The characteristics of our folk houses

Beijing quadrangle

cave dwelling

Ancient dwellings

the Hakka earth buildings of Fujian

Mongolian yurt

Daijiazhulou

wannan houses

Tujia folk houses

Folk houses are folk houses, which are the living environment extended from folk houses.

Because China has a vast territory, many nationalities, different geographical and climatic conditions and lifestyles, people live in different styles and styles of houses.

Among the dwellings in China, the most distinctive ones are quadrangles in Beijing, caves in the Loess Plateau in northwest China, ancient dwellings in Anhui, Hakka earth buildings in Fujian and Guangdong, and Mongolian yurts.

[Edit this paragraph] Beijing Siheyuan

In Beijing's hutongs, there are many quadrangles surrounded by houses in the east, south, west and north. This is a quadrilateral.

The gate of quadrangles is usually opened in the southeast corner or northwest corner. The north house in the yard is the first one, which is built on the masonry abutment, bigger than other houses, and it is the owner's living room. There are east and west wing rooms on both sides of the yard, where the younger generation live. There is a corridor between the main room and the wing room for people to walk and rest. The walls of quadrangles and houses facing the street generally do not open windows, and the environment in the courtyard is closed and quiet.

There are large and small quadrangles in Beijing, but no matter how big or small, they are all made up of quadrangles surrounded by houses on all sides. The simplest quadrangle has only one yard, while the more complicated one has two or three yards. The deep house compound where rich people live is usually composed of several quadrangles side by side. There is also a partition wall in the middle.

[Edit this paragraph] Cave dwellings

The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in China are the world-famous Loess Plateau. People living on the Loess Plateau have built unique houses-caves by using the deep loess layer and excellent three-dimensional performance. Cave dwellings are divided into earth kiln, stone kiln and brick kiln. Earth kiln is a loess cave dug by hillside, which is warm in winter and cool in summer, and has the best thermal insulation and sound insulation effect. Stone kilns and brick kilns are all arched holes made of stone or brick first, and then covered with thick loess, which is firm and beautiful. Because building caves does not require reinforced cement, the cost is relatively low. With the development of society and the continuous improvement of cave construction, caves on the Loess Plateau, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, are more and more comfortable and beautiful.

Anhui ancient dwellings are in the south of Anhui Province, and there are many ancient dwellings. Most of these ancient houses are made of brick and wood and surrounded by high walls. Houses within the fence are generally three-bay or five-bay two-story buildings. Larger houses have two, three or more courtyards; There is a pool in the yard, bonsai plants are planted in front of and behind the hall, and exquisite patterns are carved on the beams and columns everywhere. A small building and a deep courtyard are like the art world. Architects all praised it as "a treasure house of ancient residential buildings".

[Edit this paragraph] Ancient dwellings

Most ordinary residential buildings in Pingyao were built in the Qing Dynasty. These houses are large in area and exquisite in materials. Because Shanxi's climate is dry and not destroyed by the war, most of them are well preserved.

The layout of residential buildings is mostly in the form of strict quadrangles, with obvious axis, left-right symmetry and clear priorities. It consists of several courtyards along the central axis, and the three courtyards are generally in the basic form of "eyes". Courtyards are usually separated by low walls and ornate hanging doors. Some courtyards have gardens on one side or behind them.

The main room is usually a cave with three or five arched brick structures. In front of cave houses, wooden eaves, colonnades and tiled roofs are generally added. The roof of the main house is flat-topped, and both sides can be boarded with brick ladders, and some have wall-hung Feng Shui Buildings. Some people also build double-slope buildings with wooden structures on caves. The external walls of Pingyao dwellings are all brick, and they are fair-faced brick walls, which are seven or eight meters high. They don't open windows to the outside world, and their appearance is solid and gorgeous. Some made towers at the top of the wall, like small castles, and few trees were planted in the yard. Superstition holds that trees can cause ghosts and make families restless. The ground in the yard was paved with bricks and more flower beds were built. No dirt, easy to clean. The houses in Pingyao are luxuriously decorated inside and outside, with exquisite hanging doors made of wood carvings, flowers hanging under the beams of the main house, lion rolling hydrangeas, Samsung of Fu Lushou, chess, calligraphy and painting, etc. , all have a certain style. Doors and windows are all made of wood, and most of them are intricate and different. Some doors are also engraved with the story of Tang Yao Yu Shun's Zen meditation. Glass was widely used at that time, and some wealthy businessmen used carved glass. In order to keep warm and cold, the doors and windows are mostly double-decked, and the rafters and beams under the eaves are painted with colorful pictures. The house doors on both sides of the streets and lanes are particularly exquisite, with various forms of door tops, such as hanging mountains with rolling roofs, hanging mountains with ridges on two slopes, two slopes with unequal lengths, and half slopes with eaves. , beams inserted under eaves, arches outside eaves, etc. , the practice is different. Some use columns, some make pilaster piers, and so on. There is a plaque on the door leaf of the gate, on which are books such as Xiu De, Xiuqi, Faao, Xia Wei and Lotte. Some houses were beautifully carved with horses mounted and tied, reflecting the wealth of these households at that time. There are more than 400 well-preserved houses in the city, which are rare in China.

