What are the principles and ideas for the development of urban landscaping?

With the acceleration of urbanization, the contradiction of ecological environment is increasingly prominent, and people's desire for green plants is more urgent. At the end of 1970s, China put forward the policy of "combining contiguous areas and combining points and areas", and urban greening entered a stage of rapid development. After the 1980s, the "great environmental greening" represented by Tianjin appeared in the north, and the "ecological landscaping" represented by Shanghai appeared in the south. By the end of 1999, the green coverage area of 667 urban built-up areas in China reached 59 1000hm2, the green coverage rate reached 23%, and the per capita green coverage rate reached 6.5m2 Twenty "advanced cities in landscaping" emerged, including Beijing, Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, Nanjing, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Nanning. In 200 1 year, the Ministry of Construction named Haikou, Sanya, Changchun and other 10 "National Garden Cities" and "National Garden Cities". In 2002, 200 million yuan was raised to implement the "Green Nanjing" project to introduce forests into cities.

Many great achievements have been made in the research of urban landscaping at home and abroad.

1999 "International Conference on Urban Greening and Landscape Architecture" was held in Copenhagen.

The theme of the conference is "Urban Greening, Urban Forest and Garden Landscape", which involves the objectives, forms and functions of urban green space, plant selection and configuration, management and so on.

In recent years, the research on urban landscaping in China mainly focuses on garden plants and landscape architecture. The research of garden plants includes woody flowers, lawn and ground cover plants, bonsai, cut flowers and flower arrangements, garden plant resources, herbal flowers, greenhouse gardening and indoor greening, adaptability and adversity resistance of garden plants, physiological ecology and rapid propagation of garden plants, etc. Landscape architecture research includes green space planning and design, garden art, garden greening management, foreign gardens and so on. Among them, green space planning and design, garden art, woody flowers, landscaping management, bonsai and so on are the focus of garden research. For example, Su Dongsheng's Study on Plant Configuration in Urban Landscaping Project 2, Li Lin's The Role of Garden Art Design in Urban Landscape Design 3, Li Mei's Plant Landscape Configuration in Garden Art 4, Cheng Boping's Modern Urban Construction and Garden Art 5, Yin Jingzhou's Thoughts on Several Issues of Urban Landscaping Management 6. However, for a long time, landscape scholars in China tend to study and practice landscape aesthetics, and seldom consciously use the principles and methods of landscape ecology to study the structure, pattern and ecological function of urban green space. At present, urban landscape greening is changing from traditional garden design with classical gardens as the core to modern landscape and ecological design with modern landscapes as the core, with great changes in discipline construction, specialty setting, knowledge system and practice orientation.

1. Present situation and existing problems

At present, China's urban greening work has made remarkable achievements, the level of urban landscaping has been greatly improved, the quality of ecological environment has been continuously improved, the living environment has been continuously optimized, and the urban appearance has been significantly improved. However, with the accelerated development of cities, cities in China are facing great pressure in terms of ecological environment, land and water resources, and some cities have problems in landscaping.

1. 1 Follow the trend and plan monotonously.

Many cities follow the popular successful model of urban greening at home and abroad, even "learning to walk in Handan", planting shrubs in large color blocks, splicing and pruning, and planting lawns in large areas, which seriously affected the urban greening characteristics. Generally speaking, the plant species of urban green space in China are relatively single. Among the botanical gardens or natural forests around the city, most cities have 200~400 species of applications, and only a few cities have more than 1000 species, and even fewer trees can be planted on both sides of the street. The monotony of plant species easily leads to the fragility of the ecosystem. In recent years, the large-scale introduction of green plants abroad is mainly concentrated on a few varieties, and the phenomenon of following the trend and blindly following is also very prominent. Throughout the cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, there are few commonly used street trees, mainly Luanshu, Cinnamomum camphora, Sophora japonica, Albizia Albizia and Ligustrum lucidum.

The total amount of 1.2 is insufficient and the level is low.

There are few green trees in the city, especially big trees, and there are even fewer green spaces in the downtown area. There is no green isolation belt dominated by trees around, and the greening supporting work of construction projects has not been implemented. The relevant leaders of some cities lack sufficient understanding of the importance of urban greening, which leads to a serious phenomenon of violating the overall urban planning and urban green space system planning, occupying green space without authorization and changing the nature of planned green space; There is a shortage of funds for greening construction and a serious shortage of funds for maintenance and management; Urban greening legal system lags behind and management is weak; Contrary to the law of ecological development, simply pursuing the green landscape effect of "forest city", introducing a large number of exotic plants and transplanting high value-added trees such as big trees and ancient trees, leading to extravagance and waste, and seriously damaging the original ecological resources and natural environment of the city. Blindly introducing exotic plants has caused great risks to the ecological environment. According to preliminary statistics, there are 75 genera 107 species of exotic weeds in China, of which 62 species were introduced from abroad as ornamental plants, medicinal plants, vegetables, feed and pasture.

