanzi's Poems on Left Eclipse", are all "strange" with profound contents; Nanshan's poems, Yueyang Tower's four ambitions of fighting, Meng Dongye's lost son, etc. Very spectacular. However, in the pursuit of strangeness, Korean poetry is often full of strange words, new words and dangerous rhymes. Han Yu also has a simple, simple and natural poem, such as "On the way to Jiangling, I sent a gift to ... the Third Bachelor of Hanlin" and "Bianzhou Rebellion". Han Yu is good at ancient style, and there are not many quatrains in regular poems, but there are also some excellent quatrains.

Later generations spoke highly of Han Yu and respected him as the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Du Mu juxtaposes Korean with Du Fu's poems, which is called Du Han Shi Bi; Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature." The ancient prose movement advocated by Liu Han opened up the development path of ancient prose in Tang Dynasty. Korean poetry strives for novelty, emphasizing momentum and originality. Taking prose as poetry, Han Yu introduced the new language, rules and techniques of ancient China into the poetry circle, which enhanced the expressive function of poetry, expanded the field of poetry, and corrected the mediocre poetic style since Dali (766 ~ 780). However, it also brings some bad habits, such as stressing talent and learning, being judgmental and pursuing adventure. In particular, the theory of taking discussion as poetry, even all discussion, and taking poetry as rhyme has had a bad influence on poetry after the Song Dynasty.

This collection and reference materials exist in ancient Korean books, among which Wei Huaizhong's 500-printed Collected Works of Mr. Changli in Southern Song Dynasty and Waiji are the best. Liao Yingzhong's Shi Caitang Edition "Collected Works of Mr. Changli", "External Collection" and "Legacy" are the most popular. In Qing Dynasty, Gu and Fang Shiju each had a single note on a poem. Qian Zhonglian's Annotation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is another year's collection of notes. In addition, Yiqing, Zhu, Jing Yun, Wang, Shen Qinhan, Fang Chengxuan, Modern Xu Zhen, etc. collated or added notes to Han Ji without listing the text.

Liu Zongyuan (773 ~ 8 19)

China was a writer and philosopher in Tang Dynasty. One of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Word thickness. His ancestral home was Hedong (now Yongji, Shaanxi Province), and later he moved to Chang 'an (now xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), which was called Liuhe East in history. Because of the official to Liuzhou secretariat, also known as Liu Liuzhou. Together with Han Yu, he advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty and called it "Liu Han".

liu zongyuan

Liu Zongyuan was born in an official family, with little talent and high aspirations. But he was a scholar in his early years, and his writing was mainly rhetoric. In the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), he was a scholar, and in the fourteenth year, he entered the learned poetry class and was awarded the orthography of Jixian Hall. He was a lieutenant in Lantian, then became an official in the DPRK, actively participated in the political reform of Wang Group, and was transferred to Danielle as foreign minister. Yong Zhenyuan (805) in September, the innovation failed, and Shaozhou was demoted as a secretariat. In November, he was demoted to Sima in Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan). In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), he returned to the capital in the spring and served as the secretariat of Liuzhou (now Guangxi) with outstanding achievements. 14 years 1 1 month. During his demotion, southerners demanded him to study and work.

Literature advocates that Liu Zongyuan attaches importance to the content of the article, advocates that literature is the mainstay, and advocates that "Tao" benefits the country and the people, which is practical. He attaches importance to the social function of literature and emphasizes that literature should be beneficial to the world. He advocates the perfect combination of ideological content and artistic form, points out that writing must be serious and emphasizes the importance of writers' moral cultivation. He admired the articles of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and proposed to learn from Confucian classics, Zhuangzi, Laozi, Li Sao and Historical Records. And learn from it, thinking that it can be used by me, but don't give up eating because of choking. In terms of poetic theory, he inherited the tradition that Liu Xie advocated Bi Xing and Chen Ziang advocated Ji Xing. It is consistent with Bai Juyi's proposition about satirical poems in the Yuan zaju Jiushu. His theory of poetry and prose represents the progressive tendency of the literary movement at that time.

Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life, and his achievements were greater than poems. There are nearly a hundred parallel essays, which have not broken away from the habits of parallel prose in the Tang Dynasty, but there are also masterpieces like Yunsuiyang Temple Monument in Antarctica. Ancient prose can be roughly divided into five categories: ① Discussion. Including philosophy, political theory and other papers focused on discussion. Sharp pen, accurate argument. Tian Shuo is a masterpiece of philosophical papers. Feudalism and Heavenly Punishment are representative works of medium and long political papers. Jin Wengong's "Defending the Original Motion", "Debate between Dong Brothers" and Yi Yin's "Five Opinions on Street Praise" are representatives of political papers. There is a simple materialistic element in his philosophy. His political thoughts are mainly embodied in the progressive social historical view that emphasizes "potential" and the Confucian people-oriented thought. But also influenced by Buddhism, especially when frustrated politically, they often seek spiritual liberation from Buddhism. 2 fables. Inherited and developed the traditions of Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Lu Chunqiu, Liezi and the Warring States Policy, which were mostly used to satirize and attack the ugly phenomena of the society at that time. Innovate, create whimsy, and make good use of anthropomorphic artistic images of various animals to express philosophical or political views. His representative works include Three Commandments (Elk on the River, Guizhou Donkey, Yongjia Mouse, Biography of Drowning, Talking about it, etc. Laughing and cursing, because things are small, show a high degree of humor and irony. ③ Biography. Inherited the tradition of Historical Records and Hanshu, and made some innovations. Representative works include Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei, Biography of Zi Ren, Biography of Hejian, Theory of Snake Catcher, etc. Some works are exaggerated and fictional on the basis of real people and stories, just like fables and novels. Such as Biography of Song Qing and Biography of Planting Trees and Camels. ④ Travel notes of mountains and rivers. The most popular works are written after being demoted, and Yongzhou's works are better. Eight typical records of Yongzhou: Xide Xishan Banquet Travel Notes, Cobalt Pool, the western hills of Cobalt Pool, Xiaoshitang in the western hills, Yuanjiake, Shiqu, Shi Jian and Xiaoshicheng Mountain. These works not only express their experiences and resentment through beautiful scenery; There is also a description of the author's quiet state of mind, which is manifested in extreme depression and the pursuit of spiritual sustenance. As for the direct description of the scenery, it is steep and clean, or beautiful and pleasant, and reproduces the beauty of nature with delicate language. ⑤ Sao Fu. Unique. Li Sao and Nine Chapters are used in Punishing Evil Fu, Sheng Min Fu, Meng Gui Fu and Prison Mountain Fu. Or express one's mind directly, or borrow ancient times to hurt oneself, or borrow fables to express irony and think hard, which won the essence of Qu Sao. "Tian Dui" and "Jin Wen" are another type, imitating Tian Wen and Qi Fa, with strange and profound words. In addition, there are many Buddhist steles, inscriptions, notes, prefaces and postscripts, poems and other works in Liu Jizhong, involving Zen, Tiantai Sect, Buddhism and other theories. There are more than 40 pieces of Liu Shi/KLOC-0, all of which were written after relegation. His predecessors, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei also called him Wang Meng. Some of his five ancient thoughts are close to Tao Yuanming's poems, with simple and natural language and elegant and meaningful style. The other five ancient poets were all influenced by Xie Lingyun. They were particular about their lyrics, mixed with Hyunri, and even learned from Xie Shi when they did the exercises. However, Liu's poems can contain bitterness, similarities and differences in beauty. In addition, Liu's poem "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States", which is famous for his generosity and compassion for health, is a masterpiece of seven laws in the Tang Dynasty, and the quatrains of Jiang Xue are also rare in the Tang Dynasty.

This episode and research materials Liu Yuxi began to compile Liu Ji's Collection of Mr. Hedong. There were many annotated books in Song Dynasty, and Han Chun's Collected Works of Liu Xun is the earliest extant work of Liu Ji. In the Ming Dynasty, Jiang's Warp Collection was annotated with Liuhe East Collection. See Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Biographies of Old and New Tang Books, Wen Anli's Chronicle of Mr. Liu.

Ouyang Xiu (1007 ~ 1072)

China was a politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. One of the eight masters of ancient prose in Tang and Song Dynasties. The word uncle Yong, drunk Weng, sixty-one layman. People from Yongfeng, Jizhou (now Jiangxi). Ouyang Xiu claimed to be a native of Luling, because Jizhou originally belonged to Luling County.

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Ouyang Xiu lost his father at an early age and studied under the care of his widowed mother. Injong Tiansheng eight years (1030) Jinshi. The following year, he was appointed as an official of Xijing (now Luoyang) and became a close friend of Mei He, exchanging poems with each other. In the first year of Jingyou (1034), the bachelor's college was called, Xuandelang was appointed, and the pavilion was filled for collation. In the third year of Jing You, Fan Zhongyan criticized the current politics in the last chapter and was demoted to Raozhou. Ouyang Xiu defended him and was demoted to the county magistrate of Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei).