[Edit this paragraph] Hakka Tulou

Tulou is the residence of Hakkas in northeast Guangdong and southwest Fujian. The ancestors of Hakkas are Han people who migrated to the south from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River more than 900 years ago. Because most of the Hakkas live in remote mountainous areas, their ancestors created this huge residence-Tulou, in order to prevent bandits from harassing them and protect the safety of their families. A tulou can accommodate dozens of families and hundreds of people. Earth buildings are round and square, and the most distinctive one is round earth buildings. The circular building consists of two or three circles. The outer circle is more than ten meters high and has one or two hundred rooms. They are poor, rich and noble, and each family is equally assigned to a room from the bottom to the top. Their uses are very uniform. The first floor is a kitchen and dining room, the second floor is a warehouse, and the third and fourth floors are bedrooms. The second circle has two floors, 30 to 50 rooms, usually guest rooms; In the middle is the ancestral hall, which can accommodate hundreds of people for public activities. There are wells, bathrooms and toilets in the tulou, just like a small city. The tall and peculiar Hakka earth buildings have been praised by architects all over the world.

Hakka folk houses are a wonderful flower in the southern mountainous area of China. Its unique style has attracted many Chinese and foreign scholars, tourists and even American military experts.

Thousands of round houses or earth buildings are dotted in the mountains in southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, and are known as "strange houses in the world".

Most of them are three to six floors, 100 to more than 200 houses are arranged in orange petals, and the layout is uniform and magnificent.

Eight diagrams layout The circular houses surrounded by earth buildings are arranged according to eight diagrams, and there is a firewall between the hexagrams, which is uniform.

[Edit this paragraph] Mongolian yurt

Traditional folk houses of nomadic people such as Mongolia. In ancient times, it was called vault, also called felt tent, tent and felt bag. Mongolian is called Geer and Manchu is called Mongolian yurt or Mongolian blog. The residence created by this nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is convenient for nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is circular, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is 130 ~ 160 cm high and about 230 cm long. Weave a net with wooden strips, and connect several pieces into a circle, covering a long umbrella-shaped dome and connecting it with the side wall. The top and four walls of the tent are covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame with door panels is left on the southwest wall, and a circular skylight is left at the top of the tent for lighting, ventilation and smoke exhaust, and it is covered with felt at night or in stormy days. The smallest diameter of the yurt is more than 300 centimeters, and the big one can accommodate hundreds of people. During the Mongol khanate, Khan and the king's tent could accommodate 2000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, more fixed buildings will be built, surrounded by earth walls and covered with reeds; Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into detachable and non-detachable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is pulled by ox cart or carriage. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the number of Mongolian immigrants increased, and only in nomadic areas did Mongolian yurts remain. In addition to Mongolians, Kazakh and Tajik herders also live in yurts when they are nomadic. Convenient disassembly and assembly, which is beneficial to the relocation and movement during grazing.

