19990-2008 Cases of Enterprise Economic Failure in China

In 2003, the State Environmental Protection Administration of China announced 16 alien invasive species, namely Eupatorium adenophorum, Mikania micrantha, Alternanthera philoxeroides, ragweed, poisonous wheat, Spartina alterniflora, Erigeron, Eichhornia crassipes, sugarcane borer, slash pine mealybug, bark beetles, American white moth and so on.

At the end of 2004, a news report from Xinhua News Agency said that there were more than 400 alien invasive species identified in China at that time, and Guangxi ranked among the top in the country in terms of quantity.

Examples of Harm Caused by Invasive Species in China

1 Mammals

1. 1 beaver

Also known as beavers and swamp rats, they are herbivores of the rodent beaver family. Native to Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and other places, it was first introduced to northeast China by the former Soviet Union in 1953. Because of their thick and soft fur, otters and beavers have been developed and utilized all over the country, including southern provinces, and have been cultivated in large quantities since 1986. In the mid-1990s, due to the high price of cubs, their meat taste was not good. After being raised in the south, their wool quality is poor, and no one buys the otters that are processed and raised. With the sharp increase in the number of otters and beavers, the price has plummeted. Otters and beavers escape or are released unsupervised. These escaped otters will breed in the wild, which will seriously harm farmland crops and fruit trees over time and become new pests in farmland and orchards in southern China (Xu et al., 1997).

1.2 muskrat

1927 was introduced to the former Soviet Union from North America, and it was bred as fur animals in large quantities, with more than 500 farms at a time. In the mid-1950s, this discovery began to cross the border into northeast China and Xinjiang. 1955 and 1957 muskrats were found in Huma and Xingkai Lake in Heilongjiang Province. Musk deer in Xinjiang also found individuals who escaped from these former Soviet farms. Due to poor management, muskrats entered China along Ili River, Tas River and Irtysh River. Later, it was introduced as a fur animal and widely cultivated. For example, in 1958, muskrat was introduced to many areas such as North China, Inner Mongolia and Guizhou as a fur animal. The muskrat dug a hole in the dam, which destroyed the very important water supply system in this arid area (Cheng,1986; Shou Huang Zhen, 1962).

1.3 Rattus norvegicus

In addition to the muskrat native to North America and the squirrel in the upper reaches of ob river, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus flavipectus and Rattus flavipectus moved to Xinjiang by train in the early 1950s. The first capture of Rattus norvegicus in Xinjiang was 1975, and the population of Rattus norvegicus was formed for the first time in Turpan and Urumqi. At present, Rattus norvegicus continues to spread along the railway and spread to agricultural and pastoral areas and mountainous areas through road transportation. The survey in some areas shows that the age structure of rodent population is reasonable, the reproductive age is advanced and the number of individuals is increasing. In the rice fields of Miquan County, other species of rodents were excluded and became a single new dominant species (Zhang Daming et al., 1993).

Two birds

2. 1

Originally from Indonesia, it was introduced to Hong Kong many years ago. Destruction of ornamental trees (McKinnon, private contact; Scroll, g. 1998).

2.2 rainbow honey sucking parrot

This parrot was introduced to Australia from Indonesia and is now very common in Hong Kong. Destroy trees, especially fruit trees (McKinnon, private contact; Scroll, g. 1998).

2.3 Canada Goose

Geese originated in North America, and now its distribution area in Hebei is expanding, endangering potato fields (McKinnon, private contact).

3 fish

3. 1 Small fishes such as gobiidae and wheat ear fish.

In the 1950s and 1960s, when the four fry were introduced to the Yungui Lake area (such as Erhai Lake), small fish such as goby and snout fish were also introduced. Due to the lack of fierce fish in these lakes, the population of these small fish has developed rapidly, and in some lakes, they once became the dominant population. They not only compete with indigenous fish for food and space, but also devour a large number of eggs laid by indigenous fish, resulting in a decrease or even extinction of indigenous fish. Lugu Lake is one of the earliest lakes in China to study coextensive differentiation of fish. Three species of schizothorax fish in the lake were differentiated from the same ancestor species, and these schizothorax fish were extinct because of the interference of small fish such as wheat ear fish and carp in the spawning ground (Zhang Guohua et al.,1997; Chen et al., 1998).

