About the speed of surveying and mapping papers for senior graduation design! ! !

School: gansu industry polytechnic college

Professional industry: engineering survey and supervision

Class level: Surveying and Mapping 0452

Last name: Zhao Feng.

June 2009 1 day

The Second Land Survey in Suqian City

The technical design book clearly States that

In order to implement the spirit of the State Council's "Notice on the Second National Land Survey" and the provincial government's "Notice on the Second Provincial Land Survey", further strengthen the construction of cadastral basic business, comprehensively improve the level of cadastral management, meet the needs of urban construction and land management, and better serve social and economic development, Suqian Land and Resources Bureau organized the second land survey project in Suqian in 2007, and established the urban land survey database and management information system. According to the deployment of the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Provincial Department of Land and Resources, fully considering the requirements of the rapid development of land resources for modern cadastral management and the needs of urban informatization construction, this technical design book is compiled in accordance with the Technical Specification for the Second National Land Survey and the Overall Work Plan for the Second Land Survey Project in Suqian City, and will be implemented in the urban land survey.

catalogue

I. Project Overview 1

1. 1 task source 1

1.2 survey area overview 1

1.3 Work content 2

Second, the existing data analysis 2

2. 1 control data2

2.2 Image data 2

2.3 Other information2

Three. Technical basis of operation 3

Four. Basic norms and requirements of surveying and mapping 3

4. 1 Plane coordinates and height system 3

4.2 Basic accuracy requirements of control survey 3

4.3 Topographic Surveying and Mapping Accuracy 4

4.4 Basic Requirements of Surveying and Mapping 4

Verb (abbreviation of verb) production technical scheme 5

5. 1 Software and Hardware Configuration 5

5.2 Production Flow Chart 6

Measurement of intransitive verb control 7

6. 1 primary GPS network survey 7

6.2 Secondary traverse survey 9

6.3 Root Control Survey 10

6.4 elevation survey 1 1

Seven, all field data collection 12

Eight. Topographic Map 13 Content Representation Requirements

8. 1 survey control point 13

8.2 Residential Area and Facilities 13

8.3 Industrial and mining buildings, structures and other facilities 15

8.4 Transportation and ancillary facilities 16

8.5 Pipelines and ancillary facilities 17

8.6 Water system and ancillary facilities 18

8.7 domain 19

8.8 Terrain and soil quality 19

8.9 Vegetation 19

8. 10 Various Notes 20

8. 1 1 paper finishing 23

8. 12 edge splicing 23

IX. Data Editing and Storage 23

9. 1 General requirements

9.2 Editing Principles 24

9.3 Editing Requirements 24

9.4 Data Warehouse 26

X. Quality control 27

XI。 Submission of information 29

I. Overview of the Project

Suqian is a new central city in the east bridgehead urban agglomeration of Eurasia Continental Bridge. Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, great progress has been made in industry, agriculture, commerce, tourism and other fields. The scale of the city is constantly expanding and its appearance is changing with each passing day. In order to meet the needs of Suqian's national economic construction and social development, it is necessary to provide the latest and detailed basic geographic information data to all walks of life, build the basic framework of Suqian's urban geospatial information, and promote the information construction of "Digital Suqian". Suqian Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources decided to implement the "Basic Surveying and Mapping" project in the urban area 1 10 km2.

1. 1 task source

Since Suqian was founded in 1996, the basic surveying and mapping work has not been fully carried out in the urban area. In order to promote the process of basic surveying and mapping in the whole city, Suqian Bureau of Land and Resources took the second land survey being carried out in the whole city as an opportunity to carry out the basic surveying and mapping of 1 10 km2 in Suqian city during the second land survey project. Among them, the city's basic control survey (Bid A) has been implemented ahead of schedule, and the control results have been submitted to Suqian Land and Resources Bureau, providing reliable basic control data for project implementation.

2, the project organization flow chart:

Six, control measurement

The basic investigation of the whole city has been completed in Bid A. The results of D and E grade GPS control points are provided by Suqian Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources. Based on the D-and E-class GPS control networks, the first-class GPS control network is arranged in encryption, and the second-class traverse network or the second-class GPS control network can be developed according to the special conditions of the project area.

A certain number of control points must be jointly measured in areas B, C and D to ensure the overall accuracy of the control network.

In general, the layout of mapping control network should follow the principles of from whole to part, from high to low, layered layout and step-by-step control.

6. 1 primary GPS network survey

1. Layout: The first-class GPS network is mainly laid along the main roads in the project area. For sections with narrow roads or trees, we should choose a location suitable for GPS observation to bury stones.

