Translation methods of landscape architecture and papers of major schools

Review and Prospect of Landscape Architecture in China

Landscape architecture is a discipline that coordinates human economy, social development and natural environment.

The relationship between science and art. It is committed to the protection and rational utilization of natural environmental resources.

Source. Create a good ecological and beautiful landscape, reflecting the culture of the times and sustainable development.

The landscape architecture of human settlements integrates biology, engineering technology and aesthetics.

Integration of theory. In order to coordinate the relationship between man and nature. Playing the other one, F. Is it beneficial or not?

Can replace the role. It has great environmental, social and economic benefits.

profit

1 developing landscape architecture discipline

An ancient legend. Whether it's the "Yaochi Wonderland" of migrant workers or the "Garden of Eden" of Christianity.

Garden "or" Xili-Elysium "in Buddhism is based on the beautiful nature of the world.

The environment is idealized, shaping me (ij) into a beautiful realm that adults yearn for.

After oral spread to written description, people are most admired.

The pursuit and exploration of sacrifice. The powerful people who follow me (IJ) are in their living space.

Follow the trend. Even ordinary people do their best in the space of production and life.

I can use natural elements to improve my real living environment.

After a long history, it has become the favorite of hundreds of millions of people all over the world.

* * * Knowledge, * * * and discussion, practice nature, and study humanities and arts.

The profitability of commodities began in the middle of18th century. Parks have appeared in major cities.

After industrial revolution in europe, the city expanded rapidly and the urban environment deteriorated day by day, which is worrying.

Fbenezer Howard put forward the concept of "garden city".

In the first half of this century, American gardener Fred T. O.

Olmsted) after visiting Blowing Island, he planned new york Central Park and Boston.

And Washington's park and green space system. He was the first person to call his profession landscape architecture.

Since then, the field of T.andscape architects has been broken.

The closed garden wall has been built and has been extended to the scope of urban greening as a whole. Landscape architecture has been completed.

As an independent profession, its professional knowledge base includes space planning, establishment and landscape.

Artistic creation. Plant cultivation, civil engineering technology and geoscience, meteorology, menzhou.

American Association of Landscape Architects (AST). A) Established in 1898.

1900, Harvard University opened the first landscape architecture (T. and landscape architecture).

Ture) of course This means that landscape architecture has formed an independent specialty and equipment.

Learning interest with specific connotation marks the establishment of modern landscape architecture.

The development of forests in various countries in the world has led to 1948 International Association of Landscape Architects.

Conference (TFT. A) established.

The development of world industrial economy, the improvement of agricultural technology and the development of agriculture.

The population is rapidly decreasing. The rapid population gathering in cities has accelerated the urbanization process today.

In the whole world, 47% of the world's population lives in cities, and the proportion of developed countries is already

More than 80% of cities will become economic, cultural and transportation centers, while the original

Our natural environment has been completely destroyed. Our production and life consume a lot of natural resources and energy.

Meanwhile, it pollutes people's living environment; I (IJ) the most active and effective improvement.

The means of urban ecological environment is to strengthen landscaping and build diversified cities.

The type of garden green space is urban. It should be natural. The green plant in Sichuan is oxygen.

The only source of gas. It can absorb carbon dioxide and purify the atmosphere and water.

Harmful ingredients play a unique role. In addition, green space can also alleviate the J effect of heat.

We should organize a virtuous circle of airflow, adjust the climate, save water, reduce noise and prevent disasters.

Avoiding disasters plays a great role. I (IJ) not only create environmental benefits, but also create

To create huge macroeconomic benefits, urban landscaping must first take the road-

The requirements of ecology. Improve the urban ecological environment and realize people's healthy life.

Goal of

Urban green space system or urban residents' recreation, closeness to nature and development.

The main carrier of various cultural, sports and learning activities. The urban green space system is the same as the city.

Relying on the combination of natural landforms and cultural traditions, decorate the city and build a wooden city.

You can see the beauty, pride and distinctive features of other cities.

Urban landscaping is responsible for solving the problem of harmony between man and nature in cities.

Huge projects are also a necessary condition for the sustainable development of cities.

Urban landscaping is one of the most important infrastructures in the city.

Serve the land use planning and the overall urban layout; Urban public works

At the same time, the construction should be coordinated with urban transportation, information network, water supply and energy pipeline.