3.2 Mosquito-eating fish, fetal salamander (Mosquito-eating Fish Family)

Mosquitoes are native to America and northern Mexico. 19 1 1 introduced to Taiwan Province province, 1924 introduced to the mainland from Taiwan Province province to control mosquitoes. As a result, many provinces in China began to reproduce naturally. In Hong Kong, there are signs that the introduction of mosquito-eating fish and several viviparous salamanders has reduced the number of local fish. They prey on small fish and interfere with or bite the fins of big fish. Some small carp of Cyprinidae, such as competition or predation, lead to the extinction of the endemic species slippery carp; However, Oryzias latipes, which was once widely distributed in the local area, was only found in a few habitats occupied by fetal medaka. Philautus romeri is a unique tree frog, which may be extinct in some areas, because mosquito-eating fish prey on tadpoles (dudgeon &: Corlett, 1994).

Four species of crustaceans

4. 1 crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

Crayfish are native to the southern United States and northern Mexico. From northern Scandinavia to Australia, it is cultivated in the United States, Asia and Africa. China introduced crayfish from Japan in the early 1940s, and Japan introduced crayfish from the United States earlier. Unlike most aquatic species, female crayfish hatch their eggs by themselves, so there is no need to spend money on artificial incubation. Once the original seed is put into the pond, crayfish can achieve self-maintenance and pest control, and it is not necessary to put the original seed into the pond after harvest. Crayfish are often mixed with other crops, especially rice. Those who escaped during the harvest season dug holes in the dam to survive. In the next season, a breeding population will be formed, living on surplus crops and other foods. Cultivated in Nanjing, Chuxian and other places in Anhui Province, it spread to the central, northern and southern parts of China and became a large population in the wild (Yao Gendi et al.,1995; Zheng Shengshun, 1999).

Five species of mollusks

5. 1 Ampullaria gigas

Originated in the Amazon basin, 198 1 was introduced to Guangdong from China by a Brazilian. Since 1984, pomacea canaliculata has been widely cultivated in Guangdong. It was released into the wild because of excessive reproduction and bad taste. Pomacea canaliculata is easy to adapt to the local environment, with strong reproductive ability, large appetite and many kinds of food. It spread rapidly and destroyed the growth of food crops, vegetables and aquatic crops. Since 1988, Ampullaria canaliculata has caused huge losses in 25,000 hectares of land in 37 counties of Guangdong Province. /kloc-0 was introduced into jinjiang county, Fujian province from Guangdong in 1985, and some of them fled to the wild, causing the harm of 1992. The same thing happened in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan (Cai Hanxiong et al.,1990; Zhao et al., 1996).

5.2 Agatha fusca

Onyx snail is native to East Africa. According to Henkots, this species was found on the campus of Xiamen University in Fujian Province at 193 1, and it may have been introduced by a Chinese in Singapore. It was regarded as a delicious food, and then spread to Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and other provinces. 1932, brought to Hong Kong; 1933, re-entering Taiwan Province province. Yunnan Province also introduced brown cloud agate snails from Vietnam and Hainan Province for breeding. Oncomelania hupensis has become the main harmful mollusk that harms crops, vegetables and local ecosystems in these areas (Chen Deniu,1991; +0; Zhou Weichuan et al.,1989; Chen Deniu, 1990).

6 harmful insects

6. 1 termites

Termites are the main pests that feed on wood and its fiber products. Some species of 2 families in 6 families of Isoptera are easy to be introduced and spread to other countries and regions. Termites were introduced into China and spread in China from abroad. Zhang Yingjun (1983) found that there were termites, formosan milk termites, curving milk termites, blunt-jawed elephant termites and elephant termites in Nanjing, Jiangsu, xianyang, Shandong, Qingdao, Wuhan, Yantai, Penglai, Beijing, Xi 'an, Shaanxi, Jiang 'an, Sichuan and Ninghai, Zhejiang. ) enter together with goods, paper, wood, etc. Some places have caused serious local harm. For example, after the race of termites (1937) was introduced into Ninghai, Zhejiang Province from the United States, colonies have been established there and caused serious harm. 1975 for comprehensive prevention and control, and quarantine at the same time to prevent proliferation. From 10, no harm of further diffusion was found. Shanxi Province listed termites as the quarantine objects of forest plants, and announced the distribution areas of Shanxi and the forest plants and products that should be quarantined. 1993 65438+ 10, termites (Liu et al., 1998) were included in the List of Dangerous Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Insects and Weeds and the List of Prohibited Articles issued by the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Agriculture.