2. Point selection: It shall comply with the provisions of Article 5. 1.2 of GPS regulations. In order to facilitate data acquisition, the selected first-class GPS points should be as continuous as possible, and the points should be easy to save and use. In areas with special difficulties, it is necessary to ensure that there is a visible direction and the layout points should be evenly distributed. Generally, the distance between the first-class GPS points is 200 ~ 400 m, and the average side length is about 300m·m m. The first-class GPS points are named according to the bid section, and then numbered in sequence. Such as the first-class GPS point atNo. Bid B 1 is "I-B00 1", and the missing number shall be minimized.

3. Burying stones: where the first-level commander can bury stones, try to bury prefabricated marks. Signs can be embedded in points on paved roads and concrete structures. Precast markers are marked with steel bars with a diameter of 12mm and a length of about 20cm. The top of the marker pen is 2-3mm higher than the surface of the marker pen, and the top is engraved with "+". When the marker is buried, the surface of the column is slightly higher than the ground. Mosaic signs are cast iron signs, which are poured on site. The cutting range of pavement shall not be less than 10cm× 10cm, and the cutting depth shall not be less than 25cm. In order to facilitate the next process to find and use, the sign should be clearly marked with red paint, and the obvious position near the point should be marked with dots.

4. Data arrangement of buried stone points: All first-class GPS points are marked in the field according to regulations, and the position column should be filled in carefully, and the description of the point should be concise and clear, and the distance from the point to the obvious target should be written, and the distance from the center of the marker stone to other ground objects should be measured to avoid reading the wrong distance. When sketching, you should be consistent with the field direction. Fill in the sheet number of 1: 500 in the sheet column where the point is located. After burial, draw the point distribution map in time and draw the visibility direction of adjacent points.

5. Observation requirements: GPS observation adopts a GPS receiver that has passed the inspection of legal units, and the nominal accuracy of the instrument is required to be no less than 10 10 ppm, and the observation generally adopts a fast static positioning method.

Main technical requirements for operation:

Graded satellite

Geometric intensity factor of data acquisition interval for the total average number of repeated stations in altitude angle effective observation satellite.

a≥ 15≥5≥ 1.6≥ 15min 15s≤8

The length of the first-class GPS field observation period should be appropriately extended according to the distance between synchronous observation points and observation conditions. The antenna height of each station shall be measured twice. N- 1(N is the number of synchronous observation stations) independent baselines are taken for adjustment calculation in each period.

6. Adjustment calculation: the baseline vector of the first-level GPS observation is adjusted by the commercial software provided by the determined manufacturer. The GPS network consists of several closed polygons with independent observation edges, and the number of polygon edges should be ≤ 10. It is necessary to check the repeated edge, synchronous ring and asynchronous ring. The tolerance of the repeated edge is 2 σ(σ is the tolerance of the corresponding level specified in the regulations), and the relative closure differences of the coordinate component of the synchronous ring and the total length of the connecting line are 9.0ppm and 15.0ppm respectively. When the verification of synchronous ring and asynchronous ring exceeds the tolerance, part or all of the observation results should be re-verified. For the edges that need to be re-measured or re-measured, synchronous observation should be arranged together as far as possible. The coordinate component closure difference and full-length closure difference of each asynchronous ring should conform to the following formulas: Wx≤2 σ, Wy≤2 σ, WZ ≤ 2σ; Poor ring closure,

W≤, where n is the number of edges of an independent ring, and σ is the precision specified by the corresponding level (calculated by the average edge length).

Post processing of GPS observation data. First, make unconstrained adjustment to test the accuracy of GPS observation, analyze and check whether there is gross error, and then make constrained adjustment after confirming that there is no problem with the accuracy of GPS observation.

The purpose of unconstrained adjustment is to check whether there is gross error in GPS observation and to check the observation accuracy of GPS itself. The absolute value of the baseline vector correction number shall meet the following requirements: v δ x ≤ 3σ, v δ y ≤ 3σ, and v δ z ≤ 3σ. Constraint adjustment should deal with the mutual compatibility between ground constraint points and check with the attached route. Select the point with good compatibility as the constraint point for constraint adjustment, and the difference between the baseline constraint and the unconstrained one with the same name should satisfy: dδ x ≤ 2σ, dδ y ≤ 2σ, dδ z ≤ 2σ. Both unconstrained adjustment and constrained adjustment are calculated by GPS baseline post-processing software.

