LIR2032 button rechargeable lithium battery, what products are generally used in?

Waste dry batteries have a negative impact on the environment (even slightly), mainly because they contain mercury. Therefore, developed countries began to control the mercury content in batteries earlier, advocated the development of safe battery series products conducive to environmental protection, and prohibited the production of batteries with mercury content greater than 0.025% of the battery weight. In the early 1990s, major developed countries realized mercury-free batteries (the mercury content was below 0.000 1%).

In terms of battery management policies, the policies of developed countries can be summarized into two categories.

The first category is aimed at ordinary dry batteries. The government asked manufacturers to gradually reduce the mercury content in batteries, and finally banned the addition of mercury to batteries. This requirement is part of the elimination of all mercury-containing products and processes, not just for the battery industry. Now, almost all developed countries prohibit adding mercury to batteries.

The second policy is aimed at rechargeable batteries. Manufacturers are required to phase out cadmium-containing batteries through legislation. At present, Ni-MH batteries and lithium batteries are gradually replacing Ni-Cd batteries. Electronic manufacturers' associations in some countries have carried out the recycling of rechargeable batteries, and the effect is also remarkable. This is mainly because the total consumption of rechargeable batteries is relatively small (compared with ordinary dry batteries), the scope of application is small, it is easy to collect when replacing new batteries, and the recycling value is high, so it is easier to collect such waste batteries.

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Two centuries have passed since the first chemical power source, the voltaic cell, was invented. During this period, batteries have made great contributions to mankind. Especially since the 1970s, more and more electronic products, such as mobile phones, BP machines and notebook computers, have entered consumers' daily lives, which has greatly developed the battery family. However, everything has advantages and disadvantages, and a large number of discarded batteries have brought great pollution to the human environment. According to the test, a button cell can pollute 600,000 liters of water, which a person can't drink all his life. One section 1 battery rotted in the ground, which can make one square meter of land lose its use value. What a shocking number, so our research group chose this topic, hoping to learn more about it, so as to do something for the recycling of used batteries and make some contributions to our environmental protection cause.

Harm of battery

The hardest part is actually in the beginning In the face of such a big subject, where should we study it? All three of us want to start with the dangers of batteries. Everyone says that waste batteries are harmful, so are all waste batteries harmful? How harmful is the battery? To this end, we consulted relevant information on the Internet and reached the following conclusions:

(1) Not all waste batteries are dangerous and should not be touched. Different types of batteries have great differences in environmental pollution and should be treated differently. Some batteries, such as alkaline dry batteries and nickel-hydrogen batteries, will not cause serious harm to the environment, but some batteries, such as cadmium-nickel batteries, contain harmful substances, which may directly endanger people's health if they enter the environment for a long time.

(2) Battery pollution has the characteristics of centralized production and decentralized pollution; Short-term use, long-term pollution characteristics, battery pollution is because the battery contains the following heavy metals:

Lead: diseases such as nervous system (neurasthenia, numbness of hands and feet), digestive system (dyspepsia, abdominal cramps) and blood poisoning.

Mercury: Mental state change is the main symptom of mercury poisoning. Rapid pulse, muscle tremor, oral and digestive diseases. Minamata disease in Japan is a typical example of mercury poisoning.

Cadmium and manganese are mainly harmful to the nervous system. After cadmium poisoning, the patient's hands and feet are painful, and the whole body is prone to fracture, commonly known as "pain"

(3) The ways of waste batteries polluting the environment:

As the saying goes, illness comes from the mouth, so does waste batteries. We have analyzed the pollution process of various batteries, including the following, and these elements are originally sealed in the battery case and will not affect the environment. It is through long-term mechanical wear and corrosion that heavy metals, acids and alkalis will leak out, enter the soil or water source, and then enter the human food chain through various channels, which is harmful to human health.

These processes are briefly described as follows:

Battery → soil → microorganism → animal circulation

Dust → crops → food → human body → nerves → deposition.

Others: water source → plants → food → digestion.

Heavy metals absorbed by organisms from the environment can accumulate in thousands of higher organisms step by step through the biomagnification of the food chain, and then enter people's bodies through food, and accumulate in some organs to cause chronic poisoning.