6.2 Hemiberlesia pitysophila

It belongs to Coconut superfamily and Scalphidae. Pinus massoniana forests, which originated in Okinawa Islands, Xiandao Islands and Taiwan Province Province in China, were discovered in Huidong and Baoan counties of Guangdong Province in the late 1970s, causing serious harm to Pinus massoniana and spreading rapidly. In 1983, the damaged area of pine forest was10 000 hm2, 1986 was about 3 10 000 hm2, and 1987 increased to 400 000 hm2 to/kloc-0. Lu, 1997 b).

6.3 American white moth

It belongs to LEPIDOPTERA, Lepidoptera, also known as autumn curtain caterpillar. It originated in North America and 1979 invaded Dandong, Xinjin and other places in Liaoning. This insect can harm many kinds of plants, such as fruit trees, trees, crops, etc. 100. It completely eats leaves in orchards, tourist areas and places with dense roads, which seriously threatens sericulture, fruit industry and urban greening, causing amazing losses. Its spreading range is expanding day by day, and it has spread all over Shandong, Shaanxi and other provinces (Lu, 1997 b).

6.4 sugar beans

Brazilian wood, also known as Millennium wood, is called Xianglong blood tree, which is native to Guinea. It developed into a foliage plant in Guangzhou in the early 1980s, then spread from south to north, and became popular in Beijing in the 1990s. In the mid-1990s, a small omnivorous moth, sugarcane moth, was first discovered in Beijing, which seriously harmed Brazilian wood. Sugarcane moth was found in Mascarin. 1856 was found in the Indian Ocean, later found in many places in Africa and Europe, later spread to South America and West India, and introduced to Florida in the southern United States in the 1980s. Sugarcane borer has a wide range of food habits, with more than 50 species of host plants in 24 families. It is an important pest of bananas, sugarcane, corn, potatoes and many ornamental plants, especially Brazilian wood. This is the first time that this pest has been found in Beijing in Asia. Investigations in Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Hainan and other places soon showed that sugarcane borers were more serious in the south, and almost all the places where Brazilian wood could be seen in these areas were harmed by sugarcane borers. By 1997, it was found that sugarcane borer only occurred in a large number in flower production bases, but it was completely possible to transfer to naturally growing plants (Cheng Guifang et al., 1997a, b; ; Cheng Guifang et al., 1998).

6.5 Pinus elliottii

1989, Pinus elliottii introduced from Georgia, USA, entered Taishan, Guangdong, and spread to many counties and cities in Guangdong. By July, the pine forest 136 000 hm2 had been destroyed. It is estimated that the scale insects of Pinus elliottii are currently spreading at a rate of 70 000 hm2 per year. It mainly harms the growth of loblolly pine, slash pine, swamp pine, pinecone pine and Virginia pine. In the past 30 years, China has introduced many kinds of pine trees from the United States, among which Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda and Pinus caribaea are widely planted. These species, as well as domestic species such as Pinus massoniana and Pinus ponderosa, are also threatened by the slash pine mealybug (Pang et al.,1994; He Guofeng, 1995).

6.6 Liriomyza sativae

Distributed in nearly 40 countries and regions in America, Oceania, Africa and Asia, it is an omnivorous pest that seriously harms cotyledons of Cucurbitaceae, Papilionaceae, Solanaceae, Cruciferae and Compositae. In China, this insect was first discovered in Hainan in199365438+February, and now it has spread to 2 1 provinces, cities and autonomous regions, with the damage area exceeding1300,000 hm2, which has caused serious losses to vegetable production in China. There are 34 species of parasitic wasps belonging to 4 families 13 genera, which are expected to be used for biological control of liriomyza sativae (Xu Zaifu et al., 1998).