Tune; And environmental protection, sanitation facilities construction, water source protection, water conservation, river

Water landscape related. It is compatible with various construction projects. I (q city garden

Greening must be unified with the planning and construction of urban infrastructure. It should be integrated into unified management.

system

The progress of technology and the improvement of transportation make the mode of human activities almost

Extending to every corner of the earth. The earth is relatively small and the construction disturbance is great.

Moved the balance order of nature, so that the natural ecology was seriously threatened, to the wood age.

The scholar exclaimed that the earth, the only home of mankind, would be destroyed.

Class self-destruction! Under such circumstances; If you don't execute the whole earth,

It's protected by a V-shaped diagram. The home on which all mankind depends will be completely destroyed.

Bad 1969 published by American landscape architect Michael Hager ((T.T.M charges).

"Design and Nature" puts forward a principle of state.

V} Provide basis for construction and decision-making, and make human construction activities move towards nature.

Minimize losses. 1978. American Association of Landscape Architects.

Symonds (1' 0 "Symonds) published his Landscape of the Earth -T,}; FI= instrument

Planning guide. This paper systematically discusses the eye of the information age-the landscape planning of the earth.

The world and the new technical means to control the world have expanded the field of landscape architecture.

It has reached the stage of "land landscape planning", which is often the Mao Zedong Gate 40 years ago.

The call for "gardening" is not mine (IJ)

The benefits of modern landscape architecture include: traditional landscape architecture, urban beautification and

Two levels of traditional landscape planning should include landscape history and landscape architecture.

Forestry art, garden plants, garden engineering, landscape architecture, etc. And apply them.

The research results of this discipline are beneficial to the creation, protection and management of all aspects of human settlements.

Planting gardens; Choose plants with good quality. Study well-behaved plant communities.

Study on plant growth characteristics and related cultivation management techniques to improve garden green space.

The design level and ecological benefit of green space Urban landscaping is the study of landscaping.

The role of culture in urban construction. Investigate the influence of residents' leisure and fitness on landscaping.

Land demand and cultural psychology. Determine the ability of garden green space to improve and purify the environment

Quantify the data, reasonably determine the greening amount needed for urban towels and arrange the construction reasonably.

Systematization; To preside over or participate in the overall urban planning and urban design; Study city towels

Construction and management technology of three kinds of garden green space: analysis and evaluation of urban landscape greening

Investment and benefit in macroeconomic strength, as well as research and development to promote urban parks.

Land landscape planning, such as forest greening policies and measures, is the theme of developing towels.

The task is to regard the natural landscape and human landscape of the earth as resources.

State, socio-economic value and aesthetic value are evaluated and sensitive.

J. risk analysis; Maximize the protection of typical ecosystems and precious and endangered species.

Breeding habitat, protecting biodiversity, preserving natural landscape and precious culture,

Natural heritage. The planning of the most rational land use in Fan Wei includes the names of scenic spots.

Scenic spots, national parks, forest resorts, theme parks, nature reserves and aquatic habitats.

Restoration of shore landscape, mining and other landscapes; And participate in regional planning, high

Route selection and road landscape planning of expressways and railways. Large-scale foundation wood structure engineering landscape

Planning shows that the work of landscape architects has extended to urban and rural areas and Yuan Ye.

Concerned about the survival of all mankind.

The role of landscape architecture is irreplaceable by any other building.

It is more natural than architecture and more artistic than forestry. It not only makes plans, but also undertakes.

Undertake construction, maintenance and management, and build it into a three-dimensional landscape; It has created huge business opportunities for tourism.

The size of economic benefits. I silently contribute; It is related to the environmental protection and cultural relics departments.

Become allies and cooperate in their respective fields.

2 The tortuous development of landscape architecture in China

The land of towels has a long history of landscape architecture culture. Towel country is the second largest garden in the world.

One of the countries of origin (West Asia, Greece, towel countries) is the traditional garden of towel countries in the world.

Unique ya} {is to establish this modern knowledge in China, but it is a new success.

What happened after its establishment was in Muli, a university before the 1940s. Only in the field of agriculture.

Towels from the yard gardening department. Learn ornamental plants and cultivation applications while learning a craft.

The landscape architecture of architecture department of Technology and Business University is only from the aspects of spatial layout, architectural art and so on.

Teaching landscape architecture and related engineering knowledge from an artistic point of view was rare in China at that time.

The family is studying abroad.

1949 1953. Fudan University, Zhejiang University, Shenyang Agricultural College, etc.

Some graduates of campus art department were assigned to work in the Department of Landscape Architecture 195 1 year.