[Edit this paragraph] Daijiazhulou

The Dai residential area is located in the subtropical zone with high temperature. Therefore, Dai bamboo houses are all by the water of Pingba, on both sides of the river by the stream and around the lake and marsh. Where there are bamboo and green trees, there must be Dai villages. There are two or three hundred families living in the big stockade, and there are only a dozen people in the small village. Houses are single buildings, surrounded by open spaces, and each family has its own yard. There are many earth-walled bungalows on the Longteng border, and each house is divided into three bedrooms, which is obviously influenced by the Han people and is no longer the inherent form of the Dai people. The boundary of Sipu is all bamboo buildings and wooden frames, where people live above and livestock live below. The style is similar to a big tent, which is completely consistent with the situation of "nesting in South Vietnam" recorded in Huainanzi, and it is also the "dry column" residence of the ancient Liao people who lived by trees and building blocks recorded in historical books. This is a typical Dai architecture. This bamboo building is about seven or eight feet high, with four uncovered columns with horses and cattle tied to them. There is a terrace on the upper floor near the ladder, which has become a long big room, and one corner is separated by a bamboo fence, which is used as the bedroom of the host and the storage place of important money; What's left is a big bay with a low roof and sloping sides. The eaves are on the floor, so there are no windows. If the eaves are slightly higher, there are small windows on both sides and doors at the back. In the center of the building is a fire pit. Whether in winter or summer, making tea and cooking day and night, it is on this fire, and the host and guest get together and talk or squat or sit around the stove. The roof is covered with thatch and the floors of beams, columns, doors and windows are all made of bamboo. This kind of house is extremely easy to build. Cut down the big bamboo, call the neighbors to help each other, and it will be built in a few days. But it is also easy to rot, and it needs to be repaired after the rainy season every year. Toastmasters' houses are mostly made of wood instead of bamboo, and the style is still like bamboo buildings, only a little higher, and instead of thatched roofs, they use tile roofs. In Xishuangbanna, Dai people can burn their own tiles, which are like fish scales, three inches square and only two or three minutes thin. There are hooks on one side of each tile, and bamboo strips are nailed horizontally on the rafters of the roof, with an interval of about two inches. Tiles are hung on bamboo strips like fish scales, and the roofs of Dai people can't climb up. If you need to replace the tiles, just put your hand under the rafters and break the tiles. Anyone who lives in this kind of house is a big family in the village, that is, Xuanwei yamen in the car. There are so many architectural styles, but the area is much larger than the common Dai folk wooden buildings. The whole building consists of 120 large wooden columns, which are more than ten meters long and seven or eight feet wide. The upstairs is divided into several rooms of different sizes, surrounded by walkways, but without windows, it is dark and there is no shelter downstairs. I only see 120 big wooden columns arranged neatly. This kind of houses where people live above and cattle and horses are raised below are common in southwest frontier areas, such as Hani, Jingpo, Yi, Miao, Yao and Li, and so are residential buildings, but the lower floors are mostly made of stone or mud. The bamboo building of the Dai nationality is empty on all sides of the lower floor. Every morning, when the cows and horses come out of the cowshed, they will remove the feces, so that people living in the upper floors will not be smoked by the dirty air.

hflash

Tujia people love to live in groups and live in wooden houses with hanging feet. Houses are built from village to village, and there are few single-family houses. Most of the houses built are wooden structures, small blue tiles, lattice windows, overhangs and wooden railings, walking in the corner, antique. Generally, the house is a small courtyard, with a fence in front of it, a bamboo forest behind it, green slate paving the way, planking the wall and lighting in Song and Ming Dynasties. The family lived a quiet pastoral life at sunrise and sunset. Tujia Tujia, with a population of 5704223, mainly lives in Xiangxi, Hunan and Enshi, Hubei. In addition, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Qianjiang and other counties in Sichuan Province are also distributed.

Tujia area is surrounded by mountains and rich in products. It has magnificent natural scenery and rich ethnic customs, attracting Chinese and foreign tourists. Among them, Zhangjiajie is the first national forest park in China and has become a new tourist attraction.

Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", which means "an indigenous people". More than 2,000 years ago, they settled in present-day western Hunan and western Hubei, and were called "Wu Lingren" or "Wuxi people" together with other ethnic minorities. After the Song Dynasty, Tujia people were called "Tu Ding" and "Tu Min" respectively. After the founding of New China, it was officially named Tujia according to the wishes of Tujia people.

Tujia nationality has its own language and belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Because most people have lived with the Han nationality for a long time, they began to use Chinese and Chinese very early. Only a few areas in Longshan, Yongshun and Guzhang counties in western Hunan still use Tujia language. Tujia nationality is mainly engaged in agricultural production, influenced by Han nationality in economic and cultural development, but it also retains its own characteristics. "Golden Tung Oil" in Xiangxi and "Bashang Paint" in western Hubei are famous brands at home and abroad.

