Introduce the gardens in China.

China's garden art has a history of more than 3000 years since it appeared in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. It is one of the countries with the earliest origin of garden art in the world, and occupies an extremely important position in the history of world garden art with its superb artistic level and unique national style.

At all stages of world historical and cultural exchanges, China's "wonderful and natural" natural landscape garden theory and creative practice have had a great impact not only on Japanese, Korean and other Asian countries, but also on some European countries' garden art creation. Therefore, China gardens are regarded as one of the origins in the history of world gardening.

Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, China's gardening techniques have been introduced to Japan, Korea and other countries. A monograph on gardening theory published in the late Ming Dynasty, Yuanye, flowed into Japan, and the title of the manuscript was Seize the Heaven. Until now, the names of many garden buildings in Japan are still in classical Chinese. Especially in the13rd century, Italian traveler Kyle Poirot called the gardens of Hangzhou West Lake "the most beautiful and luxurious city in the world", which made the garden art of Hangzhou famous overseas. Today, it is a tourist attraction that tourists all over the world yearn for.

/kloc-In the 8th century, the natural landscape gardens in China were introduced to Britain by the famous British gardener William Compaq, which caused a "natural fever" in Britain at that time. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the New Notes on the Current Situation in China written by the English missionary Li Ming also introduced the garden art of China. Later, Chambers, an Englishman, went to Guangzhou and saw the garden art in China. After returning to England, he wrote On Oriental Gardens.

Due to people's gradual understanding of China's garden art, British gardeners began to feel monotonous about the principles of regular garden layout. As a result, the design techniques of oriental garden art have also developed. For example, the Botanical Garden built on the outskirts of London in 1730, which is today's Royal Botanical Garden, not only imitated the natural layout of China gardens, but also adopted a large number of Chinese-style pagodas and bridges and other garden architectural art forms.

Not only does the word "Huaying Garden" appear in France, but there are about 20 Chinese landscape gardens in Paris alone. Since then, China's garden art has spread widely in Europe.

China natural landscape garden art is an excellent architectural cultural tradition unique to our nation, and has accumulated rich gardening theory and creative practical experience in the long-term historical development.

In order to inherit and carry forward the achievements of Chinese classical garden art, especially with the improvement of people's material and cultural living standards, urban and rural construction is bound to fully reflect the material and spiritual needs of working people. In order to provide people with beautiful places for rest, leisure and cultural entertainment, it is necessary to carry out garden construction.

With the development of tourism, the development and construction of landscape architecture will flourish, and the development of natural landscape resources will also accelerate. How to learn from China's classical garden art? It is necessary to extract its essence electricity from the bus to serve our new garden construction today.

When did the history of classical garden architecture in China begin? So far, there is no clear conclusion. However, from the analysis of the use nature of garden buildings, gardens are mainly built for recreation, cultural entertainment and daily life, and users must have certain material wealth and labor force to build gardens for their recreation and enjoyment.

When the productive capacity of human beings is very low, and the ability to transform and conquer nature is very weak, that is, primitive society can only rely on the strength of groups to obtain means of subsistence, gardening activities can not be discussed. "Book of Rites Notes": "In the past, the king had no palace, lived in the camp cave in winter and lived in the trough nest in summer. Do not cremate, eat the real plants, the meat of birds and animals, and drink their blood, such as their hair; No hemp, clothes and feathers. "

Even in the prosperous period of Neolithic Age, there were typical villages, such as banpo village in Xi 'an, where hoeing agriculture and animal husbandry appeared. Painted pottery with exquisite shapes and patterns is hand-made, and some pottery is engraved with symbols similar to words. However, the labor productivity during this period was still very low, and only a very small amount of superfluous things could be provided.

Only when the society changed from primitive society to slave society, due to the growth of production and the expansion of exchange, the wealth of slave owners continued to increase, and their thoughts and interests also changed. At this time, both the surplus living materials of the slave economic base and the labor force driven by it can be used by the slave owners, providing conditions for them to live a luxurious and enjoyable life. For example, in the Xia Dynasty, the first slave country in ancient China, agriculture and handicrafts developed considerably. At that time, there were bronzes, hammers, chisels, knives, cones, knives and other tools, which provided technical conditions for construction activities. Therefore, palace architecture appeared in the Xia Dynasty.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty is a great achievement of Shang culture, and its character structure is mainly pictographic, with about 2,000 known characters. The Shang dynasty had legislation, considerable astronomical knowledge and developed carving art. From the development of economy, technology, culture and art in the Shang dynasty, the foundation of gardening activities has been established. The appearance of the words "garden", "nursery" and "cave" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions has also caused a discussion about whether the architectural activities and initial forms of gardens began in Shang or Zhou dynasties, and whether the initial forms were gardens, nurseries or caves.

From the relevant records, such as "Zhou Li": "The melons and fruits in the garden should be harvested when they are harvested"; Shuowen: "Hey, raise animals"; It is recorded in Biography of Li Zhou Di that the main function of traps is to drive away all kinds of animals for hunting and entertainment. Among the three forms of garden, nursery and garden, gardens all have the contents of garden activities, especially from Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, which all have the "spirit" of Zhou Wenwang. According to Mencius, it is recorded that "the king of literature is within seventy miles", among which animals, animals, fish and birds are kept, which is not only a hunting place, but also a place for Zhou Wenwang to appreciate the beauty of nature and satisfy his aesthetic enjoyment. It can be said that it is a rudiment of China classical gardens.