Tsinghua University Liang Sicheng, Mr. Wu, and Beijing Agricultural University 2I Juyuan Xianmen-

Has started. With the support of Beijing Construction Bureau, the first horticulture major in China was established.

Industry. 1953 trained the first batch of graduates. The graduates of the above institutions are the same as before.

Became the first batch of landscape architecture professionals in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

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In the early days of the People's Republic of China, although the economic foundation of China was very weak, the country was still very important.

According to the different landscaping work, all cities have gardens bureaus and departments responsible for this work.

In the first five-year plan, Khan made progress in urban greening and park construction.

During this period, I learned from the Soviet Union that the urban green space system planning was listed as the overall urban planning towel.

The important content 1958 puts forward the figure of "greening the motherland", without gardening.

Great progress has been made in landscaping. I (IJ)— in the Cultural Revolution)—

Disaster towel. Landscape architecture was sealed, funded and restored. The garden organization was cancelled. University.

Landscape architecture major suspended. A large number of parks and green spaces have been occupied, and the academic benefits of landscape architecture have fallen to a low point.

damp

After the Second Plenary Session of the First CPC Central Committee, the benefits of landscape architecture were redeveloped.

The exhibition restored the garden management organization from the towel center to the provinces and cities. There are more than 40 agricultural, forestry and construction institutions.

Architecture and urban construction colleges have opened gardens (plant cultivation) and landscape gardens (planning and design).

Il) A department or major in the State Council has successively promulgated the Interim Provisions on the Administration of Scenic Spots.

Example ","urban greening regulations "and a series of laws and regulations 1992" world environment and development ".

After the congress, the Chinese government took protecting the environment and greening the motherland as its basic national policy.

To this end, the Ministry of Construction has formulated the Urban Greening Planning and Construction Index. Entire country

According to this index, cities have compiled or revised urban green space system planning and implemented it.

The activity of creating a garden city is based on 1997, and landscape architecture is being carried out all over the country.

There are more than 400,000 employees who set up, manage, teach and study benefits, and there are 668 municipalities directly under the central government.

The city's average green coverage rate is 25. 5%. Per capita public green space 5. 5m-。 Nationally,

The total area of provincial, city (county) secondary scenic spots is 96,000 square kilometers.

0% of 65438+ products

1983, Jinguo Architecture Institute (technical secondary school) established Landscape Architecture Institute.

Yes). 1989 set up the towel country landscape architecture society (first-class society). Currently, there are

Group members 1 17, members 1. 10000 people, distributed in gardens, scenic spots and buildings.

Architecture, urban planning, forestry, gardening, environmental protection, cultural relics, tourism, transportation, metallurgy, chemical industry.

And other industries, and published the academic IJ object "Towel Country Garden"

In garden art theory, garden plant cultivation, garden design, construction, management,

Urban green space system planning. Landscape ecology, landscape economics, scenic spot protection and

A series of experimental studies have been carried out in the development of equal force, and considerable results have been achieved.

If this achievement helps to improve people's living environment and the sustainable development of cities,

The development of tourism, the opening of economy and even the image of national salvation are all there.

The role that cannot be ignored.

The Expo strengthened foreign exchanges and absorbed international landscape architecture in one go.

The new achievements in art have promoted the characteristics and achievements of Chinese landscape architecture and improved China's international status. Most of the achievements of the International Federation of Landscape Architects.

Members are aware that this international organization is incomplete without China's participation.

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The actual level and performance of landscape architecture in China are far from modernization.

There is still a big gap between the construction requirements and the international advanced level, and there are many problems.

First of all, the whole society lacks understanding of the significance and function of landscape architecture.

Environmental awareness is generally not high. Under the impact of market economy, the garden is considered to be green.

It occupies a lot of land, but it can't or can only generate negligible economic income.

The construction of environmental green space is regarded as a burden by real estate investors.

Some small parks and green spaces engage in real estate development, which leads to the present urban gardens in China.

Greening is still in a very backward state, and modern urban greening is in this developed country.

The land use rate is over 50%, and the per capita public green space is over 30m-.

The standard requires a green rate of 30%. Per capita green space is 7m-. Just to maintain the city gate-

The minimum critical value at which the state will not deteriorate. However, some people think it is a waste of land. fulfil

It is still difficult to predict the population of the urbanized areas in China in the 1930s.

The population will exceed 60%. If effective measures are not taken immediately, the consequences will be unimaginable.

assumptive

On the vast land, people are happy to see scenic spots and many other places.

Strong tourism is the starting point of people. The protection and management of this resource is very difficult.

