What pastoral poems are there?

The landscape poetry school in Tang Dynasty mainly took landscape scenery as the aesthetic object and creative theme, in fact, it put the poet's lonely soul in the landscape. There are many poems of this school of poets, and you will find that the lonely figure of the poet seems to be everywhere in the description of landscape images. The most prominent is Liu Changqing's works, which often appear as a figure who comes from the past and lives alone. Sometimes it is not the poet himself, but the image of others, but if you read it carefully, you will find that it is just the projection of the poet's heart. For example, "The Blesser": "From the temple, in the depths of its tender bamboo, came the deep voice of the late bell. Holly, with the sunset, falls farther and farther under the green hills. " This seems to be about a clever Zen master, but it is actually an external reflection of the poet's lonely feelings. Another example is "Moon in the River": "Clouds gather in the sky, and the moon looks at Qiu Jiang. Like a person on the beach, wading alone in the middle of the month. In a clear and hazy moonlight, in the Qiu Jiang, "people on the sand" quietly crossed the river alone. The poet's preference for such images is determined by the lonely mentality of the creative subject. In evergreen poems, even literally, poems like "loneliness" and "independence" can be seen everywhere. For example, "Wandering alone in the wind, the water is boundless", "Wandering alone in the white clouds, swimming alone in the green hills", "Where the sail goes, the horse comes late alone", "Where the river and the sea find a lonely boat without a trace", "People talk empty mountains, and the ape sounds alone." When Fang was a guest in Wan Li, he returned to his hometown alone. "In fact, there is no way to give more examples, it is everywhere. The poet's loneliness is clear at a glance. Not only Liu Changqing, but also poets of this school expressed their loneliness in their landscape descriptions. Meng Haoran's "Jiangnan is a beautiful thing": "The pole hangs down the north river, the firewood sings into the south porch, and the book takes the secluded things, which will be discussed by the people who make peace." "Besides the night, I am pregnant": "Through the pale snowflakes in the jagged night mountain, a lonely stranger." Wang Wei's Answer to Zhang Wudi: "There is a small house in the south, facing south in front. It often stays out all year round and does nothing all day. "Sitting alone in autumn night:" Sitting alone on your sad temples, you want to be more empty. Zhulou: I am leaning alone in the dense bamboo, playing the piano and humming a song. My voice is very low, and no one can hear me except my partner Mingyue. Wei wrote a letter to Cui Zhushu in a lonely night in a temple: "You are sleepy, and the leaves fall one after another. Cold rain is darker and deeper, and fireflies are higher. Sitting and letting the blue light shine also hurts the summer dress. It's better to know the age of the party, leaving this group will be even more bleak. "Chanpu Temple Pavilion": "The sunset glow shines on the high pavilion, and the green hills are far away. As soon as a mysterious person looks up, he is very handsome. " Wei's masterpiece "Xixi Chuzhou": "Pity the grass stream, and there are orioles singing in the trees. Spring tide brings rain late, and there is no boat crossing in the wild. "What seems to be written is" excellent grass ",but it is actually" you are alone, hurting yourself. "Liu Zongyuan's" Zen Hall ":"The land is green, the clouds are light and the wind is light, and the mountains and flowers fall to secluded households. There are people who forget their planes and take part in taking things. There is no need to analyze them. Everything is born, silent. The mood is the same, birds fly without a trace. "He not only wrote about his lonely situation after being demoted, but also described the influence of Zen on this state of mind. Artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's poems

It is no accident that so many poems express loneliness, which has almost become the same mentality of this school of poets. Looking back, we can realize that they wrote more poems about mountains and rivers, not to describe the appearance of mountains and rivers, but to express their loneliness in a landscape. They play up the tranquility of mountains and rivers, stay away from the noise of the world, just to entrust a quiet poetic soul! Closely related to this is the * * * characteristics and quiet atmosphere in the creation of landscape poets in the Tang Dynasty. Poets invariably set off the quietness of mountains and rivers when writing landscape images, and no one wrote its noise. In fact, writing landscapes is precisely to write this kind of abandoned silence to the world. At the same time, writing wind, underwater sound, insect sound, forest sound ... just makes it quieter. Wang Wei's Ji Xiang Temple, which passes through the ancient trees, is deserted, but now I hear the bells on the heights. The stream sings on the winding rocks, and the sun is tempered by pines. "The sound of spring is quieter in the ancient temples in the mountains. In Sitting Alone in Autumn Night: "In the rain, the fruit falls and the grass insects sing under the lamp." "Tan Xing Ren Shang