6.7 rice water weevil

Originated in North America, it entered Japan in 1976 and spread to the Korean Peninsula in 1988. 1988 was first discovered in Tangshan city, Hebei province, and reported in Tianjin, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Zhejiang, Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces. By 1997, it had appeared in 54 counties and cities in 8 provinces, and destroyed 3 10 000 hm2 of farmland (Wei Hongjun,1997; Li Xingyu, 1997).

6.8 Periplaneta americana

Originally from Taiwan Province Province of South America, it was recorded in 193 1 year (Su Mu's first land: Song Cun pine year insects, volume 15, No.4), and now it is almost all over the world and China. The warm area south of Huaihe River has a high density, which is common in breweries, bean products farms, bathrooms and other places, feeding contaminated food and spreading diseases (Zhang Shimei, Zhao Yongxiang, 1996).

6.9 Blattella germanica

Originated in Europe, it has spread all over the world and is an important household health pest. It also feeds on corn, sorghum and other grains. 1935 was recorded in the northeast of China, spread to the eastern provinces of China in the early 1960s, and spread to the northwest and southwest regions in the 1980s (Zhang Shimei and Zhao Yongxiang, 1996).

Nematodes in 7 species of nematodes

7. 1 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Because the larvae of longicorn beetles can get used to digging holes in pine trees, pine wood nematodes are also spread through longicorn beetles. Nematodes can kill pine trees in six months. In the 1980s, it almost destroyed the Pinus massoniana forests widely distributed in Hong Kong. At present, many disease centers have been formed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Guangdong and Zhejiang, and are spreading from these places to the surrounding areas (dudgeon &; Corlett， 1994； Wang Qiongyu, 1992).

Eight kinds of fungi

8. 1 Phaeocystis fimbriae

Black spot of sweet potato is a major disease of sweet potato, and its pathogen is Araliaceae, belonging to Ascomycetes. The disease was introduced into Liaoning province from Japan in 1937, and then the incidence area continued to expand. By 1980, it has spread to 26 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, causing rotten kilns and dead seedlings and huge output losses. Moreover, the pathogen of black spot disease of sweet potato can stimulate sweet potato to produce substances that are toxic to people and animals, such as Ipomolon, Ipomolon, Ma Ning, etc., which cause dizziness after eating, and feeding sick potato to cattle can cause asthma and even death (Lu, 1997 b).

9 species of plants

9. 1 Chenopodium ambrosioides

Originated in tropical America, it is now widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. 1864, fresh water was first collected in Taibei City, Taiwan Province Province. 19 12 has become a common roadside weed in Hong Kong (Dunn and Tutcher, 19 12).

9.2 Alternanthera philoxeroides

Commonly known as "Alternanthera philoxeroides", it originated in Brazil and was introduced to Shanghai and East China in 1930s. After 1950s, this kind of grass was introduced and spread as pig feed in many places in the south, and later it fled to the wild. 1986 investigation shows that Alternanthera philoxeroides naturally occurs in an area of about 889 600 hm2, and has become the main weed in vegetable, sweet potato and other crop fields and citrus orchards (Wang et al., 1988).

9.3 Alternanthera philoxeroides

Native to Central America, it has appeared in the coastal areas or open areas of Fujian (Xiamen) and Hainan (Changjiang) since the early 1950s, and its flowers have thorns and become annoying weeds. Another tropical American species, A. paronychioides, has also appeared in Hainan (Wenchang), Guangdong (Qi 'ao Island) (Wu, 1994) and Taiwan Province Province (Changhua and Pingtung, 1996) in recent years.

9.4 Amaranth

Amaranth came from North America and appeared in Liaoning, China in 1875. At present, it is recorded in Beijing. A. ablus, a relative species native to North America, is recorded in 1935 and naturalized in North China and Northeast China, but the above two species are relatively rare. However, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus spinosa from tropical America and Amaranthus retroflexus from tropical Africa have become harmful weeds widely distributed in China, affecting the growth of vegetables in summer and autumn.

9.5 Cactus Cactus (Cactus)

Cactus is native to the Caribbean coast, and was introduced to Taiwan Province Province by the Dutch in 1645 (Yang Gongyi, 1984). At present, it is generally naturalized in the southern coastal areas of China, and often grows among coastal rocks, becoming a thorny shrub that is difficult to remove. O. ficus-indica is native to Mexico and belongs to the same genus. It was introduced to China in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. It has been naturalized in five southwestern provinces (including southeastern Tibet) and has become a common species in hot valleys. Monacantha is native to South America. According to Steven Liu 1625 book "Records of Yunnan", it was introduced and cultivated in Yunnan at that time, and now it has been naturalized in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan Province Province (Li Zhenyu, 1999).