[Edit this paragraph] Southern Anhui Folk Houses

Xidi and yi county Hongcun are the most representative folk houses in southern Anhui, which were listed in the World Heritage List in 2000.

Hongcun has more than 40 well-preserved ancient dwellings in Ming and Qing Dynasties/KLOC-0. Rows of stacked courtyards in the village are in harmony with the beautiful lakes and mountains, with appropriate movements, scenery everywhere and step by step. Hongcun has wonderful rural scenery and is known as "the village in Chinese painting". Xidi has 124 ancient Ming and Qing dwellings and 3 ancestral halls. The "three wonders" (houses, ancestral halls and memorial archways) and "three sculptures" (wood carving, stone carving and brick carving) representing the architectural style of Huizhou folk houses have been well preserved here.

Blue tiles and white walls are the outstanding impression of Huizhou architecture. The patchwork horse head wall not only has the beauty of modeling, but also has the practical function of preventing fire and blocking the spread of fire.

One of the characteristics of Huizhou folk houses is high walls and deep courtyards. On the one hand, it is to prevent thieves, on the other hand, it is the need for mobile families suffering from displacement to gain psychological security.

Another feature of Huizhou folk houses is the inner courtyard centered on the deep patio, surrounded by high walls, with almost no tiles outside, and only the narrow patio is used for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world. This basic shape with patio as the center and high walls closed is the focus of attention. Rainwater falling on rainy days flows into the patio from four roofs, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", which also vividly reflects the mentality of Huizhou merchants that "fat water does not flow to outsiders", similar to Shanxi folk houses.

Southern Anhui is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin 'an is the hometown of culture, and there are many bureaucrats and businessmen in history. There are hundreds of non-commissioned officers in Shexian County alone. Huizhou merchants are all over southern Anhui. "The leaders of rich houses are the first to promote Xin 'an in the south of the Yangtze River", and their great wealth has created this exquisite museum of ancient houses in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly concentrated in yi county, Shexian, Jixi and Xiuning. Yixian has more than ten ancient villages such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan and Pingshan. There are many ancient buildings in Miancheng. The county has preserved hundreds of valuable ancient buildings. There is 122 building in Xidi alone. There are 365 ancient buildings, more than 0/00 precious buildings and 27 ancient ancestral halls in Shexian County, which are concentrated in Xiongcun, Chengkan, Qiankou, Tang Yue and Shen Du villages. Jixi now has more than 100 ancient buildings, concentrated in Xiangtou, Kengkou, fengcun and Shangzhuang. Ancient villages are generally composed of memorial archways, houses, ancestral halls, water inlets, road pavilions and workshops. Some villages are very large, for example, there are 99 streets and lanes in Chengkan, and strangers often get lost when they go in. Many villages are well organized, and the water system in Hongcun is an example. Hongcun dammed the mountain at the head of the village, and the canals in the village entered every household from both sides of the street and merged into the Moon Pond in the middle of the village. Then it is diverted to households and flows into South Lake. Every household has large and small canals for washing clothes and drinking water. The layout of residential buildings is generally a courtyard centered on the courtyard, with a height of two floors. Large and medium-sized houses adopt multi-courtyard combination, and the buildings are all white walls and tiles. In the old days, the buildings of many large families were large in scale, decorated with three sculptures in Huizhou, with exquisite layout and patchwork. Pieces of ancient buildings in southern Anhui are embedded in the vast mountains and beautiful waters of Huangshan Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and Xin 'anjiang River. It is a world-class park without makeup.

Houses in southern Anhui are all buildings with more than two floors, surrounded by a small patio, and the hall is on the north side of the patio. There are no walls, doors and windows between the hall and the patio. It is an open space. In the north of the main hall, that is, behind it, there is a wooden Taishi wall with doors without doors on both sides. Furniture such as long tables and square tables are placed in front of the Taishi wall. On the east and west sides of the hall, there are several groups of armchairs and coffee tables, and people often put some utensils on them as decoration.

The site selection, layout and architectural form of ancient residential villages in southern Anhui are all guided by the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which embodies China's traditional philosophy of harmony between man and nature and his yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential buildings are closely combined with nature to create a scientific and interesting living environment, which is the essence of traditional residential buildings in China. The unique water system in this village is a model of water conservancy project combining practicality and aesthetics, which profoundly embodies the outstanding wisdom of human beings in using and transforming nature. Its "exquisite layout, ingenious structure, exquisite decoration, exquisite construction and profound cultural connotation" is really rare in ancient Chinese residential buildings.

