Model essay on rural property service scheme

The construction of new rural community is an important measure of new rural construction, which shoulders the important mission of realizing urban-rural integration and promoting the citizenization of rural residents. However, its current construction direction is not clear, and the ongoing construction actions are also controversial. From the perspective of urban-rural integration, this paper analyzes the institutional mistakes of rural community construction in China and the "paradise" characteristics of Tonnis-style communities, and holds that the construction of new rural communities should not only eliminate the duality of urban and rural areas and the naivety of "paradise" communities, but also retain the warmth of traditional rural communities and connect with urban communities, so that residents living in new rural communities can share the same public services and live together with urban citizens. First of all, the question is put forward: the path choice and value purport of rural community construction. At present, the pace of changing villages into communities in rural areas in China has obviously accelerated. Not only suburban rural areas have been transformed into communities due to the expansion of urban space, but some remote rural areas and even remote rural areas are also accelerating the pace of village-to-community transformation. Nearly half of the communities in Jiangsu, Shandong and other provinces are "village to residence" communities. These new communities, born out of rural areas, are, as some commentators have said, ① many of them are "brand-changing" communities, replacing the brand of village committees with that of neighborhood committees. The public service and management of the community, the production and lifestyle of residents, are no different from administrative villages. In this way, there are two completely different attitudes in the academic circles about the project of changing villages into residences or the projects being implemented in the vast rural areas: one view is that the reason why local governments are keen on the construction of new countryside and the village change in urbanization is to find the "economic rent" of land finance; Another point of view is that there is no problem in the direction of village to community reform, and restructuring is necessary and will happen sooner or later, which is the internal need to eliminate the dual structure of urban and rural areas and realize the integrated social management of urban and rural areas. Since the reform and opening up, local governments have mainly carried out rural community construction in a logical way of "transformation" or "governance". First of all, with the acceleration of urbanization, the social problems in urban villages and suburban rural areas are prominent, so the government has intensified the transformation of these villages and made efforts to integrate them into urban society as soon as possible. Looking at the policies on the transformation or construction of villages in cities and suburbs in recent years, we can easily find that the government's main attempt is not to build, but to transform these places through measures such as land acquisition, demolition, compensation and resettlement until they are assimilated by cities. Secondly, take natural villages or administrative villages as management units, and build autonomous rural communities on the basis of villagers' autonomy system. This kind of rural community construction is mainly aimed at the shortcomings of the villagers' self-government system implemented in rural society in the 1980s and 1990s, and it is a community construction activity consciously carried out by villages. For example, "Red and White Councils", volunteer associations, health and environmental monitoring stations, public service stations, social mutual aid stations, problem activity liaison stations and civil dispute mediation stations have been established in rural areas in some places to better develop public welfare undertakings in rural communities, adjust social relations in rural communities and enrich their service life. The above two kinds of community construction have no reference significance to the community construction in the vast rural areas of China: since the new rural construction in 2006, the rural community construction in China has become an important part of the new rural construction, and many rural areas, especially economically developed areas, have accelerated the pace of community construction. For example, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Hebei, Chongqing and other provinces and cities have carried out community construction with farmers gathering in towns or communities as the main content. Although some scholars questioned the transfer of farmers or the construction of concentrated communities, and even asked the central government to "stop" such construction activities of local governments, more scholars affirmed this practice, believing that the concentration of farmers promoted the construction of new rural communities where farmers in highly industrialized villages concentrated in towns or concentrated areas, and conformed to the trend of urban-rural integration to guide farmers to live in towns or central communities. "It reflects the positive response to the' local urbanization' in rural areas and goes beyond the limitations of the' villager autonomy' system. It has a real modern color, which is an ideal model for rural community construction in the future that we can foresee, and it is also a model that should be highlighted in the construction of new rural communities in the central region. "③ Urbanization in China has been upgraded to urban-rural integration. Rural community construction can't imitate the logic of urban community construction, hoping to build rural communities into urban communities, and can't inherit the logic of "village governance" in the period of urban-rural dual differentiation, and equate new rural community construction with community governance. Since urban-rural integration is the "top stage" of urbanization development, rural community construction must emphasize "organic integration and integration of urban and rural society" and (4) embody the construction orientation of urban-rural integration, which is not only the value purport of rural community construction, but also the logical transformation of rural community construction. Second, retrospective error: the evolution and institutional arrangement of rural community construction. Any country in the world has transformed the traditional * * * in the process of modernization. The difference is that some countries first develop industry and build cities, and then attract rural population to gather in cities and towns; Other countries take coercive measures to force rural people to leave their