In the first year of Kangding (1040), Ouyang Xiu was recalled to Beijing, and was appointed as the proofreader of Guange, which was later called the suggestion court. In the third year of Li Qing (1043), Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi and others promoted Li Qing's New Deal, and Ouyang Xiu participated in the innovation, and put forward the idea of reforming official administration, military affairs and tribute law. In five years, Fan, Han and Fu were successively demoted, and Ouyang Xiu was also demoted as the magistrate of Chuzhou. Later, Yangzhou, Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui) and Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan) were also known. In August, the first year of He Zhi (1054), he entered Beijing with a letter, and he was a fellow of Song Qi's New Tang Book.

In February of the second year of Jiayou (1057), Ouyang Xiu presided over the Jinshi examination as an academician, advocated plain writing style, and admitted Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and others. This has a great influence on the change of writing style in the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the fifth year of Jiayou, Ouyang Xiu called on the League. The following year, he was appointed to participate in political affairs. Later, he successively served as the minister of punishments and the minister of war. For two years (1065), the above post request is not allowed. In the following two or three years, he resigned many times because of being slandered by Jiang and others, but he was not allowed. In the second year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1069), Wang Anshi implemented the new law. Ouyang xiu opposed the young crops law and did not implement it. In the past three years, I insisted on not accepting the post of ambassador to the South Campus of Pacific Insurance Company. Cai Zhou (now runan county). This year, he changed his name to 6 1 layman. In June of four years, he resigned as the Prince of Shao Shi. Juyingzhou. A pawn is Wen Zhong.

Ouyang Xiu was the leader of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. His literary achievements are the highest and most influential in his prose. He is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. He inherited the spirit of Han Yu's ancient prose movement and put forward Ming Dow's prose theory. What he preached was not ethics, but concern for Pepsi. He adopted the spirit of Han Yu's Preface to Literature, strongly advocated simple, neat, smooth and natural writing, and opposed flashy carving and eccentricity. He not only set out from reality, but also set an example with his outstanding creative achievements.

Ouyang Xiu wrote more than 500 essays in his life, each with its own characteristics, including political essays, historical essays, notes, lyric essays and notes. Most of his essays are rich in content and magnificent, with a simple, natural, fluent and witty artistic style. The narrative is euphemistic and concise; The discussion is thoughtful, but full of internal logical power. Composite structures can be tortuous and very compact. The theory of cronies, the history of the New Five Dynasties, the biography of Lingguan, the admonition with Gauss, the preface to the drunken pavilion, the record of Fengle Pavilion, and the thousand watches of Longgang are all masterpieces that have been told through the ages. Ouyang Xiu was also a pioneer in the creation of notes in Song Dynasty. His notes include Return to the Field, Pen and Pen.

Ouyang Xiu's Fu is also very distinctive. Ode to Autumn Sound uses various metaphors to describe the invisible autumn sound very vividly, making people seem to be audible. This paper changes the "metrical style" from the Tang Dynasty to "prose style", which is of pioneering significance to the development of Fu.

Ouyang Xiu's poetry is not as successful as prose, but it is also very distinctive. Some of his poems reflect the sufferings of the people and expose the darkness of society; He also discusses current affairs in his poems and attacks corrupt politics. But what he wrote more and more successfully was poems expressing his personal feelings and scenery. His poems are mainly influenced by Han Yu in art. Generally speaking, his poetic styles are diverse.

Ouyang Xiu is also good at poetry. In Preface to Mei Poetry, he put forward the argument that "poor works are the last", which developed the poetic theories of Du Fu and Bai Juyi and had a great influence on the poetic creation of that time and later generations. His Poems on June 1st is the first poem in the history of China literature. It comments on poetry in a casual and intimate way and becomes a new form of poetry conversation.

Jiangxi Yongfeng Xiyang Palace Ouyang Xiu Memorial Hall

Ouyang Xiu is also good at lyrics. The main content of his ci is still acacia, drinking drunken songs, cherishing spring and enjoying flowers. He is good at writing scenery and expressing his feelings with fresh and sparse brushstrokes. "Worry is getting farther and farther, and the distance is like spring water", "Spring mountains are everywhere, and pedestrians are even outside", which expresses feelings deeply through spring water and spring mountains. There are also some colorful words, although they are written about dating between men and women, but they are also simple and vivid; Of course, there are also some shallow and vulgar works.