④ Other manifestations of waste battery hazards:

So, how do waste batteries enter the environment? At present, there is no garbage sorting and recycling in China. At present, there are three main ways to treat domestic garbage: sanitary landfill, composting and incineration. The pollution effects of waste batteries mixed with domestic garbage in these three processes are as follows:

Burying: Heavy metals in waste batteries pollute water and soil through infiltration. (mainly dry batteries)

Incineration: Waste batteries corrode equipment at high temperature, and some heavy metals volatilize in the fly ash of the incinerator, causing air pollution, and heavy metals accumulate at the bottom of the incinerator, thus polluting the generated ash.

Composting: The high content of heavy metals in waste batteries leads to the decline of compost quality.

Second, the current situation of battery recycling:

Feasibility of recycling:

Through the above research, we have a deeper understanding of the dangers of batteries. Since waste batteries are so harmful to human beings and the environment, it is very necessary to recycle them. In fact, waste batteries are not "waste" at all. 95% of the materials used for compensation in waste batteries can be recovered, including a large number of non-ferrous metals, which are non-renewable resources on the earth. Recycling can produce certain economic value and realize resource utilization.

Information from the Internet:

According to incomplete statistics, the annual output of batteries in China has reached 654.38+0.5 billion knots. These batteries contain 38,200 tons of zinc skin, 600 tons of copper caps, 29,600 tons of iron sheets and 2.48 tons of mercury. For example, the foreign recycled lead industry has developed rapidly, and 55% of the existing lead production comes from recycled lead. In the secondary lead industry, the recovery of waste lead batteries accounts for a large proportion. 100 kg waste lead battery can recover 50-60 kg lead. For the recovery and utilization of cadmium-containing waste batteries, there are mature technologies abroad, and about 20 kilograms of cadmium can be recovered from 100 kilograms of cadmium-containing waste batteries. For mercury-containing batteries, environmental protection treatment is mainly adopted to prevent them from polluting the environment.

China is a big country in battery production and consumption. Last year, the output and consumption of batteries reached 654.38+04 billion, accounting for 654.38+0/3 of the global total. However, due to various reasons, the environmental management of waste batteries in China is basically blank. Most of the tens of billions of batteries scrapped every year are discarded at will, posing a potential threat to the ecological environment and public health. It seems that what China has done in recycling used batteries is

2. Foreign battery recycling:

① Western Europe

Many countries have set up special waste battery recycling bins not only in shops, but also directly on the streets. The collected waste batteries were first screened by a special sieve in button cell, and then used in watches, calculators and other small electronic instruments in button cell. They generally contain mercury, which can be extracted and used, and then the nickel-cadmium batteries are manually sorted out. A French factory extracts nickel and cadmium from it, and then nickel is used for steelmaking and cadmium is used for battery production.

② America

The United States has the most detailed legislation on environmental management of waste batteries. Not only has a perfect waste battery recycling system been established, but also a number of waste battery treatment plants have been established. At the same time, we will persistently publicize and educate the public so that the public can consciously support and cooperate with the recycling of used batteries.

③ Switzerland:

Switzerland has two factories specializing in the treatment and utilization of used batteries. The method adopted by Battleck Company is to grind the waste batteries and then send them to the furnace for heating. At this time, the volatile mercury can be extracted, and zinc will evaporate at a higher temperature. It is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are melted into ferromanganese alloy for steelmaking. This factory can handle 2000 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. The other factory is direct.

However, the cost of heat treatment is high, and Switzerland also stipulates that each battery buyer should be charged a small amount of special expenses for waste battery treatment. A "wet treatment" device is being built in the suburb of magdeburg, China. All kinds of batteries except lead batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than those obtained by heat treatment, so the price is higher in the market. In addition, 95% of the substances in the battery can be extracted. Wet processing can save the sorting process (because sorting is manual operation, which will increase the cost). The annual processing capacity of this device in magdeburg can reach 7,500 tons. Although its cost is slightly higher than that of landfill, it will not discard precious raw materials and pollute the environment.