land and work in cities, so that they can live in cities permanently. In modern China, the transformation of rural isomorphism increased day by day, especially after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the state power fully intervened in the transformation of rural isomorphism, and the countryside and society entered an isomorphic state. At first, the state power organized farmers' economic cooperation in the form of mutual aid groups, primary cooperatives and advanced cooperatives in an attempt to transform the personality and selfishness of rural farmers and make them socialist workers. On this basis, the state power has also established people's commune organizations in rural areas, which are "political and economic" and "political and social integration", and directly engage in various undertakings such as industry, agriculture, military affairs, commerce and learning in rural areas. Although the villages in the people's commune period were characterized by production brigades and production teams, the living space of farmers did not change much. The production team, the most basic management unit, is still the production unit and accounting unit of the village * * *, and the blood relationship or family * * * has not collapsed because of the intervention of state power: it is still an acquaintance * * * *. The management mode of "collectivization of life, militarization of organization and combat of action" of the people's commune only changed the original ecology of the village into collectivization of production and centralization of life; The country implements a strict household registration management system, which makes farmers' affairs increasingly decadent. The most serious thing is that the production and living facilities in rural communities have been seriously damaged, and some have lost their basic functions. Fortunately, this state did not last long, and the villager autonomy system arranged by state power provided a new channel for village management. At this point, the countryside is no longer an organized and administrative collective organization, but a social life in which people live, live and communicate, and have a clear sense of identity and belonging. On the surface, the rural society at this time has been "de-administrative" and "de-collectivized", and it seems that the teams and cooperatives that proposed the unit system have returned to the community, similar to the urban community. But in fact, the decentralization of state power to rural grass-roots units has not given rural communities the same development rights as urban communities, and rural communities continue to develop in a dual and solidified structure. First, the state administrative power has been devolved to towns and villages, and villagers have gained more autonomy and can build rural communities according to their own wishes. However, except for a few economically developed rural communities, most rural communities are "without rice" and generally lack construction funds; Secondly, after the abolition of the "three discussions and five unification", the economic burden of farmers has been greatly reduced, but the government has not assumed the responsibility of building rural communities as it does urban communities, and the necessary public products in the village must be solved "one thing, one discussion"; Third, the focus of national development has not really shifted to rural areas, and the gap between rural living environment and its supporting facilities and urban communities has not narrowed, but has continued to widen in some areas. Based on the above analysis, we can see the institutional incentives that lead to the backwardness of rural community construction and the low level of public services. The institutional arrangement of urban-rural dual inequality has always influenced and restricted the construction of rural communities: in the period of cooperation and people's commune, the construction and development of rural communities must obey the discriminatory arrangement of the state system because the state and society are in an isomorphic state, and not only can they not get state construction funds, but also support urban construction from material and financial resources; After the reform and opening up, although the rural economy has made great progress, the country still continues the urban-rural dual system arrangement in rural community construction, taking more and giving less, the construction of rural public facilities and the supply of public services have stagnated, and even retrogressed in many places. It was not until the development of new rural construction that this situation was changed. In this regard, the country's urban-rural dual system arrangement has seriously hindered the construction of rural communities, and the construction of new rural communities must first carry out the "dualization" of the system. Only by integrating urban and rural areas through institutional arrangements can we promote the construction of rural communities more effectively. Third, the new rural community: a warm "paradise" 1887. Tonnis first put forward the concept of * * * isomorphic community in his famous book "Homomorphism and Society-Basic Concepts of Pure Sociology", thinking that the community is a close, caring and humane "* * body composed of homogeneous population with the same values. ⑦ After that, in the explanation of the isomorphism of * * *, later generations usually refer to the isomorphism of * * * described by Tonnis as "heaven": it is a "warm circle", "in this" warm circle ",people don't have to prove anything, no matter what they do, they can expect people's sympathy and help"; People are interdependent. "If we fall, others will help us stand up." . Compared with Tonnis's "society", Tonnis's "paradise" looks perfect. "It is a" warm "place, a warm and comfortable place." Attending: Nowadays, rural areas in China are vigorously promoting "village to residence" and community construction, with the goal of building a new social life. However, this * * * body is definitely not Tonnis's paradise community. In this regard, scholars have long pointed out that Tonnis's community has disintegrated and will never return. There are two representative views: one is Drucker's, who thinks that the isomorphism of * * * seen by Tonnis has "completely disappeared" in industrial society and knowledge society; The second one is Bowman's. He believes that Tonnis's paradise community is based on "innocence". "Once childlike innocence is lost, the original happiness will be irretrievably lost", that is, "once the same body is disintegrated, it can't be reintegrated like a phoenix nirvana". Although Drucker and Bowman have different views on the Tonnis Community, one attributed its demise to social development, and thought that social development would make the "emerging social body" replace the "traditional * * * isomorphic body", while the other regarded its demise as the loss of * * * isomorphic body as "naive and primitive" and thought that "no amount of sweat would ever reopen that door. Because the community in Tonnis has disintegrated in the transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial society, and it is "gone forever", there is no "paradise community" in the rural community construction in China in the middle and late stage of industrialization. The reason for saying this is not only because the innocence and primitiveness of Tonnis community cannot be recovered, but also because it is not an enviable paradise: although people living in Tonnis community live a carefree and happy life, this * * * body is closed, conservative, disciplined and poor. Once tempted by interests or "civilization", In today's highly developed market economy, we need to treat the Tonnis community dialectically. We should not establish a "paradise" similar to the Tonnis community in the rural system reform just because it is a "paradise". Don't completely deny the Tonnis community, after all, it contains many "paradise" factors that meet the needs of human nature, making it difficult to give up and desirable. In view of this, although it is impossible to restore the "innocence" of Tonnis community in today's new rural community construction, it does not mean to abandon the "warmth" of "paradise" community in community restructuring or construction. The integration of urban and rural areas has a wide and profound impact on rural community construction. Villages with a single big family or clan as the main body will inevitably be replaced by multi-ethnic emerging social bodies, traditional interpersonal relationships will inevitably be replaced by those in the industrial and post-industrial era, and the function of consanguinity will gradually decline. Nevertheless, the new rural community originated from the traditional * * *, and they have the same foundation, such as their lifestyle and values, which will continue to affect the new rural community for a long time. This is just as Tonnis emphasized: "Even if the original state of * * * coexistence, * * symbiosis and * * cooperation has changed, it still retains and can renew its spiritual form, political form and its cooperative function. "It is a pity, however, that some villages in China, including urban villages and suburban communities, have improved their living conditions and environment during the construction process, but the high-rise residential buildings and anti-theft systems in new communities are no longer convenient for residents to visit and chat, nor for residents to carry out mutual assistance activities. In particular, there are fewer and fewer public spaces in the community, some remaining public space functions are weakened, and the community is becoming a "stranger" to the city. Community builders must pay enough attention to this secondary phenomenon caused by the construction of new rural communities. It is true that the strategy of urban-rural integration has given us the mission of transforming traditional rural communities and building new rural communities. However, we should not unilaterally pursue farmers' concentrated residence, keep up with the transformation and construction, and keep the warmth of the "paradise" community in the construction of new rural communities. Four. New Rural Community Construction: Challenges and Orientation (I) Facing Challenges From the practice of rural community construction in recent years, rural community construction in China faces many challenges. First, the state power has transformed the traditional rural communities, and the original solid kinship and blood network have been broken. The warm relationship with relatives and friends gave way to organized, unitized and institutionalized business relations, and the cohesion of rural communities was greatly weakened; Second, although there are many political elites, economic elites and intellectual elites in rural communities after the reform and opening up, their ability to integrate the community is not as good as that of the former patriarch-the game played by elites to win community control, which not only affects and weakens their own strength, but also makes it difficult for rural communities to form an authoritative center with lasting influence and serving the villagers wholeheartedly; Third, the expression of villagers' interests is "fragmented" and "atomized", and most villagers solve their own problems as individuals. "Even if many people face similar problems, there are few effective organizational frameworks to solve such problems"; Fourthly, the development of market economy stimulates the villagers' "privacy", which is followed by the decrease of trust among residents, the decrease of interaction frequency, the alienation of relationship network, the narrowing of activity space and the increasing "strangeness" of rural communities. What's more, driven by comparative interests, more and more rural people leave their homes for cities, and more and more villages become hollow or semi-hollow, making it difficult for left-behind women, left-behind children and left-behind elderly people to carry out effective community building actions. From this point of view, the current rural community construction must deal with the problem of whether it can be built. From the perspective of national policy arrangement, the Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward a series of policies, such as the development strategy of urban-rural integration, "industry feeding agriculture, urban feeding rural areas" and "shifting the focus of public utilities to rural areas", as well as a series of measures to strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers, such as increasing investment in rural people's livelihood projects and rural infrastructure construction, increasing the intensity of home appliances going to the countryside, improving the level of medical care and old-age security for rural residents, and increasing the financial reward of "one case, one discussion" for village-level public welfare undertakings. From the practice process, although the rural communities in China are still relatively backward on the whole, and the gap between urban and rural areas is large, especially in the western mountainous areas, basic public services such as basic education, medical and health care, drinking water safety and social security are very scarce, and rural community construction still has a long way to go, but the successful experience of rural community construction in economically developed areas proves that it is entirely possible to build high-level rural communities according to the concept of urban-rural integration. (2) The construction of new rural communities is positioned in the process of urban-rural integration. Rural communities in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities such as the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Bohai Bay and rural areas in economically developed areas have a fast construction speed and a high overall development level, and some even exceed some urban communities. However, this does not mean that the new rural community construction can surpass the experience of urban community construction, nor does it mean that urban communities can be built in rural areas. The construction of new countryside must give consideration to the construction of new countryside and the development of urban-rural integration, and follow its own development orientation. 