Ouyang Xiu has made great achievements in Confucian classics, history and epigraphy. In the study of Confucian classics, he studied The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes and The Spring and Autumn Annals, and was able to put forward his own unique views regardless of what his predecessors said. Historical attainments are deeper than Confucian classics. He not only participated in the compilation of the 250-volume Book of the New Tang Dynasty, but also wrote the History of the New Five Dynasties, summarizing the historical experience of the Five Dynasties, in order to serve as a warning. He was diligent in collecting and sorting out stone products and inscriptions from the Zhou Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and edited them into a special archaeological data set-Jigulu.

Ouyang Xiu plays an important role in the history of China literature. He vigorously advocated the poetry innovation movement, reformed the formalism style of writing and poetry from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, and achieved remarkable results. Because of his political status and great achievements in prose creation, his position in the Song Dynasty was similar to that of Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty. He recommended and guided Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe and other essayists, which had a great influence on their prose creation. Among them, Su Shi's inheritance and development of the literary style he created is the most brilliant. His plain style of writing has always influenced the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Ouyang Xiu's works and editions are now the complete works of Ouyang Wenzhong. His life story was written by Hook, a poet in the Song Dynasty, and attached to the Complete Works.

Su Xun (1009 ~ 1066)

China essayist in Northern Song Dynasty. The word Ming Yun is called Lao Quan. Meishan (now Sichuan) people. During Jiayou's reign, his works were recommended by Ouyang Xiu. At that time, officials, officials and scholars rushed to tell stories, so he became famous. Together with his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe, they are also called Su San, and they are all included in the list of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Su Xun's articles are mostly political and military. Such as Lun Heng and Shang Shu, clearly put forward the political innovation proposition of governing the country and rejuvenating the country by taking history as a mirror; Through the investigation of the enemy's situation, military commanders, military system and secrets of Shang and the six countries, it is believed that the six countries perished because they bribed Qin. In fact, it is a mockery of the past and accuses the humiliating policy of the Song Dynasty. At the same time, the idea of reforming the military system and sealing generals was put forward. There are not many lyrical sketches, but there are also many excellent works, such as Zhang Yizhou's Portrait and Murockery.

Su Xun's prose is very artistic. Ouyang Xiu praised him for his "excellent eloquence", which is characterized by clear arguments, strong arguments, sharp language and arbitrariness. The artistic style is mainly magnificent and changeable, simple and simple, wonderful and meaningful. His poems are few, and he is good at writing five ancient poems, which are simple and vigorous, with profound implications, such as Ouyang Yongshu's White Rabbit and Yi Shan's Send Someone away. Jia You Ji, with a total volume of 15, was published in the Song Dynasty in four series.

Su Shi (1037 ~1101)

China was a writer, painter and calligrapher in Song Dynasty. The word Zi Zhan, the word He Zhong, the number Dongpo lay man. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people.

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Life and Thought Su Shi was educated in childhood and was deeply influenced by his father Su Xun. He is long, "a thousand words from those who study classics and history." In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time, and the following year he was a scholar with his younger brother, which won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner. In six years, Jiayou was promoted to the third place in the middle school system and awarded the judge of Fengxiang House in Dali. After his father died in Bianjing, he helped the funeral home. In the second year of Xining (1069), he went to serve in the DPRK. Because of many differences with Wang Anshi's political reform proposition, he asked for a transfer, and was sent to Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou as local officials from the fourth year of Xining to the early stage of Yuanfeng. Get rid of the old and innovate, and make great achievements because of the convenience of the law. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), he was imprisoned for libeling the imperial court with poetry. After being released by luck, he was demoted to Huangzhou.

In the first year of Yuan You (1086), the old party came to power. Su Shi was transferred back to Kyoto, Ren Zhongshu, where he served as a Sheren, a bachelor of Hanlin and a patent in Zhi Zhi. However, there are differences with the old party on the issue of abolishing the immunity law. Yuan You stayed in Hangzhou for four years. After six years' recall, Jia Yi and others falsely accused Su Shi of going abroad, and he was sent to Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou successively. During this period, he continued to carry out some reforms within his power.

During Shao Shengyuan's reign (1094), the new party took power and denounced Yuan You's old minister. Su Shi was demoted again and again, from Yingzhou (now Yingde, Guangdong) and Huizhou to Danzhou (now Hainan). It was not until Fu Yuan's third year (1 100) that Song Huizong was pardoned and returned to the north. Zhong Jian Guo Jing (11kloc-0/) died in Changzhou in July.

