Wang Bomeng Jean Uprising in Shandong Province: The Starting Point of a Series of Peasant Uprising in the Late Sui Dynasty

At the end of Sui Dynasty, the gentry in Shandong and Hebei were powerful, and the land annexation was serious. Powerful landlords occupied a large number of hidden households and many exiled farmers. Yang Di built Luoyang, the eastern capital, opened a canal, and sent a large number of migrant workers from Shandong. However, the feudal officials and gentry landlords in Shandong have intensified their oppression of the people. In the seventh year of Daye (AD 6 1 1), great floods occurred in Shandong, Henan and other places, flooding more than 30 counties; In the second year, there was another drought in Shandong, and the epidemic situation was extremely serious. Natural and man-made disasters have devastated this rich land of Shandong.

At the end of Sui Dynasty, the gentry in Shandong and Hebei were powerful, and the land annexation was serious. Powerful landlords occupied a large number of hidden households and many exiled farmers. Yang Di built Luoyang, the eastern capital, opened a canal, and sent a large number of migrant workers from Shandong. However, the feudal officials and gentry landlords in Shandong have intensified their oppression of the people. In the seventh year of Daye (AD 6 1 1), great floods occurred in Shandong, Henan and other places, flooding more than 30 counties; In the second year, there was another drought in Shandong, and the epidemic situation was extremely serious. Natural and man-made disasters have devastated this rich land of Shandong. What's more, Yang Di made several expeditions to Koguryo, all based in Shandong, providing manpower and material resources for attacking Koguryo. Military offices have been set up in this area to sweep the floor as soldiers, and most of the strong men have been recruited as soldiers. The labor and burden of shipbuilding in Donglai, as well as the servants who transport grain to Hebei, are all on the heads of Shandong people. Under this cruel slavery and the oppression of the gentry's land, the Shandong people have no way to make a living, and the voices of resistance are constant. The social situation in this period can best be reflected by the situation recorded in A Mirror of Capitalism in the seventh year of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty (volume 18 1): "Since I was born, I have sought Koguryo, ordered Shandong to set up a government and ordered horses to serve in the military. He also sent civilian workers to transport rice and accumulate rice in Liuhe and Huaiyuan towns. Car Niu Yi gone forever, more than half of the foot soldiers were killed and wounded, farming was out of date, and farmland was barren. Coupled with famine, it is expensive to repair grain, especially in the northeast, where rice costs hundreds of dollars. The rice shipped is either coarse or evil, so let the people pay the bill. More than 600,000 deer drive, two people push three stones, and the road is dangerous to fill F grain. When they arrive in the town, they have nothing to lose. They are all afraid of sin and despair. Officials are greedy and disabled, because of the invasion of fishing, the people are trapped in poverty and the financial resources are exhausted. If they live in peace, they will be embarrassed by the cold. If you die, you will still be born, so get together and be a thief. " It was under such circumstances that the Shandong People's Armed Uprising ignited the fire of anti-Sui, which triggered a large-scale national peasant uprising in the history of China. At that time, the Shandong uprising was from north to south and from west to east, with the greatest momentum.

In the seventh year of Great Cause (AD 6 1 1), Wang Bo, a native of Zouping, held an uprising in Changbai Mountain (now Zhangqiu and Zouping, Shandong Province). As soon as Wang Bao's banner of righteousness was erected, all parts of Shandong responded. Liu, a rich man in the plain, crossed Douzikeng (in Huimin area of Shandong Province today) and gathered more than 65,438+10,000 people, known as "Auntie Army". Sun Anzu, a native of Zhang Nan (now Zhang Nan Town, Wucheng, Shandong Province), killed the county magistrate, and with the help of fellow countryman Dou Jiande, hundreds of people gathered in Gaojibo (now the plain) to rebel. Dou Jiande secretly helped the insurgents, and his family was killed by the government, so he joined the insurgents alone. Soon he gathered the rest of Sun Anzu, expanded the rebel army to more than 10,000 people, and expanded his power to Hebei.

