Unity of Pure Fourth-order Rhyme and Third-order Rhyme

This paper is the paper of the 11th academic symposium of China Phonology Society and the 6th international symposium of China Phonology.

(Xuzhou, August 2000)

Unity of Pure Quadrant Rhyme and Third Rhyme

-one of the phonological theories of "transferring the name of Vientiane"

Zhouzuao

Abstract; There are eighteen independent fourth-order rhymes and twenty third-order rhymes in the name of Qieyun, such as Ji and Xian.

The unity of the two breaks the traditional phonology theory about the classification and matching of phonology; In order to establish a realistic phonological theory

This theory provides valuable information.

Keywords: pure fourth grade; Third class; Unity; Overthrow; Equal rhyme theory

Independent fourth-order rhyme refers to the five rhymes of Qieyun, namely, Qi, Immortality, Filial Piety, Emotion and Heaven (improving the tone of a flat voice is called ascending, going and entering the system).

Eighteen rhymes, completely placed in the fourth grid of the rhyme chart; The third rhyme refers to sacrifice, immortals,

There are six rhymes of Xiao, Qing, Geng and Yan in the second, third and fourth grids of Yun Tu.

There are many examples of these two kinds of rhymes being mixed in The Name of Transferred to Vientiane:

First, Ji Yun.

1. Opening.

(The words in brackets are rhyming; Words not found in Qieyun are marked with * in Guang Yun; Guang Yun also.

No words, taken from Ji Yun, followed by * *)

Humble plan (must * *); Plan (sub-example)

Sub-meter (sub-example)

⒉ ; (of a wound) heal.

Sui Sihui (Xiang Rui); In Guangxi (in prison).

Yu Gui (years old)? Such as Gui (Confucian tax * *) Second, sacrificial rhyme

1. Opening.

Make a horse and sell it (Mami); Death (not counting)

Millennium (Seven Plans)? Call the world (call meter)

Third, the alliteration system

1. rhymes first.

Bo Jian (Wulian)? Double track (Beilian)

Partial research (square compilation); There is no distance between death and death (there is no distance between death and debate)

Wu Jian (Wulian); Pre-connection (expansion)

3. rhyme first and shut up.

Li Sixuan (Xisi *) rhymes with Xu Xuan (Juyuan)

Spring is like gathering along (gathering edge)? Young Xuan (like spring)

Xuan (Yu Quan); Yujuanxuan (Yuyuan)

Go deep (and declare * *)

[14] The rhyme begins.

Mouth (beating); Show one's strength (performance)

⒋ ; Yue Yun estuary

Li Jun (mountain disaster) also remonstrated with rhyme.

5. Cramer rhyme opening

Ke Jie (ranking *); Plain clothes Xie also rhymes.

Lu Jie (Liang Xue *)? Li Jie (Lv Xue)

Travel knot (Xue Lu); ? Lv Jie (Lv Xue)

Lu Jie (Xue Lu); Yan Lijie (Lv Xue)

Make your knot (such as a slave association) rhyme.

[6] Bread crumbs rhyme with mouth.

Make a decision (stop)? Resolutely (stop)

Fourthly, the fairy rhyme system.

1. Xianyun opens.

Make up? (Bu Xuan); Mo Yuan (Mo Xian)

Immortal (Mo Xian); Glijian (Lu Xian)

3. Xianyun estuary

Yuan (Wu Xuan)? Yu Yan (fire is mysterious and accompanied by words)

Step 3 rhyme at the beginning

Housing (classical)? Niu Shan (Yan Xian *)

What's the problem? Hushan (Hu cocoon)

Yan Yushan (Hu Tuan *)

Step 4 rhyme at the beginning

Call first (see you later)? Call for war (Cang Dian *)

Humian (Qian Hu) Top Four

5. Line rhyme mouth

Ancient face (Guxian *)? Jumian (Guxian County)

[6] Xue Yun opened his mouth.