6.2 Secondary traverse survey

1. layout: when the density of primary GPS points cannot meet the needs of data acquisition, or the density of plane control points is insufficient due to field conditions, secondary traverse points should be added. Data arrangement of secondary traverse points, such as point selection, stone burying and point recording, should be carried out according to the requirements of primary GPS points. The secondary traverse observation adopts electromagnetic wave ranging traverse, and the secondary traverse measurement takes the plane control point above the primary GPS point as the starting point.

2. Observation: The observation of the secondary traverse network adopts the total station that has passed the inspection by the legal inspection unit.

Main technical requirements for secondary traverse survey:

Grade attached wire length (km) Average side length (m) Distance measurement error (mm) Angle measurement error (〃) Relative closure difference of wire length.

2.4 200 ≤ 15 ≤ 8 1/ 10000

The number of secondary wires shall be numbered first according to the bid section and then sequentially. If the point number is "II-B00 1" (secondary traverse pointNo. B1), there shall be no duplicate number in the project area.

Accuracy requirements for horizontal angle observation:

Error in slope angle measurement (〃) Return number (J2) Azimuth closure difference (〃)

Two 8 1 16

N in the table refers to the number of stations, and more than four observation directions should be zeroed, the zero difference of semi-test regression is not more than 8 ″, the mutual difference of 2C in one test regression is not more than 13 ″, and the mutual difference of each test regression in the same direction is not more than 9 ″.

Requirements for side length measurement:

Number of measurements per side of side length grade instrument grade

Two I and II one-way two-return.

A survey refers to aiming at the target once and reading it four times. The reading difference returned by the first test is: the first-class instrument does not exceed 5mm, the second-class instrument does not exceed 10mm, and the reading difference returned by the single test is: the first-class instrument does not exceed 7mm, and the second-class instrument does not exceed15 mm. Observe the meteorological data at one end, and measure once on each side, with the temperature reading of 0.5 degrees and the air pressure reading of15 mm.

3. Adjustment calculation: The software selected for adjustment calculation is the microcomputer adjustment system of engineering survey control network developed by Tsinghua Shanweixin Technology Development Company. Input results include initial data, direction observation value, side length, coordinates, direction correction number, etc. Accuracy evaluation includes unit weight median error, weakest point median error, weakest side length relative median error, azimuth closure error and conductor length relative closure error.

6.3 Figure Root Control Survey

Map root control survey is encrypted on the basis of primary GPS network and secondary traverse network, and the criterion is to meet the requirements of full analytical survey. Root control can be divided into two levels of encryption, mainly using traverse network or attached traverse.

1, the main technical requirements of the conductor:

Average length of slope traverse (km)

Side length (m), return times (J6), azimuth closure difference (〃), relative closure difference of total length of traverse, and coordinate closure difference (m)

Level 1 1.5 150 2

1/6000 0.22

Middle school 0.9 90 1

1/4000 0.22

The total length and average side length of the conductor are allowed to be relaxed by 65438 0.3 times, but the accuracy shall not be lower than the requirements in the above table.

When the total length is less than 1/3 of the allowable length, only the coordinate closure difference is required to be less than 13cm, and it is not necessary to check the relative closure difference of the total length.

The measured bolt distance must be checked with redundancy condition, and the error should be distributed.

When the side length of the attached conductor is less than 10m, it is allowed to check the azimuth closure difference, but it is not allowed to continue to develop. The number of sides of the attached conductor generally does not exceed 12.

2. Selection of control points at the root of the graph: it is required that the points are intervisibility, the points have a wide field of vision and the erected instruments are safe and reliable.

3. Marking of control points at the root of the map: cross chisel can be used for cement pavement, cement nails or spikes for asphalt pavement, wooden stakes for land surface, nails for marking center, etc. , must be clearly marked at the scene, easy to find and use.

4. Number of root control points: firstly, number them uniformly according to the bid section, and then number them sequentially. For example, the root control point of Bid B 1 is "T-B00 1".

5. Observation of control points at the root of the map: the root of the map adopts infrared ranging, and each side is observed for one measurement and three readings. The reading difference of the first measurement shall not exceed 10mm for the first-class instrument and 20mm for the second-class instrument. The instrument shall be corrected by adding constants, multiplying constants and meteorology. The survey of the root traverse shall be carried out with a tripod as far as possible.

6. If conditions permit, GPS measurement is allowed in the root control survey, and the observation mode of GPS measurement can be fast static positioning or RTK positioning.

1. Technical requirements for fast static positioning mode:

Graded satellite

Total number of effective observation satellites, average number of repeated stations, period length, data acquisition interval, closed loop, average number of edges, geometric figure intensity factor in altitude angle.

Graph root ≥15 ≥ 5 ≥1.6 ≥15min15s ≤10 ≤ 6.