In the feudal Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang completed the great cause of unifying China. After the establishment of unprecedented national reunification, more than 300 palaces and gardens have been built in succession, the most famous of which should be Epang Palace in the forest garden, with 70 detached palaces around 300 miles. You can imagine how big it is.

At that time, it was a tall building to build a pavilion on the top of Zhong Nanshan. Yamamoto is still the same, but the current moves. At that time, people had understood the truth, and the water in Fan Chuan was pumped into a pond. There are fountains, waterfalls and a wide variety of animals and plants in the park, and the scale is quite spectacular.

In the Han Dynasty, the largest palaces were Weiyang Palace, Zhangjian Palace and Changle Palace. On the basis of Qin Linwan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty continued to expand. There is a palace in the garden and a garden in the palace. Animals are raised in gardens in different areas, and more than 3,000 kinds of famous fruits and exotic trees are planted in different places, regardless of content or scale.

During the more than 460 years from the Three Kingdoms to the unification of China in Sui Dynasty, due to many wars, under the influence of the thoughts of decline, inaction, drifting with the tide and pursuing pleasure, the architectural style of palace gardens prevailed. At that time, the architectural technology and materials were quite developed, and the rich colors and beautiful patterns in architectural decoration provided technical and artistic conditions for gardening activities.

Influential gardens in this period, such as the Tongque Terrace built by Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms period, were built in Yuncheng (now Linzhang, Henan Province), five miles north and south and seven miles east and west. Although the scale is not too large, the planning is quite reasonable, indicating that the urban planning at that time had further development. As far as Taiwan Province itself is concerned, it is no longer an ordinary building, but a five-story pavilion can be said to be a tall building at that time. There is a pavilion road (similar to a pontoon bridge) that can be placed or dismantled between platforms, which is started by mechanical equipment, which is enough to show the progress of engineering technology at that time.

During the Wei and Jin Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms, there were many famous artists who were good at landscape painting. They are good at painting peaks, springs, hills, valleys and rocks. Therefore, on the basis of the emergence and development of landscape painting, the composition, color, level and beautiful artistic conception provided by the painter often become the reference of gardening art.

At this time, the literati talked about seclusion in the world and expressed their feelings about mountains and rivers, and retirement was the most important thing. Some literati painters claim to be elegant. Therefore, the gardening activities in this period also applied the so-called "poetic and picturesque" to garden art, which laid the foundation for the development of landscape garden art in Sui and Tang Dynasties.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Wendi also "opened Jingyang Mountain in Fanglinyuan with five-colored stones, planted trees and bamboos, and filled it with animals". Sun Hao of the State of Wu was building Ye (now Nanjing), where he "opened a garden to build land and view mountains, and the service cost was tens of thousands". Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, rebuilt the item and renamed it Yuan.

In Suzhou, which is famous for its beautiful gardens, it is recorded that during the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, the rulers began to use the beautiful natural conditions here to build gardens and have fun. The garden built by Gu Bijiang in Suzhou in the Eastern Jin Dynasty should be the earliest private garden in Jiangnan during this period.

The "Neighborhood Garden" in Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties is characterized by "planting beautiful trees and precious fruits, and carving beautiful flowers in poverty". He extensively built Buddhist temples and laid down his life for Tongtai Temple three times, paralyzing the people. During the Northern Dynasties, a deer garden was built in Lesheng (now Mongolia and Linger County), and water was drawn from nearby Wuchuan to enter the garden. The garden was 90 miles wide and became an important garden built by Mongolia in combination with natural conditions in history.

During the reign of Emperor Yangdi, more than 40 detached palaces were built. The palace built by Yang Guang is famous for the most magnificent West Garden in Luoyang. According to "Sui Shu", "The West Garden is 200 Li Long, with the sea in it. Penglai Mountain, the abbot and Yingzhou are more than 100 feet high. There are canals on Mount Luoluo and to the north of the sea, and there are sixteen courtyards on the edge of the canal. The doors are all next to the canal, which is beautiful. " There is an artificial sea with a circumference of more than ten miles in the garden. There are three seamounts over 100 feet in the sea, with many temples, buildings, animals and plants. This extremely luxurious garden art has many natural gardening techniques, such as opening ponds to build mountains, imitating nature, collecting stones to divert water, planting forests to open streams, etc., which laid a solid foundation for future natural gardening activities.

The Tang Dynasty was the most prosperous period in China's history after Qin and Han Dynasties. Gardening activities and palaces in this period were even more magnificent than before. For example, Mount Li has South Inner Courtyard, East Inner Courtyard, Furong Garden and Huaqing Palace, which combines palaces and gardens in Chang 'an. The famous "Huaqing Palace" still retains the garden art style of the Tang Dynasty, which is precious.

In the Song Dynasty, there was the famous Bianjing "Shoushan Genyue" (now Kaifeng) and Fiona Fang, which was more than ten miles long. The scale was grand and there were many scenic spots, and the gardening technology was greatly improved compared with the past.

In the Ming Dynasty, there was a "Xiyuan" in Beijing. Compared with the famous historical sites in the world cultural history and the Palace of Versailles in Paris, France, the Jehol "Summer Resort" and "Yuanmingyuan" in the Qing Dynasty have more than 8,400 mu.

Nowadays, if the history of China's garden art is divided into about 3,000 years, it can be roughly divided into: the embryonic form of garden was produced in Shang Dynasty; Qin and Han dynasties developed from caves to gardens; From garden to garden in Tang and Song Dynasties; The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the heyday of classical gardens in China.