1.3 The loss outweighs the gain.

In urban landscaping, it is difficult to achieve a balance by trying to imitate others, pursuing fashion, and introducing and transplanting a large number of plants with different origins and habits at any cost. It is difficult for these foreign "guests" to integrate into the local environment and biology in a short time. Exotic plants can not achieve the expected greening effect because of their poor adaptability to the local environment, or die directly, or need to spend a lot of money to maintain the life of these explants.

1.4 There are more grass and fewer trees, and the scenery is single.

At present, many cities have planted lawns in large areas in landscaping. Although the green area has been increased, the amount of green has not increased, and the ecological benefits of greening are not obvious. China's cities are densely populated and have limited space. Under this special condition and environment, the layout of large lawn not only lacks the three-dimensional change of environmental space, but also is difficult to meet people's comfort requirements. Too much lawn planting will reduce people's activity places, increase management costs and make the city's scenery single. At the same time, under the condition that the requirement of green area remains unchanged, the planting area of trees and shrubs will be reduced, and the ecological benefits will be greatly reduced.

1.5 short-term maintenance, the system is not smooth.

The shortage of funds is the key reason for the low quality of landscaping maintenance at present. At present, the old residential areas in some cities are not equipped with property management, and the cost of greening and maintenance is either borne by the government or paid by the neighborhood committees or street offices from the meager special funds for garbage, which basically falls into a situation of unmanned management and maintenance. Although some residential quarters have property management, the cost standard of greening and maintenance is very low, which is basically in a situation where the subject of greening and maintenance is unknown and the responsibility is unclear. Therefore, it is urgent to straighten out the landscaping system of residential quarters as soon as possible and establish a maintenance model with maintenance funds borne by the owners. In addition, there are also problems in the establishment of greening management institutions in some areas.

2. New ideas and principles of urban landscaping development

Scientific Outlook on Development should be implemented in the development of urban landscaping. According to the requirements of an environment-friendly and resource-saving society, the concept of "ecological priority, rational investment, adapting measures to local conditions and scientific greening" runs through the whole process of management, planning and development, guiding and promoting the transformation of the development mode of urban landscaping, and constructing a brand-new urban landscaping mode 8.

2. 1 New concept of urban landscaping development

Adhere to the concept that urban landscaping is urban infrastructure. In order to realize the transformation of the concept of urban landscaping from "urban supporting facilities" to "urban infrastructure", we should give full play to the role of urban landscaping in improving the deteriorating urban ecological environment, and make use of the functions of landscaping plants such as carbon absorption and oxygen generation, cooling and heat dissipation, and purifying groundwater, so as to make the urban environment reach a natural balance and realize its sustainable development.

Adhere to the concept of urban garden culture. In order to realize the transformation from "garden green space" to "garden culture" and change the situation of "green without landscape and landscape without cultural connotation", it is necessary to sublimate urban landscaping into an art, a kind of urban culture, so that it can not only meet people's leisure and entertainment needs, but also carry local culture and spread civilization through greening, so that natural resources, historical culture and human landscape can be organically integrated to form a higher artistic level.

Adhering to urban greening is the concept of beautifying the city. It is necessary to realize the transformation of urban gardens from "greening" to "beautifying". Landscape with outstanding characteristics and diverse styles is the basic requirement of urban greening development. It is necessary to highlight native plants, pay attention to the combination of trees, shrubs and flowers, create a modern urban landscape greening system with multi-layer plant communities, tree groups and colorful flowers, and create an ecological space with fresh air, beautiful environment, good ecology and harmonious human settlements.

2.2 principles of urban landscaping development

① Improve the efficiency of land use. By increasing the number of trees planted and improving the plant configuration structure, the unit output benefit of land can be improved. ② Improve the efficiency of capital use. Through scientific planning, rational design, active investment and other management measures, the development and maintenance costs of urban gardens can be reduced. (3) government led, Du Hui participated. Give full play to the role of the government in policy guarantee, planning control, concept guidance, resource coordination and technology promotion, and guide and promote the extensive participation of the Association. ④ Adhere to ecological priority and functional coordination.

Maximizing the ecological benefits of green space is the goal of urban landscaping. Only by integrating urban green space with history, culture, aesthetics and science and technology can we realize the coordinated development of urban landscaping functions such as ecology, landscape, recreation, science and education and disaster prevention.

3. Ideas and countermeasures for the development of urban landscaping

Urban gardens are a complex ecosystem integrating society, economy and nature. Because of the different basic conditions such as climate and geographical location in each city, the plant species are very different. The development of urban landscaping must be based on different types of cities, make a detailed investigation of plant communities in cities, explore the internal relationship between trees, flowers, wild animals, microorganisms and the environment, follow the laws of their survival, growth, development and adaptation, and put forward scientific decisions.

3. 1 Adjust measures to local conditions, strictly plan, define objectives and implement responsibilities.