In the ninth year of Great Cause (AD 6 13), the fire of peasant uprising in Shandong became more vigorous. In the first month, Du,,, etc. Assemble from the plain and conquer the plain county. Li Deyi, a native of the same county, gathered tens of thousands of people, also known as "Auntie Army". In February, Han Jin, a native of northern Hebei (now chiping), gathered tens of thousands of people to rebel. In March, Meng Haigong (now Cao County, Shandong Province) revolted, and there were also tens of thousands of people. Guo, a native of Beihai, named, set up 30,000 volunteers. There are also tens of thousands of uprising teams in Mengrang (now Jinan) in Qixian County and Hao Xiaode in Pingyuan. From May to 10, Zhenbao Car in the north of Hebei Province and Wu successively raised the banner of righteousness. Uprising struggles in all parts of Shandong Province have become the fire of starting a prairie fire against the tyranny of the Sui Dynasty, which is huge and unstoppable. In the decade of Great Cause (AD 6 14), the peasant uprising in Shandong continued to rise. Song Shimo uprising, captured langya county. Based in Changbai Mountain, Mengrang developed southward with a population of over 65,438+10,000. Zuo Xiaoyou in Qixian County occupied Wogou Mountain, and it also grew to 65,438+10,000 people. In addition, the peasant army with small troops is also surrounded by mountains and scattered all over Shandong. The bonfire of the rebel army burned the local government of Shandong Sui Dynasty. According to statistics, there were 126 peasant uprisings in the whole country at the end of Sui Dynasty, while there were 3 1 in Shandong, accounting for more than 25% of the national total. Among them, the uprising led by Dou Jiande and Liu Heita, the uprising led by Liu Ba and the uprising led by Guo, Qi Gongshun and Yang Yuan had great influence.

In the seventh year of Great Cause (AD 6 1 1), Wang Bo led the uprising and defeated the loyalist many times. In the ninth year of Great Cause (AD 6 13), Wang Bo led his troops to attack Lujun (now Yanzhou, Shandong Province) and won the first battle. However, due to carelessness and underestimation, Zhang Xutuo, the prefect of Sui County, was suddenly attacked and thousands of people were killed. Later, Wang Bo rallied and crossed the Yellow River to Linyi (now Linyi, Shandong). Zhang Xutuo pursued, and Wang Bo fought a decisive battle with it, and suffered heavy losses, with 5,000 people killed and tens of thousands of livestock lost. After that, Wang Bo, Xuan Ya, Hao Xiaode and other insurgents attacked Zhangqiu (now Zhangqiu, Shandong Province) with more than 65,438+10,000 people, and Zhang Xutuo rode 20,000 troops to meet them. The insurgents failed again. In the next few years, they mainly moved to the mountainous areas along the northeast coast to support each other with other insurgents and jointly fight against Sui.

In the first year of Wude in Tang Gaozu (AD 6 18), anti-thief Yu Wenhuaji entered Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) in the north and Liaocheng (now northwest of Liaocheng, Shandong) in the next year. Li Shentong, the king of Huai 'an in the Tang Dynasty, besieged Liaocheng, and sent people into the city to defend it. The avatar was unable to attack the city and led the army to retreat. Dou Jiande led the army to attack again, and the offensive was sharp. Wang Bo opened the gate and let Dou Jiande into the city. After Jiande entered the city, he captured and killed Yu Wenhuaji alive. In March of this year, Wang Bo accepted his land and descended to the Tang Dynasty. In April, Tang was appointed as the general manager of Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong). In the fourth year of Wude, Qing (now Qingzhou, Shandong Province), Lai (now Laizhou, Shandong Province) and Mi (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province) were persuaded to surrender to the Tang Dynasty, and the states agreed. In the fifth year of Wude (AD 622), Wang Bo and General Manager Sheng of Tang and Song Dynasties delayed the attack on Xuchang (now northwest of Xu Dong Town, Dongping, Shandong Province) and collected grain in Tanzhou (the city of Dongping Ling, Licheng, Shandong Province). Li Yiman, the secretariat, refused to give it, so Yanshi put him in prison. After conquering Xuchang, Wang Bo went to Tanzhou to do business and was assassinated by Li Yiman's nephew Li Wuyi.

Dou Jiande is a native of Zhang Nan, Zhou Bei (now Zhang Nan Town, Wucheng County, Shandong Province). In the seventh year of Yang Di the Great's great cause (A.D. 6 1 1), when Koguryo recruited soldiers, Jiande was chosen to be 200 people long, and his countryman Sun Anzu was also chosen to recruit soldiers because of his bravery. At that time, the flood in Shandong was very serious, and Anzu's family was in trouble. Anzu asked the county magistrate for tax exemption, but he was not allowed and was rejected by * * *. Anzu killed the county magistrate and fled to Jiande. Jiande suggested that Anzu gather people to rebel. Anzu then called hundreds of poor people into Gaojibo (now north of Wucheng County, Shandong Province) and raised the banner of righteousness. At that time, Zhang Jin, a native of G County (now Xiajin, Shandong Province) who lived in Hequ (the song of Qinghe, now Qinghe, Hebei Province), revolted with Sun Anzu. County (now Jingxian County, Hebei Province), headed by Gao Shida, is active in Qinghe. The rising rebel movement made local county officials panic and uneasy. They suspected that Dou Jiande had ties with these rebels, so they killed his family. Jiande was so angry that he led 200 people to Gao Shida. Gao Shida claimed to be Donghai Gong and appointed Jiande as a soldier. Later, Sun Anzu was killed by Zhang Jin, and thousands of his soldiers went to Dou Jiande. Dou Jiande's power has gradually become stronger, with more than 10,000 troops, and its activities are centered on Gokiber.