④ Germany:

In Germany, all waste batteries have been collected, classified and disposed of. The government has enacted legislation that clearly stipulates that highly toxic lead-acid batteries, mercury-containing batteries and cadmium-nickel batteries must be labeled with recycling labels; Battery manufacturers and distributors must collect all waste batteries; Dealers must classify labeled and unlabeled batteries; Battery manufacturers must establish battery recycling and disposal facilities; Priority must be given to recycling all waste batteries, and non-renewable batteries should be properly disposed of according to the Waste Management Law; In battery production, it is necessary to further reduce the heavy metal content of batteries, especially the mercury content of alkaline manganese batteries, and actively develop new products with little harm to the environment.

The vacuum heat treatment method developed by Alte Company in Germany is cheap, but it is necessary to sort out nickel-cadmium batteries from waste batteries, heat the waste batteries in vacuum, and quickly recover mercury, then grind the remaining raw materials, extract metallic iron with magnets, and then extract nickel and manganese from the remaining powder. The cost of treating one ton of waste batteries is less than 1500 mark.

⑤ Japan

Japan has completely achieved mercury-free primary batteries, which means that the impact of primary batteries on environmental protection has been reduced to a very small extent. At present, 84% of batteries in Japan are recycled by distributing recycled cartons and bags in more than 20,000 stores, and there are corresponding lottery activities. Recycled billboards have been erected in front of shops, and Japanese people have a strong awareness of publicity and independent environmental protection.

Judging from the above information, China has indeed fallen behind developed countries in battery recycling. There are many reasons. First, at the technical level, China is still in the stage of scientific research and experiment, and a few factories have carried out the reuse of used batteries, but the technology is not yet mature. Therefore, China should research and develop battery recycling and harmless treatment technology as soon as possible, and introduce advanced and mature technology from abroad when necessary. Second, citizens' awareness of environmental protection is not strong, and the phenomenon of discarding waste batteries at will is serious, resulting in waste of resources and environmental pollution. In this regard, citizens of developed countries have done a good job. Therefore, China should do a good job in propaganda and increase the recycling of used batteries, because only when the recycling of used batteries is large and the factory has a steady stream of sufficient raw materials can the recycling of used batteries form a scale and enterprises have economic benefits.

3. National and urban measures in China:

Faced with the grim situation of battery pollution in China, the China Municipal Government did not sit idly by, but took a series of powerful measures. It is understood that nine ministries and commissions, including the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Environmental Protection Administration, and the State Bureau of Technical Supervision, have issued the Notice on Restricting the Mercury Content in Battery Products 1997. The Notice says: "First, achieve low mercury, and finally achieve mercury-free." The notice requires: "From" 200 1 and 1, all domestic and foreign battery products entering the domestic market must be marked with mercury content (such as "low mercury" or "mercury-free"), and mercury-free batteries are not allowed to enter the market; From June 65438+1 October1day, 2002, it is forbidden to distribute batteries with mercury content greater than 0.025% of the battery weight in the domestic market; Since June 5438+1 October1day in 2005, the production of alkaline zinc-manganese batteries with mercury content greater than 0.000 1% of the battery weight has been banned in China. Since June 65438+1 October1day in 2006, the distribution of alkaline zinc-manganese batteries with mercury content greater than 0.000 1% of the battery weight is prohibited in China. "

At present, more than a dozen battery factories in China can produce mercury-free environmental protection batteries, such as Fu Nan battery produced by Fujian Fu Nan Battery Factory and Shuanglu battery produced by Bank of China (Ningbo) Battery Company. However, 80% of the manufacturers are still waiting to see, and there is no progress in this regard. The State Environmental Protection Administration, the State Bureau of Technical Supervision, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and other law enforcement departments are ready to take joint actions to strengthen law enforcement supervision.

