Is there a saying in the west that the emperor is the "son of heaven"?

Western emperors don't say "Son of God", which is a unique concept in the East, but there is only God in the West, but their emperors don't say "Son of God". The title of "Western Emperor" refers to the successor of the Roman Empire, and the title of "Emperor China" deifies himself, with different meanings. The emperor of China and the "emperor" of the Roman Empire are unequal in terms of historical background and theoretical and legal basis. Before there is a more suitable translation, let's use the old translation for the time being. lz should not be confused by the translation.

The history of emperors in the western world;

What is an emperor?

The English word imperial, which comes from Latin Imperator, is translated as "Emperor". Westerners say that the emperor actually has two concepts. One kind refers to monarchs outside Europe, and the concept is vague. Monarchs in China, Japan, Persia, Ethiopia and even India can all be called emperors, as long as they are dictators of countries with a certain scale. Another concept refers to the monarch himself in Europe. The definition here is stricter. Not any monarch can be called an emperor. The emperor is not necessarily powerful, but it must have a suitable historical origin. Let's talk about the evolution of emperors in the western world (Europe, excluding Turkey).

Second, the Roman Empire: The Emperor began.

Octavian should be regarded as the first emperor in Europe. In the first 29 years, he was awarded the title of "Emperor" by the Senate and enjoyed it for life. However, his title is not just "emperor" (I want to explain the word "emperor" here. At first, it was called a brilliant victory by the soldiers. When I arrived at Octavian, it became a lifelong award, and later it became the meaning of "emperor", which led to the emergence of the emperor in modern English. Similarly, in the period of * * * and the Republic of China, sovereignty was a power to decide the administrative and military affairs of the whole country, and it was often granted by the people's parliament in special periods. Pompeii was granted this power once, and when Octavian was in office, it was granted symbolically by the Senate every few years. Later, the word "empire" was derived from this word, and began to have "chief citizen" (that is, other titles included "father of the motherland", among which "Augustus" was a more glorious title than the emperor, and the subsequent Roman emperors all called themselves "Caesar". It should be noted that in the next two thousand years, "Augustus", "Caesar" and even "Fuehrer" were all regarded as synonymous with emperors.

In fact, dozens of emperors behind Octavian were not monarchs in the full sense. At that time, the Senate still enjoyed some powers, and the emperor was only a "chief citizen". When he arrived in Diocletian, he gave up the title of "Fuehrer" and changed his name to "Master". From then on, the emperor was naturally different from ordinary citizens, and the real emperor was born. The emperor greatly strengthened the imperial power and deprived the Senate of the right to participate in making laws. His other initiative was to split the empire into two parts and appoint his good friend as another Augustus. These two men appointed a Caesar respectively. In this way, the empire was ruled by four emperors, that is, the so-called "four emperors were in power."

Three things are separated: two clues

After the four emperors came to power briefly, the empire fell apart, and no one expected that several emperors would appear at the same time. Among them, Constantine the Great is worth mentioning. He not only unified Rome and established the great Constantinople, but also was the first emperor who believed in Christianity and was baptized. Since then, the emperor has been inextricably linked with the church. After Dior's death, the empire was completely divided, and the emperor's inheritance began to have two clues. The Western Roman Empire only existed for less than 100 years. In the next 300 years, there was only one emperor in the West-the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.

In 800 AD, Charlemagne, king of Franks, came to Rome and entered St. Peter's Cathedral on Christmas Day. The situation changed. Pope Leo III crowned him personally, anointed him with holy oil, and awarded him the titles of "Augustus" and "Roman Emperor". The emperor inherited the Western Roman Empire 300 years ago. Since then, there have been two emperors in the Christian world-the Frankish Emperor and the Eastern Roman Emperor. And this incident has also laid the groundwork-the future emperor of the Catholic world must be recognized by the Pope in principle, and the Pope will become a higher authority above the emperor.

After the collapse of Charlemagne, the empire was torn apart and the battle for the throne was fierce, although it was only a virtual title. Until 962 AD, Otto I of the Saxon Dynasty marched into Rome (he had already won the title of Italian king), was crowned emperor by the Pope, and established the Germanic Roman Empire. 1 155, Frederick I officially renamed this empire as "Holy Roman Empire", which was the first in German history. In imperial history, not every emperor was crowned by the Pope, but they all claimed to be kings of the Romans and imperial emperors, and all of them were German kings without exception. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/5th century, it was renamed the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. The nominal connection between the empire and the Italians was further cut off, and their combination with the Germans was closer.

