Beijing-Hangzhou grand canal route

Nanjing Grand Canal starts from Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south and reaches Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north, passing through Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong and Hebei provinces and Tianjin and Beijing, and runs through five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is the longest and largest ancient canal in the world and one of the oldest canals. Together with the Great Wall and Karez, it is called the three major ancient projects in China, and it has been in use ever since. It is a great project created by the working people in ancient China and one of the symbols of China's cultural status.

The canal has played a great role in the economic and cultural development and communication between the north and the south of China, especially in the development of industrial and agricultural economy along the route. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Wu dug for the purpose of cutting Qi, and the Sui Dynasty expanded it to Luoyang, the capital, and even Zhuo Jun County. When the Yuan Dynasty was rebuilt, it abandoned Luoyang and took Beijing. It has been dug for more than 2500 years now.

In 2002, the Grand Canal was included in the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. 20 14 On June 22nd, the 38th World Heritage Conference announced that China's Grand Canal Project was successfully selected into the World Cultural Heritage List, becoming the 46th World Heritage Project in China. 20/kloc-in September, 2004, the water departments of Tongzhou, Wuqing and Xianghe signed a strategic cooperation agreement, and the Tongzhou-Xianghe-Wuqing section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is expected to resume navigation. It is planned to realize the initial navigation in 20 17, and officially open to navigation in 2020.

Extended data:

First, the historical background of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was built in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, canals were basically dug to serve the military action of conquering other countries. For example, the direct purpose of Fu Cha, the king of Wu, was to send troops to the Northern Expedition of Qi, while the gap dug in 360 BC basically served the military action of conquering other countries.

After the unification of the world, the Sui Dynasty made a decision to run through the North-South Canal, and its motivation has surpassed the purpose of serving military operations, because the world has been unified at this time. The Sui Dynasty had its economic motives for digging canals. For a long time in ancient China, the economic center of gravity was always in the Yellow River Basin, and the economy in the north was more advanced than that in the south. But by the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, profound changes had taken place in society.

More than 400 years of chaos have seriously impacted the northern economy. In contrast, the southern economy has developed rapidly and become the national economic center. After the national reunification, Sui paid special attention to this area, but the political center of Chang 'an, the capital of Sui Dynasty, did not move southward with the development and change of economic center. Therefore, the state needs to strengthen the management of the south, Chang 'an needs to contact with the rich economic zone, and needs food and materials from the south to supply the north, whether it is the central court, bureaucrats or nobles or the northern border.

At the same time, the long-term partition has hindered the economic exchanges between the North and the South. With the improvement of productivity, economic development urgently requires strengthening economic ties between the North and the South. The opening of the Canal in Sui Dynasty was not only due to economic reasons, but also to political reasons. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a period of great development of aristocratic families, and its strength is quite strong.

After the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, they still relied on their own powerful forces in an attempt to compete with the central authorities. This sharp contradiction has always existed in Jiangnan area, which made the Sui regime face a serious threat. It is imperative for the rulers of Sui Dynasty to effectively rule the south and run through the North-South Canal. At the same time, the northern border ethnic minority regime was also a great disaster in the Sui Dynasty, which sent a large number of troops to the border. It is not enough to rely solely on these troops to cultivate land, but also on the food supply of Jianghuai and the Central Plains.

The road is long, and digging canals is the key to solve the problem. From the Sui Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, both the unified regime and the separatist regime paid attention to the dredging and improvement of the canal, and their motives were nothing more than economic, political and military aspects, making full use of the canal to transport water.

Relying on the canal, it has become one of the main means for China rulers to build a huge and complicated water transport system and transport materials from all over the country to the capital. The reason for the restoration and diversion of the canal is also the frequent siltation of the canal in reality and the change of the status of the capital of different regimes. By the Yuan Dynasty, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was fully connected, and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal became a north-south waterway trunk line.

This canal was dug by the rulers for grain transportation, gathering huge manpower and material resources. The real purpose of the birth of the canal is water transportation, which is the life support and power supply system of the feudal dynasty and maintains the life continuation of the dynasty.

Because the problems of piracy and wind and waves are difficult to solve, canal water transportation is the main first choice in the history of water transportation. Digging a canal is a veritable feat, which benefits the present and the future. For the builders, its effect will soon appear and bring decisive influence to the dynasty. Therefore, wise rulers of past dynasties attached great importance to the construction of canals.

Second, the construction

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was dug in 486 BC, with a history of more than 2,500 years. An important river channel dug by Qin Shihuang in Jiaxing also laid the foundation for the later Jiangnan Canal. According to Yue Jue Shu, Qin Shihuang "managed Lingshui Road from Jiaxing to Qiantang to Zhejiang", from which the canal and canal culture were derived.