9.6 lantana camara

Native to tropical America. /kloc-was introduced into Taiwan Province province by Dutch in 0/645, and now it has spread in tropical and south subtropical regions of China, crowding out local plants and blocking roads. Its plants have an unpleasant smell and its stems have thorns, so it is a harmful shrub. Its fleshy fruit is further spread by local birds pecking.

9.7 Solanum nigrum

Native to tropical South America. Domesticated specimens were collected in Guizhou, China at the end of 18, and were mistaken for new species (S. bodinieri Lé VL) on 1908. Etvante. ; Cavaliere Levell. Wait a minute. ), it may be that ornamental plants were introduced to Guizhou earlier. At present, it has spread to the south of the Yangtze River and become a common weed. The stems and leaves of this species are prickly, and the fruit is poisonous. It is said that eating cattle by mistake will lead to poisoning and death. Solanum and 65,438+02 are both exotic species, such as Trichosanthes and Solanum, which have become naturalized plants in China. Except Streptococcus schizophyllum, they all originated in America.

9.8 Plantago species.

Plantago asiatica originated in North America and was first discovered at 195 1 in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province. At present, it has been found in the south of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and the north of Taiwan Province Province, and was born in low-altitude grasslands, roadsides and lakes. It has many seeds, strong reproductive ability and rapid diffusion, and often invades and harms lawns. P. aristata is another weed from North America, which started in Qingdao, Shandong Province, 1929. At present, it has become a very common weed in Qingdao, and it has also begun to appear in Suqian, Jiangsu Province, growing on seashores, beaches, grasslands and hillside roadsides (Li Zhenyu, to be published).

9.9 Trionyx species.

Triodanis is native to North and Central America and transplanted to South America and Asia. 1974 appeared in Wuyishan, Fujian, and appeared in all parts of Fujian after 1980s. It was born in a stream, grassland or hillside at an altitude of 180- 1 000 meters. The thrips biflora was discovered in Anhui (Anqing) in198/and appeared in Zhejiang, Fujian and northern Taiwan Province province (Lammers, 1998) in the mid-1980s. There are two types of flowers in this genus: complete flowers and closed flowers, which have strong reproductive ability (Chen et al., 1992).

9. 10 wins Cirsium japonicum

Originally from Mexico, it is now widely distributed in tropical areas of the Old Hemisphere. The flora of Hong Kong was first recorded by G. Bentham( 186 1) in China, and was discovered in southern Yunnan at the end of 19. Now it is widely distributed in the Yangtze River valley and the low mountains, hills and plains to the south. Another species, A. houstonianum, originated in Central America, was introduced and cultivated as an ornamental plant in southern China, and often escaped as a weed.

9. 1 1 ragweed

Ragweed, including ragweed and ragweed trifoliate, originated in North America. According to the records of specimen collection, ragweed appeared in Hangzhou on 1935, while ragweed was introduced to the northeast in the 1940s. 1989 investigation has been distributed to 15 provinces and cities, forming four diffusion centers in Shenyang, Nanjing, Nanchang and Wuhan. Its ability to absorb fertilizer and regenerate is very strong, which leads to drought and barren soil, blocking sunlight and reducing crop yield. Moreover, ragweed pollen is the main source of human hay fever, also known as "pollinosis", which causes allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. 1987 China introduced overlord, the natural enemy of ragweed, from Canada and the former Soviet Union, and conducted biological control research (Li Xiumei, 1997).

9. 12 Conyza

Erigeron breviscapus originated in North America and was collected in Yantai, Shandong Province, 1860. Within seven years, it appeared in Zhejiang (Ningbo), Jiangxi (Jiujiang), Hubei (Yichang) and Sichuan (Nanxi), and now it is almost all over China. C. bonariensis, native to South America, 1857 was first collected in Hong Kong, and soon spread to Guangdong and Shanghai, and 1887 was collected in Chongqing. Tamarix sumatra, another naturalized species in South America, is taller than Tamarix parviflora, but it seems that it can't adapt to the dry and cold climate in northern China.