Invalid. Therefore, a large number of scenic spots are affected by destructive "construction".

Resources are dying out and the environment is deteriorating, so it is difficult to make sustainable use of landscape architects here.

The role has not been fully exerted. The mode of landscape architecture work has not been fully realized.

When we appreciate the beautiful scenery on foreign highways, right?

Think of the hard work of landscape architects? If we are in the regional planning

Planning, selection of railway and highway routes, preparation of large-scale timber construction projects and economic development zones.

There are landscape architects with equal strength. Give full play to the knowledge of land and resources of landscape architects.

Source, to man and nature, to human culture and biology, to human settlements and natural ecology.

The comprehensive coordination ability of the system will certainly better protect the ecology of the whole country.

Avoid or reduce the damage to forest vegetation, ecology and landforms, as well as serious soil erosion.

Disadvantages At present, China is seriously polluted, the environment is deteriorating, desertification is expanding, and it is natural.

Frequent disasters are an indisputable fact, which is not only related to the rapid economic development in China.

The situation is not suitable. It will definitely affect the people's distant goal of building a modern country.

A serious impact on the birth door

Regulations and policies of landscape architecture in the process of economic system transition in China

Not perfect. The administration of landscape architecture is not strong enough, especially landscape architecture.

As an industry has not been fully developed, the market order is chaotic in this case.

Bu。 The research of landscape architecture theory has not been paid due attention to. In recent years, several full

National research institutions have no funds (ij gave up research work. Only rely on

Planning and setting G} for low-level survival was even popular at one time.

It is really worrying that the landscape architecture specialty in colleges and universities has been closed one after another.

3 Meet the challenge and open up the future

The new century is coming. China should build itself into a prosperous, powerful, civilized and literate country.

Mingguo. The backward environment and outlook can no longer alleviate the real pressure.

That's great. We are facing severe challenges. We also face the best opportunity.

If we can face up to the lessons of our predecessors and deal with the same problems while developing the economy.

The relationship between nature. Do a good job in environmental construction. You can talk less and use more time.

Suddenly consume less resources, take the road of developed countries and catch up with him.

At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, everyone gained knowledge. Every country.

Everyone should take the road of sustainable development responsibly to the world, and our country is also serious.

Promise. The key is to effectively implement economic construction and urban and rural construction simultaneously.

A good shot of environmental construction. Ensure a suitable environment for sustainable development.

China landscape architecture experts have done a lot of exploration and thinking for reference.

Exhibition. In order to make learning profitable, we must build a modern and powerful country with highly developed material and spirit.

Play an active role in civilization. We are realizing or need to meet the new century.

Problems that need to be carefully studied. The main points are as follows:

3. 1 Fully publicize and popularize the contents and significance of landscape architecture.

At present, most people's understanding of landscape architecture in China still stays on beautification.

The viewing stage. It is considered as an ornament on the icing on the cake. Therefore, we should vigorously publicize this trend.

Landscape architecture is improving the ecological environment and promoting the sustainable development of human settlements.

With ... and can play a role in the field, we should pay special attention to make a good announcement to decision makers at all levels.

Communicate and suggest work. Be a good staff officer and assistant. Strive for material and essence to the maximum extent.

The support of divine power. Expand the work field of landscape architecture. Landscape architect

We should also renew our concepts, broaden our horizons and absorb new knowledge.

3.2. Continue to adhere to the scientific research and theoretical work of landscape architecture. In order to promote the landscape of China.

The development of landscape architecture and the enhancement of its stamina need many efforts to go deep into it.

Research:

3.2. 1 Deeply study the relationship between landscape architecture and ecology. Study landscape architecture.

The role and regulation of forest in regulating human activities, resource utilization and environmental quality

Its input-output (including macro-benefits) calculation method. Understanding from {( 1J)

The real value of landscape architecture in coordinating the relationship between them

3.2.2 Research In China, the urban population is dense and the standard of construction land is very low.

How to reasonably determine the standards and locations of various urban green spaces?

The establishment of the bureau requires land excavation, greening and improving the quality of green space.

In the planning of urban green space system, we should give full play to the potential of one force.

Advantages of the system. Break the boundary between the built-up area and the planned area. Urban-rural integration. all

And planning

3.2.3 Study the ways to create a garden city with China characteristics.

Coordinate the relationship between urban construction and nature and establish the environmental purpose of building a modern city.

Promote the sustainable development of the city.