1, the construction of new rural communities should conform to the village conditions. The rural community is different from the urban community, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) The members of the urban community come from different work units and different occupations, the personnel structure is complex, and there is little daily communication, so it is difficult to have the same community identity; However, most residents of rural communities come from the same or nearby administrative village. Everyone knows each other and is familiar with each other, and their customs and lifestyles are basically the same, so it is easy to reach cultural identity. (2) The members of urban communities have great differences in their living and working backgrounds, and the class gap is large, so it is difficult to form a consistent expression of will and lack of United collective action; Members of rural communities have the same life experience, and the deep friendship and sincere trust formed in the work and life in the same area contribute to the formation of community cohesion. (3) Urban communities are separated from production units, and communities are only places for social life, with little economic function; Rural communities are adjacent to farmland, and most members' economic behaviors occur in agricultural production and management. Even if some residents no longer work in agriculture, most of their relatives and friends are agricultural workers. (4) Urban communities include party committees (party branches), neighborhood committees, property management committees, owners' management committees, community public service centers and various non-governmental organizations; However, the organizational structure of rural communities is simpler than that of cities, especially the newly restructured rural communities, which continue the organizational system of administrative villages, and most of the affairs are undertaken by community party organizations and neighborhood committees. Since rural communities have different characteristics from urban communities, the construction of new rural communities should be based on the traditional virtues and good habits of rural acquaintance society, and keep the acquaintance society "gentle" as much as possible in community construction to prevent "urban diseases" from infecting new rural communities. 2. The construction of new rural communities should be connected with urban communities. On the one hand, the construction of new rural communities should go beyond the traditional rural construction methods and emphasize the docking with urban communities. Traditional rural construction is presided over and implemented by rural collective organizations, mainly relying on the contributions and efforts of rural social members, and its grade, scale and level are not connected or integrated with urban communities. From the perspective of saving construction costs and improving public service level, the construction of new rural communities should break through the shackles of rural barriers and integrate scattered villages, that is, not only should rural areas be built into a new socialist countryside with "developed production, affluent life, civilized rural customs, clean village appearance and democratic management", but also "learn from the service concept and mechanism of urban communities and take the community as the public platform". On the other hand, the construction of new rural communities should prevent copying the style of urban community construction. Urban community has complete public facilities and high level of public services, which is undoubtedly the main reference for rural community construction. However, urban-rural integration is not the same as urban and rural areas, nor is it to eliminate rural areas. The construction should be based on the rural development trend, with the goal of building a more dynamic, attractive and livable beautiful homeland. The physical characteristics of this home may not be as "noble" and "enchanting" as the urban community, but its inner beauty is not inferior to that of the urban community, that is, the residents of the new rural community can not only enjoy the same public services as the urban residents, but also have the local life that the urban community residents want, but it is difficult to get in the urban community. 3. The construction of new rural communities should focus on cultivating rural residents. Rural community builders are building a new rural social life with farmers as the main body. Whether they can fully understand farmers' cognition, willingness and public demand for rural community construction is related to the smooth progress of rural community construction. Town-camp communities are different from administrative villages in terms of autonomous institutions, concentration of residents, public facilities, public services, organizations, production and lifestyle, and resident status. Therefore, the construction of new rural communities should focus on cultivating new residents, that is, residents living in villages, on the basis of strengthening the construction of public facilities such as roads, water and electricity, street lamps, and public services such as culture and education, medical and health care, and social security. Residents living in villages refer to residents living in villages, towns and communities where farmers (centers) are concentrated, as opposed to urban residents. Residents living in villages are different from farmers and urban residents. First of all, residents living in rural communities are no longer farmers. Even if some people are still engaged in agricultural labor, they will eventually be divided into non-agricultural professionals and professional farmers, who are residents like urban citizens. Secondly, although there are differences between residents living in rural communities and those living in urban communities, one lives in cities and the other lives in rural towns or concentrated residential areas, and the scope and level of public services are not exactly the same, but with the improvement of urban-rural integration, the gap between them will inevitably become smaller and smaller, or even the opposite.