2, RTK positioning mode measurement requirements:

Set a reference station for control points above the first-class GPS. Before the start of measurement and the end of observation at the station, the rover station should observe a known point as a check, and the overlapping point of 15% ~ 20% should be observed repeatedly between different stations. Each point should be measured twice under the condition of full cycle ambiguity reset, and the difference between points should be within 5 cm, and the median of the two observation values should be taken as the final result. Otherwise, both stations will be re-measured.

Before GPS-RTK observation, the circular bubble on the antenna mast of the mobile station should be calibrated, and the antenna should be vertical and stable during observation.

6.4 elevation survey

1, contour level: S3 and above, double-sided wood area format scale, one-way black and red reading. Contour leveling should be closed from four or more leveling points and laid into an attachment line or node network.

Graded route

length

(km) node

space

Sight distance (km)

visibility range

Unequal difference

visibility range

Cumulative difference

(m) black face and red face

Reading difference

(mm) Height difference between black and red surfaces

The difference between

(mm) closure difference

(mm)

Isometric drawing12810010504630

(Note: L is the length of the route, taking the whole kilometer as the value)

The length of leveling route between nodes and advanced points or between nodes in leveling network should not be greater than 0.7 times of the specified length of attached leveling route.

2.GPS elevation surface fitting method:

For the elevation obtained by interpolating the normal height of GPS by the curved surface fitting method, at least six leveling points above the fourth grade should be jointly measured in the survey area, and the points should be evenly distributed around and in the middle of the survey area as far as possible to avoid extrapolating the GPS fitting elevation.

3, the root elevation control:

Root elevation is measured by root leveling or root photoelectric ranging elevation traverse, or they can be mixed. Generally, the elevation traverse of photo-electric distance measurement at the root of the graph is measured at the same time with the number of sides not exceeding 12, starting from the control point of joint measurement of fourth-class leveling or contour leveling. The elevation closure difference of the elevation traverse at the root of the drawing is not more than 40 mm (d is the side length, in km).

Root leveling starts and ends at the control points of fourth-class leveling or contour leveling. The route length is not more than 8km, the route length between nodes is not more than 6km, the branch line length is not more than 4km, and the sight distance is not more than 150m. The instrument should be centered as far as possible, and the front and rear sight distances are roughly equal. The elevation closure difference is not more than 40 mm (L is the line length, in km). S3 level is adopted, and the single-side observation reading of wooden ruler reaches mm. ..

4. I-angle calibration:

The level to be inspected shall be calibrated at I angle for three consecutive days after the start of operation, and the I angle of the level shall be less than 20 ",and then calibrated once a week.

VII. Collection of all on-site data

1, the work plan and plan should be planned according to the original topographic map, actual topographic conditions and mutual position relationship. When collecting in the whole field, a station can be set up at the control point above the map root, and the coordinates of characteristic points and topographic points can be collected by polar coordinate method.

When collecting data in the field, the total station memory should be used, and the data should be collected at one time to avoid omission. The working sketch should be marked with the features collected by this station as far as possible, so as to facilitate indoor mapping and inspection.

2. The station can directly observe ground objects and topographic points, and the distance is within 150m, so the polar coordinate method is adopted for direct measurement.

3. When collecting detailed data, we should consider the correction of prism thickness, rod-shaped characteristic radius and other numerical values. For the detail points that can only be measured by individual deviation (occlusion) in operation, the deviation is corrected by using the function of total station.

The measured bolt distance must be checked with redundancy condition, and the error distribution should be carried out to prevent the ground object from being distorted.

4. Details are numbered according to the operation date. Generally, the ground object code takes the capital of the first letter of the Chinese phonetic alphabet of the ground object, and the naming format is "@ * *", "@" is the ground object code, and "* * *" is the ground object dot.

5. In the hidden area, you can measure the distance with hand-held rangefinder and tape measure. According to the geometric relationship of the site, the undetermined position can be determined by methods such as right-angle broken line, distance intersection, direction intersection, point on the direction line, vertical foot point, rectangular two points and rectangular fourth point.

6. After the field work is finished every day, the collected breakpoint data are transmitted to the microcomputer, and after the necessary data processing, the ground elements are connected to form a topographic map and topological relationship.

7. With the support of special digital mapping software, draw buildings, structures and terrain elements by using field record sketches. Draw corresponding symbols for all kinds of ground objects and landforms according to the provisions of the schema, and mark all kinds of characters and numbers to the corresponding positions according to the specified specifications.