[Edit this paragraph] Tujia folk houses

First, the ancient literature called Tujia folk houses "dry columns"

"Customs of Chenzhou Prefecture O" said: "The residents near the city are all multi-storey buildings with houses above and goods below, all of which are businesses. It's hard to be deep without bending the room one step. Recently, teeth are flourishing and houses are dense, and the land value is many times that of ten years ago. Shanjia relies on building a house, taking the cliff as the room, thatching the roof, replacing the stove with a fire bed, cooking during the day and heating by fire at night. The mountains are deep and cold, and there must be early winter. "

The Book of the New Tang Dynasty says: "There are more than 4,000 households in Nanping Liao, which starts from the east, reaches Yuzhou in the south, reaches Fuzhou in the west and reaches Fuzhou in the north. There are a lot of weeds, sand lice and poisonous snakes on the mountain. People live in buildings and climb stairs. This is the so-called Gan Lan.

"Shu Wei" says: "Today's leader, another kind of Gainan people, came to Qionglai Cave from Hanzhong. There are many kinds, scattered in the valley, and there is no racial difference ... According to the building blocks of the tree, it is called' Gan Lan', and the size of Gan Lan depends on the number of its families. "

The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty says that "rustic mountains are full of weeds and poisonous weeds, and people live on the first floor, so they are called' Gan Lan'".

"Yongshun County Records Miscellaneous Affairs" says: "The original local government office carved beams and painted columns, and the bricks were beautiful. People fork wooden frame houses and weave bamboo as walls. Give up the leader Xu vertical beam and column, and surround it with wooden boards. No one is allowed to cover the tiles. Offenders will be punished for trespassing. As the saying goes, only horses are allowed, not tiles.

"Tang Zhi O Miscellanies" said: "The ancestral temple is in the old city. Jintianfu was built in the second year. There are four pillars in the main hall and several trees around it. It's wonderful that there are no chisel marks on the wooden Fang. Legend has it that it was built by the losers. "

"Ancient Architecture in China" said: "In the warm and humid south, houses often face south or southeast to receive the cool sea breeze in summer, or overhead dry diaphragm structure is adopted at the lower part of houses to circulate air and reduce humidity. Besides wood, bricks and stones, bamboo and reeds are also used as building materials. Wide walls and many windows; The architectural style is light and sparse, ... ".

Secondly, a few folk documents call Tujia folk houses "turret".

"Tujia Customs in China" said: "Tujia houses are mostly wooden houses, and their structural customs are composed of four parts: the main house, the partial house, the wooden house and the door. Generally, people only have principal rooms, while well-off people have principal rooms, wing rooms and watchtowers. Rich people build more courses. The rich and powerful family built a quadrangle compound with a brick wall on all sides. It is often called a bank bucket, and some families have built a towering building and a clothes drying table. The main house can be divided into three columns and four flags, three columns and five flags, five columns and eight flags or even seven columns and twelve flags. Most of them have four rows and three rooms, and some have six rows and five rooms. Avoid building a single two-bedroom house. In the middle of the main room is the main hall, which is used to worship ancestors and welcome guests, with people on both sides. There is an aisle room behind the hall, commonly known as' pocket room'. The side room is called grinding angle, also called' horse butt', or painting room, which is connected with the left and right sides of the main room and used as a kitchen or mill. The unique Tujia turret is commonly known as "Zouma turret". In a family with many children, the daughter lives in the corner building, so some people call it the embroidery building or the old mother building. The turret is built in the left or right front of the main house, and there are also turrets around the main house. The turret is generally three rows and two rooms, with two floors. The upper floor is human and the lower floor is a wing, warehouse or mill. " The turret is next to the main building, and there is a suspended corridor, which turns to the outer edge as a token. At the upper end of both sides of the token, the wonderful corridor rises, which is quite magnificent.