9. 13 year Peng (one year Peng)

Native to North America. According to the data of Forbes and Heimsley (1888), it was first collected in China at 1886. Today, this kind of grass is found almost in temperate and subtropical regions of China. Erigeron Philadelphia daisy or e. philadelphia is another plant from North America, which later appeared in China and is now distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. The invasive species of this genus usually become common orchard weeds.

9. 14 Eupatorium adenophorum

Originated in Central America, it was introduced into southern Yunnan from the border between China and Myanmar and China and Vietnam in the early 1950s, and now it has been widely distributed in southwest China, with an area of 247,000 km2 in Yunnan alone. Because the plant contains toxic substances, the growth of many local plants and livestock is inhibited or leads to death (Ding Jianqing et al., 1998). Eupatorium odoratum is another harmful weed from Central America. Gagnepain( 1924) recorded that this grass was cultivated in Thailand, appeared in southern Yunnan in the early 1930s, and is now spreading in Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan and other places.

9. 15 Solidago

Native to North America. 1935 was introduced as a flower from Japan to Taipei, and then introduced to Shanghai and Lushan successively, and now it has been naturalized as a weed in the above places. Shanghai Solidago has now spread to Kunshan, Shanghai Railway, Pudong New Area, Qingpu and other suburban counties. In addition to seed propagation, the underground rhizome of Solidago americana has strong reproductive ability and strong competitiveness, which inhibits the growth of other plants and eventually forms a single community of this weed. This species is widely distributed in suburban wasteland, roads, river banks, factories and residential areas. In Shanghai, it has begun to enter farmland, orchards and vegetable fields, and there is a trend of spreading to the fields (Dian et al., 1999). Solidago canadensis has been introduced and domesticated in Shanghai, Wuhan, Lushan and other places, and some scholars have included this species in Festuca arundinacea. In addition to the above two species, four species of plants of the same genus from North America, such as S. graminifolia, introduced from Lushan Botanical Garden, have also been naturalized locally.

9. 16 Spartina

Spartina alterniflora is a hybrid of Spartina alterniflora and Spartina hupehensis. 1963 was introduced from Denmark, the Netherlands and Britain, and planted in the coastal areas of Jiangsu Province for coastal dike protection and soil improvement. At the same time, feed and paper raw materials are produced. In the next 20 years, it developed from Jinxi, Liaoning Province to Guangxi Beach, with a breeding area of more than 30,000 hm2 (planting garden, planting garden, planting garden, etc. ). This species has played an active role in beach protection and coastal reinforcement in many areas. However, in recent years, it has propagated and spread in areas outside the original introduction area, forming dominant populations and crowding out other plants, posing a threat to local biodiversity (Ding Jianqing et al., 1998).

9. 17 Lolium perenne

Common weeds in wheat fields originated in Europe were found in 1954 imported wheat from Bulgaria and 1957 naturalized wheat from Heilongjiang. By 196 1, the distribution of this species has expanded to 45 counties. At present, it has been found in other provinces and regions in China except Tibet and Taiwan Province Province (Li et al., 1998). This species is a "bionic" weed, which is difficult to remove and is often harvested and processed with wheat. The seeds infected with fungi are toxic to people and animals (Zhou Ailing et al., 1987).

9. 18 Eichhornia crassipes

Also known as water hyacinth. It is one of the most serious perennial malignant aquatic weeds in the world at present. It originated in South America. 190 1 was introduced to China as a flower and planted as pig feed in 1950s and 1960s. It developed into a kind of water purification and then fled to the wild. Now it is widely distributed in South China, Central China, North China and Northeast China, especially in southern provinces. In the mid-1990s, the coverage area of Eichhornia crassipes reached 100% in some rivers and lakes in southern China. In Dianchi Lake, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, the coverage area of Eichhornia crassipes in 1994 is about 10 km2. The spread of Eichhornia crassipes has brought huge economic losses to the local fishery and tourism, and the huge and single Eichhornia crassipes community has also crowded out a large number of local aquatic plants, posing a great threat to the biodiversity in the distribution area (Ding Jianqing et al., 1995).