Daily Xiangshan Peninsula Property Telephone

Hong Kong, despite its reputation, is a fragrant harbor. There have been different opinions about the origin of this beautiful name. However, it is generally believed that the most reliable statement is that it was once a port for transporting and selling incense, hence the name Hong Kong. In the Ming Dynasty, Hong Kong, Dongguan, Bao 'an and Shenzhen in Guangdong were rich in Guanxiang, which was deeply loved by the people. Therefore, they were exported to Jiangsu and Zhejiang and enjoyed a good reputation throughout the country. At that time, incense merchants usually transported official incense boats to Guangzhou or Jiangsu and Zhejiang at Shipaiwan Port on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, so people called this port Hong Kong, which means a port for selling and transporting incense, and called the village next to the port Hong Kong Village. 184 1 year, after the British invaders landed in Stanley, south of Hong Kong Island, a local resident named Chen Qun led the way north. When passing through Hong Kong Village, the British army asked about the place name, and Chen Qun answered "Hong Kong" in the local dialect. The British recorded it with the local accent of Chen Qun and used it to address the whole island. 1842, treaty of nanking officially confirmed Hong Kong as the name of the whole island. After the signing of 1856 Sino-British Beijing Treaty and 1898 Special Provisions on Expanding the Border of Hong Kong, Hong Kong became the title of the whole region.

The Historical Evolution of Hong Kong

As early as ancient times, Hong Kong has been inhabited. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified the Central Plains, he sent troops to pacify the Lingnan area where the Vietnamese people lived, and incorporated it into the territory of the Qin Dynasty. He established Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun counties, and dispatched 500,000 businessmen and criminals from the Central Plains to guard and develop this area. Hong Kong has been under the jurisdiction of the central government of China since Qin Shihuang, and it didn't stop until Britain occupied Hong Kong. After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang pacified the world, because Lingnan was too far away and beyond his reach, he adopted a policy of appeasement towards Zhao Tuo and was named the King of South Vietnam. After Liu Bang's death, Zhao Tuo became independent again, and the imperial court repeatedly failed, so it had to send a reward again. This allowed Zhao Tuo to remove the name of the emperor and surrender to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty set up nine counties here, including Nanhai, Hepu and Jiaotoe. Hong Kong is under the jurisdiction of Boluo County, Nanhai County. Since then, it has continued to the Western Jin Dynasty.

In the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of Nanhai County was divided, and another Dongguan County was established, which governed six counties including Baoan, Xingning and Haifeng. The jurisdiction of Baoan County includes today's Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Dongguan, and the county seat is today's Shenzhen Nantou City.

Dongguan County was abolished in Sui Dynasty, and its jurisdiction was merged into Nanhai County and guangzhou fu. Baoan County was changed to Nanhai County, and Hong Kong was still managed by Baoan County.

In the second year from Tang Suzong to Germany, Baoan County was changed to Dongguan County, and Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of Dongguan County. In the first year of Wanli in Ming Shenzong, Liu Wen, the deputy envoy of Guangdong Sea Patrol, authorized the court to set up another county along the coast of Dongguan County, named Xin 'an County. Since then, Hong Kong has been under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County. In the 22nd year of Daoguang reign of Qing Dynasty (1842), the Opium War between China and Britain, the defeat of the Qing court, and the cession of Hong Kong Island to Britain. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), the New Territories were also forcibly leased by the British, and the whole territory of Hong Kong was under the British administration.

The history of humiliation

I. The Opium War

Britain has been coveting China for a long time. From 65438 to 0773, Britain started opium trade with China and became the largest opium dealer. British opium merchants continuously imported opium into China, which plunged China into a quagmire of disaster. A large amount of silver flowed out, which caused a serious financial crisis of the Qing government and even caused people's misery. Industry and commerce are generally depressed, and opium poisoning has been rampant in China. Wei Yuan, a patriot at that time, said angrily in the book Atlas of the Ocean; "The cigar smoke is a disaster that China has never seen in 3,000 years."

The opium smoke from Britain plundering China is rolling in, which directly threatens the survival of the Chinese nation. At this time, the "anti-smoking faction" represented by Lin Zexu, a famous patriot and national hero in China's modern history, waved the sword of China, fought resolutely with the British invaders and led the anti-smoking movement that shocked the world. 1In March of 839, Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou as an imperial envoy to inspect opium. 1On June 3rd, 839, Lin Zexu came to Humentan near Guangzhou and ordered all the opium seized to be destroyed in public. The destruction of opium in Humen showed the world the strong will of China people to ban smoking and resist foreign invaders.