The original emperor had considerable real power. However, with the increasing division of German vassals, the emperor's power was continuously weakened. 1263, Pope urban IV issued an imperial edict confirming that the emperor was elected by seven emperors. 1356, Charles iv issued the "golden imperial edict" to re-determine the electoral list. Since then, the emperor's power has only reached his original territory. From the15th century, the position of the emperor was almost monopolized by the Habsburg family.

During this period, Constantinople fell in 1453, the Byzantine Empire ended, and the eastern clue of the emperor was interrupted, leaving only one emperor in the Christian world.

Four Russia, Germany, France, Austria and Britain: five empires.

1567, Ivan IV of Russia was crowned "Tsar", or Caesar. As the largest branch of the Orthodox Church, the Russian Empire regarded itself as the natural successor of the Byzantine Empire, and in 1589, it announced its separation from the patriarch of Constantinople and became an independent parish. 172 1 year, Peter I was crowned emperor in Moscow.

1804 is a very special year. This year, Napoléon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of the French Empire by Pope pope pius vii, but not in Rome, but in Notre Dame. Even the Pope had to condescend to such an outstanding commander-in-chief. However, Napoleon was not satisfied with this. A few months later, he came to Italy, was crowned king of Italy in Milan Cathedral, and announced the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. At this point, he finally fulfilled his long-cherished wish to inherit the great achievements of the Romans. His full name is "Emperor of the French Empire, King of Italy, Protector of the Rhine Union, Swiss Federal Arbitrator".

Also in 1804, Franz Ii of Habsburg dynasty began to use the title of "hereditary Austrian emperor" and gave up the title of Holy Roman Emperor two years later. After that, it only used the title of Austrian emperor, and in 1867, it merged with Hungary to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire, giving the western world three emperors.

After Napoleon's defeat, Bourbon was restored, but 1852, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte staged a coup, which was called "the second empire of France". 1870, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte was captured and the domestic revolution broke out. From then on, France ended the monarchy and began to * * * and the country.

The victorious kingdom of Prussia, relying on the strength of unifying Germany, established an empire at the urging of the bloody Prime Minister Bismarck. 187 1 year, King William I was crowned the German emperor in the mirror hall of Versailles. At this time, there were three emperors in Europe, namely the German emperor, the Austro-Hungarian emperor and the Russian emperor. The first two come from the western Roman system, and Russia comes from the eastern Roman system. 1873, the three countries formed an alliance, which was called "san huang Union" in history.

1876, Queen Victoria of England was crowned Queen of India, but she inherited the Mughal Empire that died in 1857, which is not strictly a western system. At that time, all titles of British kings were "King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and its overseas territories, suzerain, emperor of India", and four British kings, including Victoria, used the title of emperor. At this time, the number of European emperors reached the highest four in history.

The Last Years of Five Emperors: The Emperor abdicated

1917 In March, the February Revolution broke out in Russia, an interim government was established, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate, and Russia ended the monarchy.

19 18 World War I ended and Germany and Austria were defeated. 1 1 year, William II and Karl abdicated respectively. In principle, there are no more emperors in continental Europe. However, Hitler came to power in 1933 and was called the "Fuehrer" in 1934, and the Third Reich began. Here, "Fuehrer" is actually equivalent to the title of emperor. 1945 On April 30th, Hitler committed suicide and the Third Reich fell.

1949, George VI came to power, India became independent, the British king abolished the title of emperor, and the British empire became a historical term.

Since then, there has been no emperor in the western world.

Six summaries

Summarizing the history of emperors in the west (especially in Europe) for nearly two thousand years, the source is the Roman Empire. After the empire was divided into two parts, all emperors, regardless of nationality, should be traced back to one of them. The successors of the Western Roman Empire include: Frankish Empire, Holy Roman Empire, German Second and Third Reichs, French First and Second Reichs and Austrian Empire; The Eastern Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire were inherited by the Russian Empire. Both the eastern Roman system and the western Roman system are closely related to the church. The only exception is the British Empire, which inherited the Mughal Empire in the East. There were only one or two emperors in Europe most of the time in history (except for the short period of chaos in the Roman Empire). After the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire in the 19th century, there were three emperors and four emperors in the short period from 1876 to 19 18.