Su Shi influenced Buddhism and Taoism on the basis of Confucian system. He combined Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism with the philosophy of the third generation, and almost all his thoughts attracted him. In his early years, he had the political ideal that Confucianism assisted the monarch to govern the country and help the people, and he was interested in reforming the lazy habits of the Northern Song Dynasty. On the one hand, Buddha's old ideas help him to observe problems more easily, and he still insists on the pursuit of life and beautiful things behind a broad-minded attitude beyond things; On the other hand, the nihilism of equality between life and death and right and wrong has a serious negative effect of escaping from reality. This kind of life thought and attitude is obviously reflected in his creation. Su Shi's political path was bumpy. Because he advocated reform but disapproved of Wang Anshi's political reform, he clashed with reformists and at the same time disagreed with conservatives who maintained the status quo. Besides, Su Shi is transparent in appearance and pays attention to moral integrity, which makes him neither satisfied with Yuanfeng nor yearning for Yuan You, and even more depressed about having fewer children. However, this is just conducive to his deepening experience, broadening his horizons and making him a great success in literature.

Literary Achievements Su Shi devoted his life to literary creation. He attaches importance to the social function of literature, opposes "Zhong Hua despises reality" and emphasizes that the author should have a complete life experience. He believes that writing should be "like flowing water, with no definite quality at the beginning", "natural in arts and sciences, full in posture" (thanks to the teacher's book), and be brave in innovation and originality. Su Shi attaches great importance to the discussion of literary and artistic creation skills. He explained "expressing words" by "seeking the beauty of things is like catching shadows from the wind", and then "knowing things in the mouth and hands" (Thank the teacher's book), which touched the special law of literary and artistic creation. Su Shi's creative practice embodies his literary view. He is a versatile master with unique achievements in poetry, ci and prose.

There are more than 2,700 existing poems by Su Shi, with a wide range of themes and rich contents. Sympathy for the people and concern for production are the prominent contents of Su Shi's poems. This kind of poetry expresses people's sufferings, criticizes the disadvantages of the times, is sincere and simple, develops many social themes rarely involved by predecessors, and has a wide range of materials and novel meanings. Su Shi's landscape poems and rational poems have the highest artistic value and are the most popular. Poems such as Visiting Jinshan Temple, Night View of Wanghailou, Drunk Book of Wanghulou, and Drinking Rain from the Lake after the Qing Dynasty depict the night of the Yangtze River, the sunny rain in the south of the Yangtze River and the beautiful scenery of the West Lake. Poems such as Climbing to the Guangli Pavilion on the Peak of Changshan Mountain, Hundred Steps of Flood and Climbing to Haicheng Zhangzhou vividly depict the local scenery and places of interest in Jiangbei. Su Shi is not only good at observing and capturing the different characteristics of local scenery, but also describes the freshness and simplicity of rural environment with joy and love. The pastoral poems written in Lingnan reflect the harmonious relationship between the author and Huizhou people and Li people. Su Shi is good at understanding new ideas and wonderful ideas from daily life and ordinary natural scenery, and writing thought-provoking and interesting poems. For example, some articles, such as Xilin Wall Title, Qin Poetry, and Sinha Pagoda in Sizhou, are all lyrical on the spot, with a definite meaning and endless aftertaste. Some poems are often full of bright and optimistic interest, which embodies the spirit of defying adversity and despising hardships. In addition, Su Shi also wrote many poems to appreciate calligraphy, such as Reading Meng Jiao's Poems, Hiding the River Map in a Collection, and Drunk in a Ink Hall.

In the field of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi broke through the barrier that Ci must be fragrant and soft, and created a number of new Ci chapters, which opened the way for the rapid development of Ci. Judging from the existing 3450 Dongpo ci poems, Su Shi's innovation in ci style is various.

Su Shi expanded the function of Ci to reflect social life. Su Shi not only wrote traditional themes such as love, parting and traveling with ci, but also expressed his ambition to serve the country, rural life and exile life with ci, which expanded the realm of ci. He portrayed heroes with a healthy pen and expressed his lofty aspirations of making contributions to the country, such as "Jiang Laoren talks about juvenile madness". In ci, he devoted himself more and showed his personality. [Man Jianghong] "Jianghan Came to the West" is a nostalgia for the past, using Mi Fei's experience to cover up his resentment; "Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves in the forest" embodies a fearless and leisurely attitude towards life through small things in daily life. He wrote five poems "Huanxisha" in Xuzhou, vividly describing the small scenes of rural production and life in fresh and beautiful language, and describing various rural figures such as Huang Tong, Bai Zuo, Cai Sanggu, Silk Reeling Niang and selling melons. It can be said that Su Shi can use words to express all the life contents that poetry can write.