General discount (general discount) (general discount *); Fold (flat knot)

Momolie (Mo Jie); Farewell (no knot)

Daley (ACTS *); Fish steak (five knots)

Split (first knot *)

⒎ ; Xueyunhekou

(bitter, empty and snowy)

Only Ge (Jie * *) (no *)

5. Xiaoyun system

Xiao Yun

I am humble (just left); Take a look at the sculpture (touch)

Park Fangyao (Xiao Fang) Xiaoyun; Zhuo Fuyao (Fuyao)

Chat (Fu Yao)? Mouth (go away)

Mouth bar (go away) (fire bar *); Zi Yao (Yao)

It took a while to carve it (coke yesterday); Think about chatting (focus on the corner).

Talk first (pay attention to each other); First stroke (phase focusing)

Chat (focus); Liba (Lizhao)

4. Shinohara rhyme:

Humble (small); Fat and supportive (children are small and supportive)

Child bird (parent *); A dazzling bird (with little strength)

3. Xiaoyun

Fishing first (just laugh * *); Forced hanging (forced photographing * *)

Power crane (power photo)

6. Night rhyme system

Xiao Yun

Think about it (Su Diao)? Yu Shao (yaoyu *)

4. Xiaoyun

I am young (lucky * *), and I am in Zhou (I have a child).

Yu Shaoshao (Pentagon)? Residual correction (only *)

Ji (Wolf Bird * *) Xiaoyun; Xiaoli (Lu Bird)

Seven. ; Qingyun system

1. Clear cloud opening

Nourishing meridian (brain truth *); Ugly classics (? Zhen) (Yi Jianong *)

Ding (Ziying); Jing Ziding (Ziying)

4. Qingyun Estuary

How about Yu Ding (Yu Ying)? One Shadow (Yu Ying)

3. Open your mouth with rhyme.

What is the charm? Mingbing (Wu Yong) Xuansan

Eye-catching (Ziying *) Qingyun (Juyong) Ganyun

4. Diameter and rhythm:

Propidine (prevention)? And decided (Jing Chu)

5. Tin rhyme opening:

Make up (must benefit)? Ding Di (Historical Records)

Qi Qi Ying (Seven Traces)

[6] Yun Xi estuary

The wall of the situation (allowing services); Only walls (only camp *)

Eight. Clear rhyme system

1. Clear cloud opening

Jing Juzhen (Ju Qing) Geng San; Jingjing Town (Juqing)

Jing Juzhen (Ju Qing)? Residual syndrome (statins) (family meridian *)

Youyucheng (Teding)

4. Qingyun Estuary

Male (ancient firefly); ? Cool shadow (ancient firefly)

3. Jing Yun opens his mouth

Sunda well (Tating)? Cheng Ju (Qujiang) Gengsan

3. Jin Yun opens his mouth

Ding Ling (Ding Ting) is in politics (bitter)

5. Rhyme the opening.

Auxiliary services (support); Separate red (general excitation)

Lishi (Lang Strike)

6.Xi canal mouth

Hu Chi (ancient shovel)

Nine. Geng San yun system

1. More than three mouths.

Zhen Zhong Ping (Yu Ying) Qingyun Zhenjing (Yu Ying)

Jing (Yu Ying)? Zheng Jing (Yu Ying)

Ugly students (? Hey)? An ugly life (ugly virginity *)

Ming (? Zhen *) crazy about Beijing (? Zhen * *)

Shame on Jing (ugly chastity *) and destroy Jing (straight chastity)

Cheng Chi Jing (Zhizhen); Cheng (making trouble)

Chen Chenjing (Zhi Zhen); Linglaisheng (Langding) Qingyun

Quick (Lv Zhen)

3. Gengsanhekou

Huo Rong (Huo Ying *)

There are three openings on the valve stem.