Lin Zexu's feat of destroying opium in Humen has won the support of all those who uphold justice in the world. For example, in his book On the Crime of Opium Trade in China, an Englishman accused British businessmen of "opium trade has brought great insult to the British flag", but British opium traders and industrial capitalists were unwilling to fail and stepped up their activities to urge the British government to launch a war of aggression against China. In June, 48 ships with 540 cannons and 4,000 soldiers arrived in Guangdong waters and blocked the Pearl River Estuary. As a result, the Opium War, which had been planned by the British bourgeoisie for a long time and aimed at opening the door to China and seeking the best interests of Britain in China, finally broke out. On July 6, Dinghai, the main city of Zhoushan Islands, was conquered. In the north, Daoguang sent Qishan, a timid and incompetent bureaucrat, to Guangzhou to make peace with the British army, and at the same time made Lin Zexu responsible for investigating the confusion and incompetence of the Qing government, which encouraged the invaders. 1841110 In October, British troops occupied Hong Kong Island by force, captured Humen in February and invaded Guangzhou in May. From 65438 to 0842, Britain further expanded its war of aggression against China and successively captured Xiamen, Dinghai, Ningbo, Wusong and Zhenjiang. On August 29th of the same year, the Qing government and Britain signed the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history.

Second, the cession of Hong Kong.

According to treaty of nanking, Britain occupied our territory, Hong Kong Island. The British occupation of Hong Kong Island destroyed the territorial integrity of China. Britain's aim is to control China militarily and economically. 1860, 10, British and French troops invaded Beijing and razed the garden to the ground. The Qing government was forced to accept all the demands of the invaders and signed the Beijing Treaty on June 24, 65438/KLOC-0. In this way, Britain occupied the land south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula today and Stonecutters Island, the big island in the west of Kowloon Peninsula. This further consolidated and strengthened Hongkong, the base for invading China.

1842 On August 29th, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking on a British warship.

After Britain occupied the southern part of Kowloon Peninsula, it soon attempted to occupy the whole Kowloon Peninsula and its adjacent islands and waters. 1On June 9th, 898, the Prime Minister of the Qing government and Britain signed the Special Article on Expanding the Border of Hong Kong in Beijing. According to this agreement, the Qing government leased the land south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula for 99 years. This land leased to Britain was later called Hong Kong New Territories. Therefore, the British conquered the territory of China and Hongkong through bayonets and foreign guns.

Three. British colonial rule in Hong Kong

The establishment of British government in Hong Kong is an important part of British colonial rule in Hong Kong. 1On June 26th, 843, Britain used the exchange of notes in treaty of nanking to declare Hong Kong a British "crown colony" and appointed Pu Dingcha as the first governor of Hong Kong. The British Hong Kong government was established. 1898, the Qing government leased the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain for 99 years.

The Governor, also known as the Governor, is the person who assumes the responsibility of the highest head in the British Hong Kong government. According to the Letters Patent, the fundamental law of British colonial rule over Hong Kong, the emperor is the supreme ruler of Hong Kong, and the governor is the emperor's plenipotentiary. There are four systems under the Governor, which constitute the British rule in Hong Kong: (1) the Advisory Executive Council and the Legislative Council, (2) the executive body headed by the Chief Secretary, (3) the judicial body headed by the Chief Justice, and (4) the British troops stationed in Hong Kong under the command of the British Ministry of Defence. In addition, an independent Anti-Corruption Commission (ICAC) was established. The Executive Council and the Legislative Council are two important institutions to assist the Governor in exercising his functions and powers. The principal officials of the British Hong Kong Government also include the Chief Secretary, the Financial Secretary and the Department of Justice. British troops stationed in Hong Kong are an important force for Britain to maintain its colonial rule over Hong Kong. Since Britain occupied Hong Kong through self-improvement, it has maintained a relatively stable number of troops in Hong Kong, about 1 10,000, including three services. The legal and judicial system originated from Britain is an important means for Britain to govern Hong Kong. Britain not only colonized Hong Kong politically, but also ensured the privileged position of the British-funded consortium in Hong Kong economically. British consortium refers to the British capital consortium based in Hong Kong, mainly including HSBC consortium, Swire consortium and Jardine Matheson consortium. Most British-funded consortia started their businesses earlier and have been involved in the Hong Kong economy for a long time. They have a close relationship with the British Hong Kong government and have a great influence on the policies of the British Hong Kong government. Relying on the support of the Hong Kong government, they control the economic lifeline of Hong Kong. For example, HSBC and Standard Chartered Bank owned by the British have the privilege of issuing Hong Kong dollars; Cable & Wireless, through its subsidiaries, Cable & Wireless Hong Kong and Hong Kong Telephone Company, monopolized the external communication, telephone and telecommunications services in Hong Kong. British real estate companies own a lot of real estate in Hong Kong. As Hong Kong people say, "The Jockey Club, Jardine Matheson, HSBC and Government House actually rule Hong Kong." British colonial rule made the whole Hong Kong society full of colonialism.