3.2.4. In-depth study on the role and significance of recreation and residents' recreation.

Leisure demand of landscape architecture. How to plan and construct with green space as the carrier?

Carry out a variety of leisure and entertainment projects, promote the construction of spiritual civilization and promote development.

Create conditions for tourism

3.2.5 Inherit China's excellent gardening tradition and absorb new technological achievements and innovations.

Establish the V concept and new means, create a new life force suitable for the people, sweat like rain and enjoy it.

Jiande new garden

3.2.6 Study the disaster prevention and mitigation function and demand of garden green space.

After the Hanshin Earthquake, we immediately investigated the joint efforts of urban gardens and green spaces in disaster prevention and refuge.

Raise the standard of urban park green space in China from per capita10m to 20m.

It is a country prone to earthquakes and various natural disasters and should be encouraged and strengthened.

study

3.2.7 Engaged in the cultivation of new varieties of garden plants, plant protection and landscaping construction.

Application and research of new technologies, new materials and new machines and tools integrating equipment, maintenance and management.

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3.2.8 Management system, administrative legislation, research, education, personnel training, etc.

A series of problems directly related to the development and future of academic benefits need to be studied. Propose a solution.

Final opinion

3.3 Develop the landscaping industry and turn scientific research achievements into productive forces.

Since the Republic of China, landscaping as a public institution has been imprisoned as a national financial force.

Limited I (IJ) can hardly develop with the establishment of socialist market economy.

The exhibition provides a broad prospect for deepening reform. We should run government and enterprise, political affairs and affairs.

Enterprises should separate seedling production from flower production. Establishment, construction, maintenance management and service operation are all

It is necessary to enter the market mechanism and implement paid use and paid services.

3.4 Care about participating in biodiversity conservation

Towel country has a vast territory. Natural conditions such as climate, soil and topography are diverse and primitive.

Natural ecological types are extremely rich. It is one of the countries with the richest species in the world.

China was the first country to sign the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992.

Take on international obligations

Garden plants can contain a large part of plant resources, and their application is far from lt 1.

More species than those used in agriculture and forestry. The difficulty and workload of this work are not small.

My (IJ) and work foundation are relatively weak. It's impossible for a landscape architect to protect the door-

All the tasks of biodiversity are our own responsibility. We are carrying out national landscape planning and self-improvement.

However, the planning of protected areas, scenic spots and urban green space systems must

In order to implement the working principle of biodiversity conservation, it is imperative to increase the number of

Strengthen the collection of basic data. Effectively improve the ecology of scenic spots and urban planning areas.

State. Identify key protected landscapes and species. Strengthen zoos and botanical gardens.

Ex-situ conservation and determination of a number of biodiversity conservation projects that have a bearing on the overall situation.

Purpose. There are L} partition implementations.

3.5. Strengthen the protection and management of cultural and natural heritage.

China has a long history. There are many scenic spots and cultural relics here.

The world is rare and belongs to the precious heritage of China and even the world.

The government has promulgated many laws and regulations on the protection and management of cultural relics and scenic spots 1985.

Approved by the National People's Congress in 2000, it signed the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

About ". In the current market economy, it undertakes the obligation to protect the wealth of mankind.

It is particularly important to strengthen legal management, and it is absolutely not allowed to destroy unrenewable treasures.

At the expense of your natural resources, historical and cultural heritage and environmental protection, we will seek a temporary situation.

The interests of the Ministry and the Ministry (IJ) have made a big mistake through the ages, so we should study and summarize the protection at home and abroad.

As well as the experience in managing cultural and natural heritage resources, and study the establishment of the country when conditions permit.

Possibility of family park management system. Protect China's precious cultural and natural resources.

Protect and manage well.

3.6 Strengthen foreign exchanges

Understand the development trend of international landscape architecture in time, and timely introduce foreign countries

Introduce the theoretical and practical achievements to China people and prevent them from expanding the advanced level in China and the world.

The National Society of Landscape Architecture is strengthening its cooperation with international counterparts and their professional groups.

We are still actively developing bilateral and multilateral activities.

Create conditions for H_ day to participate in international academic organizations.

Looking back on the development of landscape architecture in towel country and looking forward to the future, I am deeply impressed

I think the development and progress of Ren can not be separated from the development stage of our country and

The possibility provided by realistic conditions cannot be separated from the international community {let's take a look again.

The vitality of learning benefits has a dynamic role and can affect social progress.

The process of step is related to people's happiness and the future development of mankind.

The prospect of landscape architecture is bright. The future is bright.