Live in the scenery (ancient *) rhyme; Jing (Li Ying) Jingyun

3. Respect the three openings.

Investigate shame and respect (? Zhen) Qingyun; Shame calls for politics (empty politics) (fire *)

Zheng (Zhizheng) Jin Yun; Eliminate ambition (direct management)

5. Mo Sankou

Pi Pi Ji (Mi Fang) (Bi Ge) used to rhyme with Mai; Dizi Opera (Li Du) Yun Xi

The rhythm of the past; Qiu Ji's Past Life Charm (Bitter Mat * *)

X. rhyme system

1. Add rhyme

Ugly injury (ugly dishonesty); Touch? At the same time (Zhang Lian)

Clamp the canal? (great flood); First of all? (the title of Lian)

Injury and ugliness (loss of honesty and ugliness)? Start? (incorruptible)

Black and pick fish (in salted fish inspection)? Lingjian (Liyan)

Yanling concurrently (Liyan); Sickle force sum (force salt *)

Force and salt? Li Jian (Li Yan *)

Like what? (Ru Yan *) Beard and (Ru Yan)

Step 4 rhyme

Are you online? (Yu Yan); Black Mushroom (Yu Yan)

⒊? Rhyme in literary works

He (Lian *) Yan Yun

Step 4 rhyme

Ding Qiao (Ye Ye *) and Qiu Xie (blame Xie)

Is it Niro? Chrysanthemum butterfly (paper model)

Talent Association (sick leaf); A slap in the face

Ugly Association (Guai) Ruin Association (yeyu)

Force? (Good participation)

Xi。 Salt rhyme system

1. Salt rhyme

Ugly Lian (Ding Jian)? Gong Lian (Jia Jian)

Curtain call (Xu Jian); Xie Lilian (Le Jian)

4. Yan Yun

Dayan Daji (Tunian)

[14] Ye Yun.

Ye Qiu (Call Association); Fuqiushe (Ku Association)

I hunt ()? Fire correlation (call correlation)

It can be seen that in terms of names, Ji, Xian, Xiao, Qing and Tian have five independent four-level rhymes, which are related to sacrifice, Xian, Night, Qing and Geng respectively.

Third, the six third-order rhymes of salt are the same.

This phenomenon is not just "name".

We only need to look at the small notes in the rhyme of Wang Renshao's "Make up the mistakes and cut the rhyme" in the Tang Dynasty, and we will know the unity of the third and fourth grades.

Like, in the Six Dynasties is the general trend:

Jiyun and Sacrificial Rhyme: Li and Du are one, only from the land.

Xian Yun, Xian Yun: (Li), Yang, Xiahou, Du Tong, only from Lubei.

Xiao Yun, Xiao Yun: (Yang), Li, Xiahou and Tong, from Lu and Du Bie.

Qingyun, Qingyun: The intonation depends on Xiahou Bie, and the intonation depends on Lu Bie. (Lu) is the same as (Li).

Clear rhyme and Geng rhyme: the upper voice comes from Lu Bie and the lower voice comes from Lu Fa Yan Bie. Xiahou and Lu are the same.

Adding Rhyme and Salt Rhyme: From Lubei, Shandong and Xia Houdun.

Here, Lu, Xiahou, Yang, Li and Du refer to Yun Ji, Yun and Yang by Xiahou Yong.

There are five Rhyme Books, such as Rhyme by Hugh, Pu Yin and Rhyme by Du Taiqing, all of which are from the Six Dynasties.

When Yan Zhitui and others worked out the phonological outline of Qieyun, the main object of discussion was the product of Qieyun.

Other materials, such as the phonological and semantic books of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, are all three-in-one phenomena, so I won't go into details here because of the limited space.

In addition, the third-class rhyme mixed with the fourth-class rhyme, except Geng Sanqing's rhyme, is the "re-"rhyme part of Qieyun. And Geng Sanqing is at

The arrangement on the rhyme chart is also very meaningful:

A class of rhymes in Yunjing and Qiyinlu compare the three kinds of rhymes of sacrifice, fairy, night and salt with Ji.

The rhyme of fairy, Xiao and Tian is the same as the picture, and the four pictures are different, which shows the close relationship between them. Qingyun is an ordinary third-class soldier.