Recycling in some big cities in China;

In the tide of battery recycling, some coastal cities acted earlier and did better. 1In April, 1998, Beijing Environmental Sanitation Bureau set up a "useful garbage recycling center" to be responsible for recycling used batteries. They have set up more than 300 recycling points in primary and secondary schools, institutions, shops and restaurants, and regularly send cars to various points to recycle used batteries. +0998. 100008 100806

4. Recycling of different types of batteries:

In fact, as mentioned above, different types of batteries have different pollution levels, and the recycling situation is naturally different. Among them, rechargeable batteries contain some more precious metals, such as nickel, lithium, lead and cadmium. And the recycling value is high, while the contents of dry batteries are worthless and have no use value. Therefore, recycling waste dry batteries has no economic benefits. At present, most foreign waste rechargeable batteries are recycled, while the main method used at present is centralized landfill after recycling for waste dry batteries. As for dry battery treatment plants, there are only two in the world, one in Japan and the other in Switzerland. The waste battery treatment plant in Hokkaido, Japan mainly extracts metals such as zinc, copper and manganese from waste dry batteries. Due to poor economic benefits, the environmental protection department subsidizes the factory, with a subsidy of 80 yen per 1 kg of waste batteries.

Lead-acid battery is a new force for battery recovery. China's lead ore resources are limited, and recycling lead can save energy. The production cost of recycled lead is 38% lower than that of primary lead. China's recycled lead industry existed in 1950s, but it failed to attract the attention of relevant departments at the beginning. The annual output of recycled lead has been hovering around 1000 tons until 1990 reached 28,200 tons. In the past ten years, the recycled lead industry has made remarkable progress and its output has increased rapidly. It has initially formed an independent industry, with an output of 95,000 tons in 1994, which is a symbol year of rapid take-off. Since then, the annual output has been above 100000 tons, reaching 123700 tons in 1997, which is 4.4 times that of 1990, with an average annual increase of 20.3%.

Table 1 Production unit of refined lead and recycled lead in China in recent years: 10,000 tons.

year

1990

199 1

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

average annual growth rate

Total output of refined lead

29.65

30.45

36.60

4 1. 19

46.79

60.79

70.62

70.75

13.20%

Total output of recycled lead

2.82

4.63

4.83

4.43

9.50

17.53

14.36

12.37

23.50%

Percentage of lead recovered

9.5 1%

15.2 1%

13.20%

10.76%

20.30%

28.84%

20.33%

17.48%

However, on the whole, there are many recycled lead enterprises with small scale, high energy consumption, heavy pollution, backward technology and low comprehensive utilization rate of metals. In particular, China's legislation is lagging behind, the production and sales of enterprises are not standardized, and low-level redundant construction is serious. There are nearly 300 lead plants for recycling waste lead batteries in China, with the production capacity ranging from tens of tons to thousands of tons, and the overall level is more than 20,000 tons, which is only equivalent to the international level in the 1960s.

5. Public awareness

Now let's look at the situation around us. What do people know about waste batteries? We decided to start with the people around us. Therefore, we investigated the students' awareness of recycling used batteries in the whole school. The subjects of this survey are students in Grade One and Grade Two. * * * Received 2 17 questionnaires, of which 2 13 were valid. See Table 2 for statistics:

Table 2 Statistics of Investigation Papers on Waste Battery Recycling

serial number

Survey content

election

number of people

per cent

1

Whether to use small appliances, such as flashlight, walkman, CD player, repeater, etc.

Yes

19 1

89.7%

not have

22

10.3%

2

Do you use ordinary batteries or rechargeable batteries?

Ordinary battery

172

80.8%

rechargeable batteries

4 1

19.2%

three

How many batteries are sacrificed for you every week?

Part a 1-2

153

7 1.8%

Part b 3-4

38

17.8%

Section C 5-6

four

1.9%

Above section D 6

18

8.5%

four

What do you do with waste batteries?

Throw a trash can

1 17

55.0%

Give it to the life Committee

48

22.5%

C throw it casually

48

22.5%

five

Your understanding of the harm of waste batteries.

A I don't know.

24

1 1.3%

B not sure.

63

29.5%

How many can you list?

99

46.5%

D is very clear

27

12.7%

six

Your understanding of the activity of collecting waste batteries in the school life department

A that's all right.

29

13.6%

ask for trouble

26

12.2%

C should

74

34.7%

D feels good.