8. According to the data collected in the field, according to the corresponding codes of topography and ground features, the data is processed in the computer, the survey information is established, and the generated topographic map is edited. Use a plotter to draw a process diagram, and compare and inspect it at the site. If problems are found, handle them in time. After passing the inspection, use a plotter to draw a standard frame diagram.

Eight, topographic map content representation requirements

8. 1 survey control point

1, C, D and E-class GPS points (including control points for joint survey of grade GPS), first-class GPS points in the survey area and first-class and second-class traverse points shall be plotted on the map according to point coordinates to ensure the position accuracy of control points and surrounding related features. The first-level GPS point is represented by symbol 3. 1.5 in the Schema.

2. The stations added with map root points and mapping do not enter the graphics system, but must provide the results table and electronic files.

3. According to the records of leveling points, measure the horizontal distance between leveling points and three obvious feature points (according to the accuracy of slope), and accurately mark the slope leveling points on the editing diagram.

4. The elevation of the control points measured by the leveling points above Class IV and jointly measured by Class IV or above shall be 0.00 1 m, and the elevation measured by GPS static geoid, contour leveling fitting and photoelectric elevation traverse shall be 0.01m. ..

8.2 Residential areas and facilities

1. Residential area is the main feature of topographic map. In order to accurately reflect the external outline and architectural features of the houses in the field, the houses are surveyed based on the external angle of the wall foundation (when the external angle of the wall foundation is less than 1m from the ground, the surveying and mapping is based on the room angle).

2. Generally, it does not show various decorative buildings and facilities on the house, such as water storage tanks and satellite receiving antennas installed by users.

3. The small flower beds, pools and small dishes in the courtyard of residential buildings do not mean.

4. The elevator room, stairwell and shed on the roof are not marked.

5. Houses on the first floor are not marked with grades on the drawings, but are uniformly marked outside the drawings: "Houses without grades in the drawings are all on the first floor". Brick houses are not marked in the picture, but are uniformly marked outside the picture: "Houses without building materials in the picture are all bricks".

6, general residential houses do not indicate the nature of building materials. Houses with reinforced concrete frame structure should be filled with "concrete", and the main part of commercial dormitory with mixed structure should be filled with larger houses in enterprises and institutions.

7. Buildings with roofs and no walls or only simple maintenance objects can be represented by shacks with the help of other buildings, and buildings without walls on three sides or only simple maintenance objects can be represented by shacks.

8. For the small shacks illegally built in the residential area, the height is much lower than the normal fence height.

9, army barracks can't enter the internal surveying and mapping, can be disguised.

10. For the building under construction which is undergoing foundation engineering construction within the specified surveying and mapping period, if it is not easy to distinguish the specific horizontal boundary line from the corner line of the external wall of the building at the site, the scope can be roughly delineated by the boundary line and marked with "×× construction site".

1 1. For courtyards that are difficult to distinguish on the map, the word "courtyard" should be added in the corresponding position, and courtyards smaller than 6mm2 on the map can be comprehensively represented as houses.

12, when the courtyard is capped with glass or other transparent materials, it is represented by ordinary houses.

13. Houses made of linoleum, asbestos tiles, plastic products and iron sheets are all represented by simple houses.

14, the garage or storeroom on the ground floor of the house with a storey height of more than 2.2m shall be included in the storey number. False floors with a height of less than 2.2m are not included in the number of floors.

15, colonnades, porches, eaves galleries, hanging galleries and passages under buildings are indicated by corresponding symbols in the drawings.

16. On the drawings, the barn with an area larger than 6mm2 in front of the house and behind the house in the residential area shall be marked with "Sacrifice". The public toilet is outlined by a fence, represented by a thin solid line as a closed polygon, and the word "toilet" is added. Simple toilets in rural residential areas can be directly represented by simple houses.

17. The balconies, inner balconies and balconies connected with the ground that are completely closed from the first floor are indicated by houses, and the balconies are indicated by dotted lines, and those with a length less than 5m are not indicated.

18. Irregular asbestos shingles, temporary buildings and decorative buildings on both sides of the street are not marked. Conventional parking sheds larger than 12mm2 in the figure are represented by shed symbols.

19. Houses are generally not comprehensive, and they need to be surveyed one by one. When adjacent houses and courtyards are difficult to divide, they should be divided according to the different shapes of houses and roofs, different heights of roofs and unequal heights of roofs, and shall not be merged into pieces.

20, all kinds of outdoor stairs, the step width is greater than 1.0m or the step is greater than level 3. Balcony, rain cover should be surveying and mapping, all units and large residential compound gate top should be surveying and mapping, residential compound gate top, pier mapping.