Su Ci is innovative in brushwork and system. He writes poems with heroic momentum and vigorous brushwork, and his style is mostly vigorous, frustrated and passionate. Such as [Klang Ganzhou] and "Love Comes from Wan Li", the brushwork is like a snowy mountain. Beginning with Su Shi, Yuan You poets began to write poems in poetic style. Su Shi rewrote Tao Yuanming's farewell words into whistles, and Han Yu listened to the poems of English and Qin Dynasties. Attached as [Shuidiao Song Tou], it can also be called creation in terms of ci style. In the past, poets rarely set topics outside the topic. Many of Su Shi's ci poems not only begin with a title, but also use a small preface, reaching hundreds of words, which is brilliant and fascinating. Su Shi took poetry as his ci, which expanded the expressive force of ci style.

Su Ci has a distinct ideal color. Some works are imaginative and unconstrained. For example, When will there be a bright moon, Nian Nujiao, Ascending the Mountain and Looking Far, and Coming Back to Xi are spiritual inheritors of Qu Yuan and Li Bai, and are Xin Qiji's next works. In language and temperament, it also embodies Su Shi's innovative spirit. The language of Su Ci mostly absorbs the words of poetry and fu, adopts both historical biography and spoken language, and is famous for its clearness and boldness, which has changed the previous fashion of poets choosing the wrong words with gold. He attaches great importance to melody, but he is not rigid. Su Shi's ci style presents diversified characteristics, except for the magnificent ci style such as "one river does not return"; Other works, whether beautiful and spacious, fresh and beautiful, or charming and lingering, have their own charm. Such as [Jiang] mourning for his dead wife, the crowd is passionate; [Shui Longyin] sings Huayang, lingering bitterness; [Butterfly Hua Lian] The beauty's laughter stirs the spring worries of the laity on the wall, which is full of amorous feelings and charming.

Ink on Su Shi's Ode to Spring in Dongting

Hubei Huanggang Sushi Memorial Hall

Wen Sushi made great efforts in prose. With his solid skill and unrestrained talent, he opened up a new world for prose creation.

The papers on history and politics, including recitation, strategy and historical criticism, are mostly works closely related to Su Shi's political life. There are many excellent chapters with pertinence and insight, but some of them are unreasonable in length and strong in discipline. Such as Jin Ce, Si Zhilun and Hou Lun. His views are novel, not rigid, eloquent and flexible, which embodies the influence of essays such as Mencius and Warring States Policy.

Narrative travel prose has the highest artistic value in Su Wen, and there are many famous masterpieces. Write down the inscriptions of characters, such as "Chaozhou Hanwen Gongci Monument", and write down the sketches of pavilions, such as "Western Pavilion". His landscape travel notes, such as The Red Wall before and after Fu, are good at capturing the characteristics of scenery and expressing reason, so as to achieve the harmonious unity of poetry and reason. Su Shi's narrative prose often combines discussion, description and lyricism, and is unconventional and innovative in style. Stylistically, Wang Yang is proud of his physical form; It can better reflect the influence of Zhuangzi and Zen writing.

Prose such as letters, inscriptions, recitation and postscript also occupy an important position in Dongpo's book collection. Most of his letters, such as A Book about Mei Zhi and A Book with Li Gongze, are written in essays and carvings, which make people deeply understand their hearts and best show the author's frank, cheerful and funny personality. Su Shi wrote many inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, essays, comments on poems and paintings, talks about calligraphy and summarizes creative experience. For example, The Journey to the South, After the Painting of Wu Daozi, The Story of Wen and Gu Yanzhu, etc. In addition, Su Shi also has some essays describing his academic experience, such as Japanese Metaphor and A Shuo, which can be written in simple terms and have many original opinions in content.

Su Shi also wrote a widely circulated note "Dongpo Zhi Lin", which was mentioned before his death, but was not completed. Has been passed down to later editors. Zhi Lin collected in "Renhai" contains a lot of essays, miscellaneous feelings and trivial notes, which are concise and quite tolerant, indicating artistic conception and temperament.

Su Shi's works have a wide influence. He is keen on awarding prizes and training many talents. His works were widely circulated in the Song Dynasty and played an important role in the development of literature in the Song Dynasty. Su Shi, Su Wen, Su Ci and many other works were left by him to future generations.