Planning is the leader of construction, and making forward-looking and scientific urban green space system planning is the key to make a new breakthrough in urban greening. The competent department of urban planning shall, jointly with the competent department of urban landscaping, respect the original local topography, landforms, water bodies and ecological communities, adopt and retain the original animals, plants and microorganisms as much as possible in urban construction design, and introduce plants suitable for local specific ecological conditions and landscape environment. The landscape planning and design department should strictly review the planning and design scheme according to the requirements of economical landscaping, change the new concept of paying equal attention to the protection function of architecture, ornamental and plant landscaping, organize experts to fully demonstrate the planning and design scheme, put the specific requirements into the evaluation criteria of the scheme, avoid focusing only on single ornamental function or limited to immediate effect, and set long-term goals from the perspective of long-term urban development.

On the basis of fully understanding the present situation of urban development and investigating the existing landscape characteristics of the city, the development plan of urban landscaping is compiled and implemented, and the short-term development goals are defined as the basic basis for guiding the construction of urban landscaping. According to the principle of ecology and the principle of "symbiosis between city and nature", combined with the adjustment of industrial structure of clothing industry, high-standard regional green belts will be built among urban groups, industrial areas and living areas to highlight the independence of each district. Urban planning, landscaping and other government departments should unify their thinking in Scientific Outlook on Development, firmly establish a scientific and economical awareness of greening, put the development of scientific and economical urban landscaping on the important agenda, and formulate specific implementation plans. It is necessary to unify thinking, clarify the division of labor, objectives and responsibilities, and ensure that understanding, responsibilities and measures are in place. On this basis, we will earnestly implement urban green belts and urban environmental greening projects, carry out greening transformation of roads and rivers, improve the green rate, green coverage rate and per capita green area of urban planned built-up areas in strict accordance with the planning objectives, further improve the level of garden construction and management, implement the national key park management system, and effectively protect historical gardens.

3.2 publicity and education, improve the legal system

Improve people's awareness of greening and creativity. At present, the market mechanism is not perfect, so the creation of garden city should attract the full attention of relevant leaders, widely implement the green target responsibility system during the leadership term, implement the one-vote veto system for unit appraisal, increase investment and speed up construction. At the same time, establish and improve the law enforcement team of landscaping, strengthen law enforcement inspection according to the Regulations on Urban Landscape Management, severely punish the acts of encroaching on green space, deforestation and other destruction of green space, and safeguard and consolidate the achievements of urban greening according to law. On this basis, we should pay special attention to strengthen publicity and education, win wide support from all walks of life, raise the awareness of national greening and garden city creation, cultivate the public's awareness of caring for the living environment, establish the concept of sustainable development without sacrificing the environment, and form a good atmosphere of consciously caring for the environment. Local development planning and landscaping departments should strictly follow the relevant provisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC) Urban Planning Law, the Urban Greening Regulations and so on, constantly strengthen law enforcement, and implement the green line control system. The city green line must be announced to the metropolis and be supervised by the metropolis. It is necessary to combine the requirements of conservation-oriented landscaping, sort out the existing laws and regulations, speed up the revision and improvement of relevant legal standards for landscaping, and incorporate conservation-oriented landscaping as an important content into technical standards and norms, so as to make the requirements of conservation-oriented landscaping more specific and operable.

3.3 Optimize greening design to ensure greening maintenance.

Landscape design should be based on the characteristics of the city, highlight the cultural heritage of the city, and combine the geographical location and greening layout of the city. We can design a number of distinctive cultural landscapes in busy streets and major intersections, such as urban sculptures, architectural sketches, entertainment facilities, etc., to show the local customs of the city and enhance the city's taste. At the same time, the newly-built urban area is suitable for planting large areas of green plants. In view of the embarrassing situation of green space caused by historical reasons such as dense population and limited space in the old city, the greening construction focuses on transformation, and the leisure activities of urban residents must be considered to create different urban greening styles. Rational allocation of green tree species, vigorously promote the use of local tree species with low cost, strong adaptability and distinctive local characteristics, and give priority to plants that are drought-tolerant, water-saving and easy to maintain.

Greening maintenance is the key to landscaping. No matter how good the greening design and construction is, if it is not properly maintained in the later period, it will also fall short. At present, the maintenance mode only emphasizes weeding, watering, spraying clothes and chemicals, which is simple and primitive, ignoring the artistry of pruning, fertilization and pest control, which will directly affect the landscape effect of greening and is difficult to beautify.

4. Conclusion

As the only living infrastructure in the city, urban gardens play an irreplaceable role in improving the ecological environment and improving environmental quality. Urban greening not only requires the city to be green, but also beautiful. Urban landscaping is an important carrier to improve urban ecological environment.

Strengthening the development of innovative urban landscaping is an important long-term task in the process of urban development in China. The competent department of landscape planning and greening development should constantly sum up experience in the process of practice, take advantage of the situation, combine urban natural resources and regional climate characteristics, scientifically formulate implementation plans, and effectively promote innovative urban landscape greening with a high sense of historical responsibility and mission.

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