Rhyme, rhyme chart also ranks part of it in the fourth place (including lip sounds) and the third place, and the other part ranks third, just like Qingyun.

In fact, the picture regards Geng San and Qing as "different parts", which also reflects their relationship with Qingyun.

Gao Benhan (Sweden) also noticed the relationship between Qingyun and Geng San:

"Qing rhyme corresponds to fairy rhyme, which appears behind the initials of the tongue root, tongue surface and tip of the tongue, while Geng rhyme is like Yuan rhyme, only

Appears behind the initial consonants of the open-tongue root sound, the closed-tongue root sound and the lip sound, but not behind the tongue surface sound and the tongue tip sound, and is parallel.

This phenomenon is by no means accidental, but it must imply that these vowels have similar structures. "[ 1]

There are both Class A and Class B in Qieyun, where the third-order rhyme is mixed with the fourth-order rhyme, but Class A accounts for the vast majority.

At the same time, there are five pure four rhymes: Qi, Xian, Xiao, Qing and Tian. Judging from their rhyme endings, Yin rhyme (open rhyme, yuan rhyme)

Tail), Yangyun (in the middle of the tip of the tongue, behind the back of the tongue, nasal sounds on both lips), Confucian rhyme (in the middle of the tip of the tongue, behind the back of the tongue, nasal sounds on both lips are clear).

It is representative and complete, and it is also worth studying.

From the perspective of archaism:

Ji Yun and Ji Yun belong to Guyue Department and Quality Department.

Fairy rhyme and fairy rhyme belong to Yuan Department; Xie Yun and Xue Yun belong to the moon.

Xiaoyun and Xiaoyun belong to Xiaobu and Youbu respectively.

Qingyun, Qingyun and Geng Yun belong to the Ministry of Farming and Xiangyang; Xiyun, Xiyun and Mo Yun belong to Xiyun and Tudor.

Adding rhyme and salt rhyme belong to the invading department and the peace talks department; Yi Yun and Ye Yun belong to the Department of Seizure and the Department of Leaf.

Each group has the same source.

According to the traditional rhyme theory, the first and second levels are macro tones, and the third and fourth levels are fine tones. From the ancient Shaq.

Chinese phonetics puts forward that "there is no me in the first and second categories, and there is me in the third and fourth categories." One, two, three, four and so on. Processed (P475) "

[2] Later, Gao Benhan also thought: "It is absolutely right to wait for him in the fourth place." Fourth class and third class use the same set.

Chinese characters are reversed, so the true vowels are the same, and they all have I- intermediate sounds. [3] Later, Zhao Yuanren also said, "All three are true.

Isorhymes has a high or closed I at the beginning, and all quartets have a low or open I "[4]. And Ma Bole.

(H. Maspero) Chang 'an dialect in the Tang Dynasty holds that there are two kinds of medieval initials: palatalized initials and non-palatalized initials, and palatalized initials are ancient intermediaries.

The influence of vowels has changed, while non-palatalized consonants have no I-intermediate in ancient vowels, and the fourth kind of words have been non-palatalized consonants until modern times.

I- tenor is produced, and it is limited to the root of the tongue, so it is considered that there is no I- tenor in the fourth-order rhyme in Middle Ages. Lu Zhiwei in Gu Yin lue

He also said, "My opinion is that Qi Xian and other eighteen' four tones' have no alto in the ancient sound, but are in the rhyming department."

Unity does not represent a middle tone. "[5] It is based on the fact that the four-level word cutting is similar to the first and second-level word cutting. Then Li Rong, Shao Rongfen, Li Xinkui, etc.

Mr. Wang said this. It seems that the saying that "pure fourth-order rhyme has no alto" has gradually become an academic knowledge.

From the perspective of modern dialects, the pure four-tone rhyme has an intermediate sound in some dialects, but not in others. Transliterate Chinese from other countries

In phonology, there are some pure fourth-class words in Japan, Korea and Vietnam, but some are not. Can't do it.