Shan Yuan Trainee Temple Queen": "The wild flowers are blooming well, and the birds in the valley are quiet. "The sound of fruit falling, insects singing and birds singing in these poems is precisely to set off the extreme silence of the mountains. Poets are lonely. It seems that he is the only one in the world. He listens to the rhythm of nature. Meng Haoran, Chang Jian, Liu Changqing and others all wrote landscapes in a very quiet atmosphere. For example, Meng Shi's poem "Master Zhan Xun in Xiangshan" says: "The pine spring is full of sound, the moss wall is old, the bell is heard, and the fragrance is known. "Now the moon and the chill of the night pass through the pine trees, and my ears feel the sound of wind and water." I'm sure I can't be a teacher in a host family. "Almost all the woodcutters have gone home, and the birds are perched in the silent fog. Chang Jian's "Cloud Gate at the Back of Baihu Temple": "It's quiet in Zhouzhu, and you can enjoy flowers. Climb the ridge after entering the stream, and the grass is shallow and cold. The full moon is bright and the peak is bright, and the green hills are lonely. Song Yinchu is sunny at night, and Li Mingyuan. " Liu Changqing's "Qiu Deng's martial arts is too high to go to the temple": "There are few people in the wild temple. From the lake, there are clouds in the mountains. The setting sun clings to the old defense, and the stone gongs tremble in the empty forest. " Go to Nanxi and meet the Taoist Chang: "Take the path, there are footprints on the moss. After a while, the clouds are low on the quiet lake, and the grass is sweet with an idle door. " And the list goes on. Quiet atmosphere is a prominent feature of landscape poets. What does this have to do with Zen? Yes The Zen of Zen has changed the practice mode of Zen to a great extent, which is manifested in opposing and abandoning meditation, but one thing comes down in one continuous line, that is, the cultivation of mind-only the cultivation mode is different. Zen is no longer limited to the form of sitting still and observing the environment attentively, and further gets rid of the dependence of the heart on things and regards the heart as omnipotent. Zen is a hermit after all. Although it can be integrated into the secular world, it needs to gain a sense of freedom. "To learn from Zen, there must be a heart everywhere." (Huanglian Wanling Record) It is actually an "ostrich policy" not to abandon the law (Tanjing) and turn a blind eye to everything. Zen is also a reflection on one's inner world, unwilling to give up in the changing situation of the external world, and taking one's heart as an independent and self-sufficient world. This reflection and recognition of the inner world will inevitably bring about the uniqueness of experience. Meditators are lonely at heart. The recluse feelings of landscape poets in Tang Dynasty are closely related to the great social changes before and after the "An Shi Rebellion". The Tang Dynasty fell into a deep canyon from the peak of its heyday. The poets who experienced this chaos personally, their enthusiasm was condensed, their mentality was left out, and they turned from outward projection to subjective introspection. Social reasons are the main ones. However, when the poets approached Zen, they hit it off with the reflection of Zen, so when describing the lonely situation, they involved many details of Zen, such as Liu Zongyuan's meditation hall, reading scriptures with Zhao in the Zen temple in the morning, Wang Wei's, crossing the temple, my retreat in Zhongnanshan and so on, all of which are obvious examples. Although the Zen family has repeatedly claimed that "walking, living, sitting and lying are nothing more than Tao", in fact, it is mainly to build temples in quiet mountains and forests, and "realize" Zen machines in endless sunrise and sunset. Zen monks are happy to deal with nature, and scholars who devote themselves to Zen are also happy to live in the mountains, at least temporarily gaining a peace of mind. It is no accident that Wang Meng's poets wrote the mountains so empty, which is directly related to their study of Zen. In fact, the quiet atmosphere in the landscape is not an objective description, but mainly a state of mind construction. "The mind gives birth to all laws, and the mind gives birth to all laws" (Tanjing) Zen takes the heart as the noumenon of all things, and the so-called "quietness" is just a kind of peace of mind. Mahayana Buddhism regards "peace of mind" as "static soil", and "Bodhisattva wants pure land, so it is necessary to purify the heart. With its state of mind, the Buddha's land is pure "(Vimalakīrti Sutra and Buddhist Products), and the reason for changing" net "into" static "is exactly the same. "Building a house should be people-oriented, without horses and chariots. What can you do? The heart is far from being biased. " Tao Gong's drinking shows that this idea is the most appropriate. He knows there is no trace of Mahayana in it? Zen Buddhism has a deep relationship with the landscape poetry school in Tang Dynasty, and it is difficult to explain them one by one. The artistic spirit of landscape poetry school is by no means an end, and the influence of Zen is only one aspect. However, from this perspective, it will complement the in-depth understanding of landscape poems in Tang Dynasty.