The Grand Canal was dug in the Spring and Autumn Period, completed in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, straightened out in the Yuan Dynasty and dredged in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the long years, it has experienced three major construction processes. The last building is called "Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal".

(A) the end of the Spring and Autumn Period

Xu Xi and Xupu are the earliest sections of the Grand Canal, and they are the embryonic period of the Grand Canal. According to legend, they were named after Wu Zixu, a doctor of the State of Wu. At that time, Fu Cha, the monarch of Wu who ruled the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, had conquered Chu and Yue, and only Qi stood in his way. Fu Cha fought for the hegemony of the Central Plains for the Northern Expedition of Qi.

He mobilized civilian workers to dig a canal (now Li Canal) from Yangzhou to the northeast, through Sheyang Lake to Huai 'an and into the Huaihe River. It was named "Hangou" because it passed through Hancheng, with a total length of170km, which introduced the Yangtze River water into the Huaihe River and became the earliest section of the Grand Canal. The canal was born for water transport.

In the Warring States period, large ditches (from Yuanyang County, Henan Province, from north to south, into Putian, east of Zhengzhou City) and gaps were dug one after another, thus connecting the Yangtze River, Huaihe River and four rivers in the economic zone.

The King of Wu defeated Qi in Ailing (now Taian, Shandong). In the first 482 years, in Huangchi (now southwest of Fengqiu, Henan Province), he led elite governors to compete with gold for hegemony. As a result, Wu was destroyed by the sneak attack of Yue. Although Fu Cha died, he left behind not only the embryonic form of Yangzhou, but also these canals that are still in use today.

(2) Sui and Tang Dynasties

The "Sui and Tang Grand Canal" is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan. At the beginning of the 7th century, after the rule of Yang Di, the capital was moved to Luoyang. In order to control the vast areas in the south of the Yangtze River and transport the rich materials in the Yangtze River Delta to Luoyang, in 603 AD, Yang Di ordered the excavation of the Yongji Canal, which was about 1 000 km long from Luoyang to Zhuo Jun County, Hebei Province (now southwest of Beijing).

In the first year of Daye (AD 605), he was ordered to dig a "Tongji Canal" with a length of about 1000 km from Luoyang, Jiangsu Province to Qingjiang (now Huai 'an City) to directly communicate the traffic between the Yellow River and Huaihe River, and to transform the Hangou and Jiangnan Canal. In three years, Yongji Canal was dug, leading to Zhuo Jun in the north. Together with the Guangtong Canal dug in 584 AD, a number of canal systems were formed.

Then in 6 10, the "Jiangnan Canal" with a length of about 400 kilometers was dug from Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province to Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province (the foreign trade port at that time); At the same time, the Hangou was reformed. In this way, the river from Luoyang to Hangzhou with a total length of 1700 kilometers can be directly connected to ships. [9]? Yangzhou is a famous Li Canal city. When Yang Di dug a canal in Yangzhou, Yangzhou became the hub of north-south traffic. Thanks to grain transportation, it has become one of the most prosperous areas in China.

(1) Guangtong Canal, from Chang 'an to Tongguan, east to the Yellow River. Weihe River is the main water source.

(2) Tongji Canal, a waterway connecting the Yellow River and Huaihe River from Luoyang.

(3) Shanyangdu starts from Yang Shan on the south bank of Huaihe River (now Huai 'an District, Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province) in the north, goes straight to the south, and reaches Jiangdu (now Yangzhou City) in the southwest of the Yangtze River.

(4) Yongji Canal, north of the Yellow River. From the Qinhekou on the other side of Luoyang to the north, it reaches Zhuo Jun (now Beijing).

(3) Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

/kloc-After the Yuan Dynasty made Beijing its capital at the end of 0/3 century, in order to connect the north and the south, it was necessary to dig a canal to transport the grain from the south to the north. For this reason, three sections of rivers have been dug successively, and the horizontal canal of the Sui Dynasty with Luoyang as the center has been built into a vertical grand canal with Dadu as the center and Hangzhou as the south.

It took Yuan Dynasty 10 years to excavate the "Luozhou River" and "Huitong River" successively, connecting the natural rivers and lakes between Tianjin and Qingjiang River in Jiangsu, and connecting the south of Qingjiang River with Hangou and Jiangnan Canal to Hangzhou. Between Beijing and Tianjin, the original canal has been abandoned and a new "Tonghui River" has been built. In this way, the new Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is more than 900 kilometers shorter than the Sui-Tang Grand Canal which bypasses Luoyang.

The key areas excavated in Yuan Dynasty are Sishui to Weihe and Dadu to Tongzhou in Shandong. In the 18th year of Zhiyuan (Kublai Khan, Yuan Shizu) (A.D. 128 1), Jeju River was opened, with a total length of 75 kilometers from Rencheng (Jining City) to procedural Anshan (Dongping County). In the 26th year of Zhiyuan (1289), the meeting reached the river, starting from Nankai Canal in Shanxi. From the northwest of Shouzhang to Linqing, it is125km long.

