Educational Psychology: Davis and Hortmann's Creativity Training Methods —— Tianjin Teacher Recruitment in 2020

American psychologists Davis and houtman put forward four teaching methods to cultivate students' supernormal thinking in their book Creative Thinking 1968, which are representative to some extent.

(1) local change method

Everything, in quantity and quality, is mostly composed of several parts or attributes. In the existing components or properties, making local changes to them is the creation of work nature. For example, chalk has three properties: color, shape and volume. Try to list 15 colors, 10 shapes and 5 volumes, and then combine them to make how many different kinds of chalk. This is one of the exercises of local variation method. Another example is that the refrigerator is changed from manual defrosting to automatic defrosting, which is a new product, that is, creation.

(2) Chessboard method

Draw a chessboard-shaped grid, fill in the attributes and conditions of things in the grid respectively, and combine them in various forms when thinking, and you can find new compositions and new ideas. This is a thoughtful way to analyze things. To change something, we must first have a thorough understanding of its existing attributes or conditions, and then do some research on the current situation and the purpose to be achieved. In this case, the chessboard method can be used.

(3) List method

It is a method to check the train of thought with the list of alternative directions, train thinking carefully and avoid omission. When people encounter problems, they often feel confused, don't know where to think, and sometimes stick to it and walk into a dead end. In order to provide ideas for chaotic thinking, people can design a list with various flexible directions, including color, volume, shape, material, etc., and redesign it by changing or adding or subtracting a certain attribute, or recombining existing attributes. If students are asked to design new clothes, they can think one by one according to the above list and expect to create many new clothes.

(4) analogy method

This is a way to get inspiration from similar things and solve problems. Compare the thinking thing or problem with the familiar thing, and solve the difficult problem with the help of the familiar thing. If students want to design and solve the parking problem in the city, they can compare the city to a beehive or a shoe store, and solve the parking problem in the city by collecting bees' food or putting shoes in the shoe store.

Test practice

Newton discovered gravity because the apple fell to the ground. This belongs to the cultivation of creative thinking ().

A. local variation method B. chessboard method C. list method D. analogy method

Answer: d

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