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"The mountains and rivers are full of splendor, which can entertain people" (Xie Lingyun's Graceful Building on the Cliff Returning to the Lake). In fact, there is a causal relationship between "the knower enjoys water and the benevolent enjoys Leshan", that is, "the person who enjoys water is wise and Leshan enjoys longevity", which seems to fully show the function of landscape in nourishing emotions. In addition, being close to mountains and rivers can enrich knowledge, cultivate and improve aesthetic taste and the ability to shape mountains and rivers. Generally, great poets and artists in ancient and modern times have the experience of "reading thousands of books and walking on Wan Li Road". "Reading thousands of books" can just make up for the deficiency of "taking Wan Li Road". Due to various conditions, it is impossible for people to see all the scenic spots all over the country, so they can take the Poems of Landscape as a "lying tour" and talk on paper. The knowledge and impressions gained indirectly are naturally separated from what you have experienced and seen with your own eyes, but the gains are often faster and more concise. Selected poems of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran

1. Most excellent landscape poems have the characteristics of "painting in poetry and poetry in painting". The so-called "painting in poetry" is to use a brush to dye the profound and implicit meaning of the mountains and waters, so that readers can get a direct aesthetic feeling. For example, Meng Haoran's "Autumn Mountain sends Zhang Wu" vividly expresses the feeling of climbing in January: "On a north peak among white clouds, you have found your hiding place. Now, when I climb this mountain to see you, my heart flies high with the geese. ..... There are trees like a row of grass on the horizon and islands like the moon by the river. " Among them, there is the figure of the poet himself climbing the mountain, the pleasant feeling of Zhang Wu, an imaginary hermit in Beishan, and the wide field of vision and various scenery flashing in it. Its outstanding feature is to express it with a word "far" and set off far-reaching significance with a long-term vision. "Far meaning" is not explicitly stated, but embodied in the description of "geese flying high in my heart". There is not much pen and ink to outline the vision, but it is very layered, showing a harmonious rhythm and ethereal, quiet and vast beauty, just like "a tree on the horizon is like a row of grass, and an island on the riverside is like a bright moon". It is fresh and distant, and it is in harmony with the quiet and lofty interests of hermits (including poets themselves), almost reaching the perfect state of natural berthing. 2. A good landscape poem always contains the author's profound life experience, not just a vague mountain. For example, "But when you walk up a flight of stairs, you broaden your horizons by 300 miles." (Wang Zhihuan's In the Lodge of the Heron) Poetry with logic has dual functions of enlightenment and aesthetics, and its realistic attitude and enterprising spirit are undoubtedly a powerful spur and encouragement to readers. Another example is "the quieter the cicada forest, the quieter the Tonamiyama." (Wang Ji's Entering Ruoyexi) not only vividly reproduces the unique quiet atmosphere of the mountain forest, but also reveals the contradictory relationship of unity of opposites, which obviously has the function of enlightening wisdom and expanding the soul. There are many other examples: "This river transcends heaven and earth, and the colors of the mountains there are yes andno." (Wang Wei's "Over the Hanshui River") is an example of simplifying the complex and turning the difficult into the easy. Far water is invisible to the eyes, but it can be expressed so magnificently. The mountains shrouded in rain are indistinguishable. The poet used the word "nothing happened" to express it, which was extremely accurate and showed extraordinary skill in observation, experience and expression. "3. The artistic style of landscape poetry is the most prominent. The poet writes with a calm heart that the landscape is clear and bright, the artistic conception is remote, and the ci style is leisurely and light. The previous generation of poetic theorists were talking about the far-reaching style of this school of poets. Hu Zhenheng quoted "A Long History of Zhenze" as saying: "It's really ink painting to write mountains and forests in the voice of pure ancient seclusion, such as poems of Wangchuan. "Nothing more than saying that it is' light'. Hu Yinglin compared Wang Meng with Gao Cen: "Wang Meng is carefree, while Gao Cen is solemn and stirring." ("Poetry") Hu Zhenheng also quoted Xu's comment on Meng Haoran's language: "Xiangyang has a clear weather and a lonely heart, so its words are scattered and easy to read, and its true colors are reflected in it. Although seaweed is not as good as Li Hanlin and the program is not as good as Wang Youcheng, it is leisurely and unique. " (Tang Yin Gui Qian) "Pale but far away" is the same style feature of this school of poets.