It is the basis for identifying the existence of pure fourth-order rhyme intermediary sound.

The theory of pure four-tone rhyme without intermediate sound is based on the matching law of homophony and rhyme, and it is the classification trend of anti-tangent words.

As a basis, it is only an inference, and there is no reliable evidence.

However, the theory of inferring the existence of intermediate sounds by the classification of anti-tangent words is difficult to justify in the phonology of Qieyun.

Go ahead. For example, tongue sounds, dental sounds, first-class and second-class. According to the classification of the above words, introduce the second category and intermediate level.

Conclusion: It is contrary to lip sound, dental sound and laryngeal sound. Besides, in the third-class rhyme, there are both refined words and Zhuang language, which is also

This theory cannot be explained.

Zhou Fagao, in the article "The Third Rhyme in Ancient Sound and the Writing of Ancient Sound", based on the rhyme and harmony of the three or four systems in The Book of Songs,

Similar phenomena, such as: "If the existence of the (fourth-order rhyme) I intermediate sound is denied in the sound of Qieyun, but in Qieyun,

There is an I- intermediate sound after the rhyme, which is unreasonable in the explanation of sound change. "Although 1954 in" On Ancient Chinese "

Phoneme ",he once denied the original point of view, but after 1969, he returned to the first point of view, or

It is believed that the independent four-tone rhyme in the Middle Ages has an I- midrange.

In addition, "the surplus is warm and rhyme, and the fourth class is heavy and light"? (rhymes) (There are clouds), Yan (Yanyun), Myanmar (Xi 'an)

Third-class rhymes such as rhyme and second-class rhyme are all representative words of fourth-class, so it can be seen that the comparison of tenderness is based on rhyme.

Yes, not rhyming, etc. Just because the rhyme chart puts the exquisite third-class rhyme and double-buckle A rhyme in the fourth class does not mean that the third-class rhyme is different.

If it is not the same, Lu said that the third level of rushing cattle is set as an independent fourth-level rhyme or an independent third-level rhyme. It can be seen that there are three or four rhymes.

The difference between light and heavy is not reliable.

The fact that the independent four-tone rhyme and three-tone rhyme in Ming Dynasty are mixed with each other eloquently proves that since we all agree with three-tone rhyme,

Rhyme has an intermediate sound, so the fourth-order rhyme must have an intermediate sound, otherwise it cannot be merged.

The confluence of independent fourth-order rhyme and third-order rhyme in Ming dynasty broke the traditional phonological theory, and the first is the difference between third-order and fourth-order rhyme.

No longer exists, and the statement that the opening sizes of the third and fourth grades are different naturally becomes false. Secondly, it is based on equality.

Of course, the established theory of phonological coordination should also be "the skin does not exist, the hair is safe."

The confluence of the three-tone rhyme and the four-tone rhyme in the Ming Dynasty not only shows that their middle tones are the same, but also shows their rhyme belly, rhyme ending and sound.

All buttons must be the same, otherwise they cannot be unified. Can the pronunciation of "name" stand this test? Is it true?/You don't say.

Really broke the rhythm coordination law of rhyme cutting? What is the new law of phonological coordination? Readers can refer to this series of papers.

Relevant chapters of "On the Noun Phonology of Transferring to Vientiane".

1March, 999

note:

[1] (Sweden) Gao Benhan Pronunciation Outline of Middle and Upper Ancient Chinese P.62 Qilu Bookstore 1987

[2] Quoted from Gao Benhan's "Research on China Phonology", Page 45, The Commercial Press 1940.

[3] Gao Benhan's "China Phonology Research" on page 45.

[4] Middle Ages Differences 194 1

[5] Lu Zhiwei's Introduction to Ancient Phonetics (Lu Zhiwei's Linguistic Works (1)) P.5 Zhonghua Book Company 1985.

This article was originally published in the Proceedings of the 11th Symposium of China Phonology Research Association and the 6th International Symposium on Chinese Phonology.