Third, Tujia people call Tujia folk houses "turret"

You Shuichuan sings a cloud: "Shiban Street, Wuli Road, Zuozi Jiaolou on the shore". Jia Shaoxing notes the cloud of Jiaolou: "Jiaolou, called lie3pB 1 in Tujia language, is a unique architectural form in Tujia folk houses. Generally, Tujia people live in houses with three rooms, five rooms, seven rooms and nine rooms, and their depth includes three pillars and four riding, five pillars and four riding, five pillars and eight riding and so on. Three wooden houses (four rows and three rooms), the middle room is called the hall, which is used for major activities such as ancestor worship, welcoming guests, weddings and funerals; The left and right rooms are called houses, the front room is a fire shop for eating and discussing, and the back room is a bedroom. If the foundation of the house is wide enough and the home is relatively rich, a wing room will be arranged on the right side of the house to house the kitchen, woodshed, cowshed and pigsty. The left side is equipped with wings and buildings. The mill and granary are arranged downstairs, and the upstairs is used as a' study room' or a daughter's' embroidery room'. The foundation of the house is near the ridge, and feet are hung on the floor. There is no roof, the pillars are flush with the main house, and only some fake stigmas are hung in the corridor on the second floor. " No matter whether the feet are hung or not, the eaves must be tilted up on the outside of the building, so it is called' turret'.

Tujia Mountain sings a cloud: "Folk songs are easy to sing, but it is difficult for carpenters to build towers, masons to beat stone lions, and blacksmiths to roll iron hydrangeas."

There is a saying in Tujia: "You are a house hero (meaning rich), you are a house hero, and there are no towers (or flying buildings) in the south"; "There is Mount Emei in Sichuan, which is only three feet away from the sky." There is a towering building in the tree, one corner of which goes straight into the sky;

According to the author's investigation, Tujia people in the most primitive Tujia customs, such as Pojiao, Yinfang, Tasha, Miaoertan, Car Wash, Longtou, Liye, Jiashi and Neixi, call Tujia characteristic houses "turret".

4. Revealing the appellation of Tujia folk houses

Tujia people call their residence according to the structural form of their houses. Generally speaking, Tujia dwellings can be divided into single rooms and combination rooms. Combination rooms are composed of single rooms with different titles.

1, Tujia single residence title

Tujia folk houses are divided into three columns and two flags (commonly known as sharp knife racks), three columns and four flags, three columns and five flags, three columns and six flags, three columns and seven flags, four columns and five flags, four columns and eight flags, five columns and eight flags, six columns and six flags, seven columns and twelve flags, and generally three, four and five flags. According to the data, single houses are called tile houses, stone houses, huts and mud houses.

1. tile house: living room with logs as columns, square wood as purlins, wooden boards as walls, purlins, citrons and mud tiles as covers.

(2) Stone houses: First, the logs are columns, the squares are squares, and the surrounding walls are stones; The second is to use a wall made of rock as a wall room.

(3) Cottage: A living room with logs as columns, purlins as purlins, battens or bamboo rafters, thatched with thatch or straw, and surrounded by battens and thin bamboo.

④ Mud house: a living room with logs as columns, purlins as purlins, thatched grass or straw, thin battens and mangosteen as walls, and green mud (or loess mud) sealed on wooden (bamboo) walls.

There are no fixed rules for the selection of materials for a Tujia single-family residence, and its title only refers to the main materials of the single-family residence. In reality, Tujia folk houses are made of various materials.

2. Tujia Family Combination Room Title

Tujia house is a unique form of Tujia residence, which is developed on the basis of Tujia single room, and contains Tujia aesthetic concept, craft value, folk concept and the idea of taking it from me and using it for nature. The appellation of Tujia people living together can be divided into turret, four-water house, ditch house and flying house, and its manifestations are divided into two waters, three waters and four waters.

(1), corner building. The forms of turret are two-way water and three-way water. There is more water in the two combinations. In the case of two-in-one water supply, the main house will build a turret on the left or right side of the main house, usually two floors. When it is the three rivers, either repair the left turret and the right wing; Or the right corner building, the left wing. Wings are generally three pillars and four flags, and a few are three pillars and three flags or three pillars and five flags, or even two. There are grinding horns on the back of wings, commonly known as "longan", "coincidence" and "slant mountain" The first floor is either a pigsty, a cowshed, a warehouse or a mill. People on the second floor live in guest rooms or boudoir (also known as embroidery rooms). The depth of turret is generally three columns and four flags or three columns and five flags, generally two rooms and three rooms, and a few rooms are four. On the second floor, the front side is a corridor with handrails, and a hanging log flagpole is installed on the front outside. The stigma (that is, hanging feet) is an oval melon-shaped wood carving, which Tujia people call false stigma. The distance between the handrail and the carved column is about 1 m, and the corridor between the handrail and the front side is a corridor for access or sightseeing or leisure. The tile eaves outside the building are inclined, which Tujia people call the turret. Turret buildings are very common in Tujia areas, and middle-class families can repair them. At that time, the appearance of Tujia Jiaolou was similar to that of Miao Ju Diaojiao Building. Miao people call Miao Ju Diaojiaolou Diaojiaolou, while Tujia people call Tujia folk houses Guawa Jiaolou. In fact, the complete Tujia Jiaolou is more exquisite in form and structure than Miao Ju Diaojiaolou, and its functions and uses are more complete and diverse.