Macao was called "Grand View Macao" in ancient times. According to cultural relics research, as early as 6,000 years ago in prehistoric times, Chinese mainland residents had moved to Macau. By the Qin Dynasty (22 BC1-206 BC), China was unified, and Macau was formally incorporated into the territory of Panyu County, Nanhai County. About16th century ago, local fishermen built the "Tian Fei Temple" for the safe return of Poseidon and Tian Fei from the sea. Locals call it "Marco Temple", and the transliteration of the Portuguese word "Macao" comes from "Marco Temple".

/kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, the Portuguese armed fleet broke into Macau and its adjacent waters and triggered the "Battle of Tuen Mun", but was repelled by the defenders of China. 1535 (Ming Jiajing 14), the Ming government moved the Municipal Participating State Company (the trade management authority) to Macao, allowing foreign merchant ships such as Portugal to trade in the waters near Macao. 1553, Wang Bai, deputy envoy of Ming Hai Dao, accepted a bribe of 500 taels from a Portuguese businessman, and approved the Portuguese request to go ashore on the grounds of drying flooded goods. Since then, Portuguese people have lived in Macao, and corrupt officials have taken bribes 19 years. 1572, when Portuguese businessmen paid bribes, because other officials of the Ming Dynasty were present, corrupt officials lied about paying rent and demanded an increase of 65,440 taels. The Portuguese built cities and walls in inhabited villages in Macao, expanded their living areas, and implemented Portuguese-style political and legal systems in the leased land. At the same time, the Ming and Qing governments exercised sovereignty in Macao in various forms, effectively managed the Portuguese and collected taxes, which lasted for nearly 300 years.

1840 after the opium war, Portugal took advantage of the defeat of the Qing government to make territorial claims to the Qing dynasty, but failed to do so, so it launched an armed attack. 1849, the Portuguese army attacked the Macao customs station, destroyed the yamen in Xiangshan County, expelled the officers and men of the Qing army, refused to pay the land rent and occupied the Macao Peninsula. 185 1 occupied kouzi island, and 1864 gradually occupied the whole of macau.

1887, Portugal and the Qing government of China signed the unequal Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Trade, forcing the Qing government to allow Portugal to "permanently administer Macao". However, after many talks, no agreement has been reached on the demarcation issues involved in the treaty. 1928, when the Sino-Portuguese treaty of friendship and trade expired for the fourth time, the Kuomintang government of China sent a note to the Portuguese government, announcing the suspension of the treaty and signing a new Sino-Portuguese treaty of friendship and trade. The new treaty does not mention the Macao issue, and the status quo of Portugal's occupation of Macao has not changed.

1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the government of China announced that it would not recognize all the unequal treaties imposed by imperialism on the people of China. 1955, Portugal promulgated the Organic Law of Macao's Overseas Provinces, and regarded Macao as its "overseas colony" without authorization. The representative of China sent a letter to the UN Decolonization Committee, indicating the principled position of the China government on the issues of Hongkong and Macau. 1972165438+10 In October, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution with an absolute advantage of 99 votes to 5 votes, removing Hong Kong and Macao from the list of world colonies. 1974, an anti-fascist coup took place in Portugal, and Macao was recognized as the territory of China. 1976 renounced all overseas colonies and recognized Macao as the territory of China. 1979 promulgated the Constitution of Macao, stipulating that Macao is a special administrative region under the administration of Portugal and enjoys administrative, economic, financial and legislative autonomy. 1February 8, 979, China and Portugal reached an understanding when they established diplomatic relations, confirming that Macao is the territory of China and is currently under the jurisdiction of Portugal; It will be settled through friendly negotiation in due course.

1984 After the settlement of the Hong Kong issue, the Macao issue was put on the agenda. From June 65438 to June 1986, China and Portugal started negotiations on the Macao issue, and held four rounds of negotiations in March 1987.

1987 On April 13, the official signing ceremony of the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. The two prime ministers signed a joint statement on behalf of their respective governments, and Deng Xiaoping personally attended the signing ceremony. After the signing of the Joint Declaration, the parliaments of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), China and Portugal approved it in June of that year and June of 10 respectively.

China insists on resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Macao at the end of this century, and denies that Portugal hopes to return Macao to China in the next century, that is,19965438+February 3 1. Under the influence of China's firm stance, the Portuguese Supreme State Council studied and accepted China's suggestion that 65438+February 20th is the exact date for Macao's sovereignty to return to China. And written into the Sino-Portuguese joint statement.