In the 29th year of Yuan Dynasty (1292), the river was opened, and the Pingzhu River in Xichang, Beijing was introduced into Dadoucheng, and it flowed eastward to Tongzhou to join the Baihe River, with a total length of 25 kilometers. In the 30th year of Yuan Dynasty (1293), the Grand Canal was fully navigable in Yuan Dynasty, and the waterwheel could go directly from Hangzhou to Dadu, becoming the predecessor of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.

Geographically, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is divided into seven sections: from Beijing to Tongzhou District called Tonghui River, from Shenshan Spring in Baifu Village in Changping County to Jishuitan and Zhongnanhai, from Wenmingmen (now Chongwenmen) to the east, from Yangzha Village in Chaoyang District to Gaolizhuang Village in Tongzhou (now Zhangjiawan Village) to Luhe (now the old road of North Canal), with a total length of 82 kilometers.

Tongzhou District to Tianjin is called the North Canal, which is 186 km long. Tianjin to Linqing is called the South Canal, which is 400 kilometers long. Linqing to Taierzhuang is called Lu Canal, which is about 500 kilometers long. Taierzhuang to Huai 'an is called the Central Canal, with a total length of 186 km. Huai 'an to Guazhou is called Li Canal, which is about180km long. Zhenjiang to Hangzhou is called Jiangnan Canal, which is about 330 kilometers long.

The Ming and Qing dynasties maintained the foundation of the Yuan Canal, and dredged the abandoned reach in Shandong in the late Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. From the middle of Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty, from Xiazhen (now Weishan County) to Qingjiangpu (now Huai 'an) in Weishan Lake, Shandong Province, canal projects such as Kaikou Canal, Tongji New River and Zhonghe River were carried out, and the Moon River was excavated between Jianghuai and the lake was separated.

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, as the main artery of north-south traffic, has played a great role in history. The navigation of the canal has promoted the rapid development of coastal cities.

Tongzhou ancient poem goes: A tower shadow recognizes Tongzhou. The burning lighthouse stands at the northern end of the Grand Canal and is a landmark building in Jingmen Tongzhou. Tianjin North Canal and South Canal meet in Tianjin, where they are sent from Haihe River to Bohai Sea. According to records, during the developed period of water transportation, the North Canal from Tianjin to Tongzhou carried 20,000 grain ships every year, with officers and men 1.2 million, including 30,000 merchant ships.

The opening of the waterway has enabled the small Zhigu village to rapidly develop into a well-known "Tianjinwei". The intersection of Zhenjiang, Yangzhou Yangtze River and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Liaocheng Lake and River accounts for one-third of the urban area, and is called "Venice in the north of China", which is very rare in northern cities, among which the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is indispensable. Suzhou "Suzhou Lake is ripe and the world is full".

The opening of the canal made Suzhou rich in water and food. The existing passenger lines in the Suzhou-Hangzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal travel back and forth. The entrance of Huai 'an Grand Canal, under the pier of Guzhen on the east bank of the Canal, is the former residence of The Journey to the West author Wu Cheng'en.

(4) Modern

1842, the decisive battle of the British army in the Opium War was to seize Zhenjiang, where the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal meets the Yangtze River, and block the grain transportation, so that Daoguang quickly made a decision to make peace, and soon signed the Sino-British treaty of nanking. After 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom occupied the areas along the Yangtze River in Nanjing and Anhui for more than ten years, and the canal transportation was forced to be interrupted. The war was extremely tragic, during which major cities along the route suffered heavy losses and some or even all of them were burned.

1855 After the Yellow River was diverted, the Shandong section of the canal gradually silted up. Since then, grain transportation has mainly changed to sea transportation. 1872, China merchants group was established in Shanghai, and grain was officially transported by ship. 1904, the governor of grain transportation was also abolished. 19 1 1 the entire line of jinpu railway was opened to traffic in. Since then, the status of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and the cities along it has plummeted.

After liberation, the canal was renovated on a large scale, which enabled it to play a variety of roles such as shipping, irrigation, flood control and drainage. Some river sections have been widened and deepened, many modern docks and shiplocks have been built, and shipping conditions have been improved. Seasonal navigation mileage reaches 1 100 km or more. 660 kilometers south of Pixian County, Jiangsu Province, the 500-ton fleet can be unimpeded.

1The communication project between the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and Qiantang River, which was completed at the end of 1988, realized the connection between the river, the river and the sea. In 2002, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which was originally only responsible for navigation, was incorporated into one of the third-line projects of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, and became an important link and channel for the east-line project of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China. Through it, the water in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River can be sent to Shandong and Hebei, which are short of water in the north.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-Beijing-Hangzhou grand canal