2. Four water houses. Sishuiwu is another unique building of Tujia folk houses, and its form is four rivers. There are two main buildings in front of Sishuiwu, which are connected by the left and right wing rooms. In a sense, Sishuiwu is actually composed of four single buildings. Sishuiwu has two halls, the front hall acts as an aisle, and the back hall has a patio in the middle, covering an area of about 2 square meters. A sewer was dug in the corner of the patio. When it rains, the rainwater on the inner level falls into the patio and is discharged out of the house through the sewer. The quadrangular eaves on the patio are formed by the polymerization of the inner roofs of four connected buildings, or quadrangular or hexagonal. The patio and cornice have the symbolic significance of gathering wealth and treasure, and integrating 99 into 1. The back room is generally 4 ~ 7 levels higher than the front room, and the front room is generally higher than the other three rooms. Sishuiwu is larger than the turret. Generally, there are several households or dozens or even dozens of households, depending on the number of family members. Sishuiwu is the residence of Tujia rich people. At present, there are not many existing four water houses in our county.

(3), ditch house. Xunzi House is a quadrangle-style residential form formed by Tujia people building walls with stones and bricks to prevent theft and wind (keep out the cold), but it is completely different from the quadrangle of Han family. It is characterized by a courtyard wall and opposite doors. The buildings in the courtyard are single houses, turrets, four water houses, and even other unique architectural forms, all of which are the residences of Tujia nobles.

4. Tian Chong Building. Tianchonglou is a master of Tujia folk houses, which includes not only all the architectural forms of Tujia single houses, but also the architectural forms in which Tujia people live together, such as Jiaolou and Sishui House. The Tujia architecture in Tian Chong, located in Shubi Village, Miaoertan Town, is the only existing architectural paradigm in Tian Chong. This tree covers 5 acres more than the tall building. The foundation of the house is low before and high after, and the front height of the house is low after. There are two halls before and after, and two partitions on the left and right. There are several wings, horns (longan) and shuffling steps on the left and right sides and back. There are seven columns and six rooms, and the roof directly above the left and right back halls is a two-story building, about 10 meters high, with cornices. Rainwater from the sky-high building and the roof in the main room will fall to the floor of the left and right wing tiles through the sink. The air drainage system of Tian Chong Mansion adopts the gossip structure, which makes this building of several hundred square meters watertight all the year round, and the wonderful drainage system is memorable. The tree is taller than the sky and has been handed down for fourteen generations with a history of nearly a thousand years. It includes all architectural forms and construction methods of Tujia folk houses, is a master of Tujia folk house modeling and woodworking skills, and is a classic model of Tujia folk house historical modeling. Today, this Millennium building is still the burial place of dozens of Tujia people in Wang Xing, and it is a living specimen to interpret Tujia folk customs. Therefore, on August 10, 2000, Shubi Tujia Tianchong Building was announced by Longshan County People's Government as a county-level cultural relics protection unit.

Meaning:

1. Where people live. Book of Rites: "Where residents live, control the city by measuring the land, and live by measuring the land. When you live in a residential area, you must participate in each other. " "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang": "The residence has been fixed, and the matter has been done." Chapter 11 of the History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: "The eastern suburbs were destroyed by Song Bing today, and the houses have not been restored."

2. People's homes, private houses. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan wrote "Notes on Water Classics and Surabaya": "Left and right houses, knowing that they will leak, are expected to block the mouth of the cave with wooden bends, and fish and turtles will never scale." "New Tang Book Five Elements": "In June of two years, a fire broke out in Xuzhou, burning more than 300 houses." "Five Elements of Ming History": "Panyu, Nanhai, storm and hail, thousands of bad houses."