Eighty-five

39.9%

The analysis of the above data shows that more than 70% students use 1-2 batteries per week, and some students even use more than six batteries per week. The sources of waste batteries are extensive, but students' awareness of recycling waste batteries is weak. Most students throw batteries into the dustbin or throw them away casually, so they don't know enough about the harm of batteries and have a weak sense of recycling. Students less than 15 are well aware of the dangers of waste batteries.

6 media attention

Let's take a look at the following two reports:

According to Zhengzhou Daily, two college students in Zhengzhou saw a report on the Internet: "The German old lady traveled in China for several days, but she couldn't find a recycling station for used batteries, so she had to bring some used batteries back to China." Two students who know environmental protection and are patriotic were deeply moved after reading it. They set up an environmental protection association dedicated to recycling used batteries, calling on students around them to respond, and the team continued to grow. Now more than 200 college students have participated.

(2) Wuxi Daily reported that Wang Junjing, a 6-year-old Beijing girl, "Little people make great achievements". In order to publicize the harm of waste batteries to the environment, she spent 50 days crossing the Yunnan-Tibet-Xinzang Highway with her father, with a journey of 17000 kilometers, and picked up more than 1000 pieces of waste batteries on the way.

It can be seen that the media is paying more and more attention to this, and people's awareness of environmental protection is gradually increasing, which also shows us the dawn of recycling used batteries.

III. Specific suggestions for recycling used batteries:

In view of the above situation, combined with China's vast territory and large population, we put forward the following suggestions on the recycling of used batteries:

1. government legislation ensures the continuity of this work legally. The environmental protection department was ordered to recycle waste batteries and then extract useful substances to make them harmless.

2. Establish a waste battery recycling network centered on the administrative system of units (such as institutions, military units, schools, factories, shops, hotels, street offices and property communities).

Trade unions, the Communist Youth League, student unions, women's federations and other organizations call on their members to actively participate in the recycling of used batteries.

4. Carry out extensive social publicity to raise citizens' awareness. It is necessary to increase the content of waste battery recycling and environmental protection in school teaching.

5. Special reward and punishment system for waste battery recycling.

6. In public places, especially large shopping malls, special recycling counters can be set up.

Fourth, the development direction of batteries

At present, the recycling and disposal of waste batteries is the focus of people's attention, and its serious pollution also makes people deeply worried. Then, can it fundamentally reduce its harm and in what direction should the battery develop? To this end, we visited Ningbo Bank of China Battery Factory under the contact of Teacher Wang, hoping to know the relevant information. Director Xie of the technical department of the factory warmly received us and answered our related questions, which made us understand that the current development direction of batteries is mainly to develop in the direction of environmental protection batteries, which is reflected in:

The battery material is harmless, pollution-free and mercury-free.

Carry out research on rechargeable batteries to reduce the pollution of waste batteries to the ecological environment.

Xie Kechang introduced us to several new batteries under development:

(1) rechargeable Ni-MH battery: It is composed of nickel and rare earth, and does not contain mercury. It can discharge 500 times continuously, and the charging cost is low.

(2) Lithium battery: lithium is the negative electrode, non-aqueous organic solvents and inorganic solvents are the solvents, and lithium salt is the electrolyte.

(3) Sodium-sulfur battery: composed of liquid electrode and solid electrolyte. The negative active material is molten metal sodium, and the positive active material is sodium polysulfide dissolved salt.

(4) Fuel cell: With fuel as the negative electrode, it has high conversion rate, no harmful substance emission and low noise, and can provide a lot of electricity.

A series of new batteries dazzle us, and we are convinced that with the joint efforts of many people, batteries and the environment will have a bright future.

Postscript: our research on small projects is coming to an end. The research in the past two months has benefited us a lot. In these two months, we have learned a lot, not only about the knowledge of waste batteries, but more importantly, we have initially learned how to solve difficulties. Like other research groups, we also encountered many difficulties in the research process, such as how to organize the data, because we had no experience when we first started writing the paper. We just pieced together the information we found mechanically. Although there were as many as 18 pages, we made a joke like "Our investigation group is studying waste battery treatment technology in Japan". Later, under the guidance of Mr. Wang, we changed what should be changed, ruthlessly deleted what should be deleted, and added more feelings and ideas in the research process to complete this paper. There may be many shortcomings in the paper, but I observed myself for two months.