In the 12th year of Great Cause (AD 6 16), Guo Xuan, commander-in-chief of Zhuo Jun in Sui Dynasty, led more than 10,000 people to crusade against Gao Shida. Gao Shida gave all the relieving power to Dou Jiande. Dou Jiande asked Gao Shida to guard the trench and chose 2,000 soldiers to meet Guo Xuan. Dou Jiande lied that he betrayed Gao Shida, wanted to surrender to Guo Xuan, and sent a letter to Guo Xuan, expressing his willingness to be a pioneer and attack Gao Shida. Guo Xuan didn't know this was a plan, so he led his troops to follow Dou Jiande to Changhe County (east of Dezhou). Jiande jumped in and defeated Guo Xuan's army, killing thousands of people and capturing more than one thousand horses. Guo Xuan escaped with dozens of riders. Dou Jiande led his troops to the plain (now Shandong Plain), killed Guo Xuan, beheaded him and sent him to Gao Shida. Dou Jiande's military potential has been further enhanced.

At this moment, the Sui Dynasty sent Qing Yang Chen Yi, a servant, to defeat Zhang Jin, and most of Zhang Jin's remnants defected to Dou Jiande. Yang Yichen came to the plain again and chased after them, trying to push them into Gokiber and defeat Dou Jiande. Dou Jiande analyzed the situation, and suggested that Gao Shida should not send troops for the time being, lest it be hard-edged and work hard, and then send troops to attack. However, Gao Shida did not listen to Dou Jiande's advice, leaving Dou Jiande to hold the fort and leading his troops to fight against Yang Yichen. As a result, Gao Shida was defeated and killed. Yang Yichen pushed Dou Jiande's army again, and most of Jiande's troops were scattered. Jiande himself fled to Raoyang (now Raoyang, Hebei Province) at a speed of 100. Soon, Yang Yichen withdrew, and Jiande led his troops back to the plain and collected scattered foot soldiers. The number of people increased rapidly, and his power continued to increase. Dou Jiande calls himself a general. Soon, his power grew to more than 65438+ ten thousand people.

In the 13th year of Daye (AD 6 17), Dou Jiande was called King Changle in Leshou (now xian county, Hebei Province), with Ding Chou as the title, and was managed by officials at all levels. After World War I in Hejian (now Hejian, Hebei Province), more than 30,000 troops left behind by Xue Shixiong in Sui and Zhuo counties were wiped out, and most counties and counties north of Xiahe were attacked.

In the second year of Tang Wude (AD 6 19), Dou Jiande attacked Liaocheng (now northwest of Liaocheng, Shandong Province) and captured the Sui general Yu Wenhuaji alive. In the same year, Jiande led the troops to conquer Xing (now Xingtai, Hebei Province), Numa (now southeast of Yongnian, Hebei Province), Xiang (now Anyang, Henan Province), Zhao (now Longyao East, Hebei Province) and Liyang (now Xunxian East, Henan Province), with its capital in Luozhou. They surrendered to Qi (now Jinan, Shandong), Ji (now southwest of chiping, Shandong) and Yan (now Yanzhou, Shandong). At the beginning of the fourth year, Wude captured Cao Zhou (now northwest of Cao Xian County). In March, Wude captured Guanzhou (now Zheng County, Henan Province), Xingyang (now Xingyang, Henan Province), Yangzhai (now Yuxian, Henan Province) and other places, and stationed troops east of Hulao Pass (now Sishui Town, Xingyang County, Henan Province). After the war with Tang Jun, he was defeated by Tang Jun for being paralyzed and underestimating his enemy. Killed in July that year.

After Dou Jiande's death, his ministry will continue the uprising in Liu Heita. Liu Heita is also from Zhang Nan, Zhou Bei. When he was young, he was friends with Dou Jiande. He joined the wagang rebels. After the defeat of Wagang Army, he turned to Dou Jiande Rebel Army. This man is resourceful and fearless. After the failure of the Dou Jiande Rebel Army, he and the rest of Dou Jiande will rebel again and call on all localities to respond. In August of the fourth year of Wude, Heita led the troops to conquer Yuxian (now Xiajin, Shandong). Soon after, they successively conquered Liting (located in Sui County), Luozhou and Xiangzhou, and basically recovered the areas controlled by Dou Jiande in the past six months. At that time, Xu Yuanlang rebels who occupied Yanzhou and qi zhou also joined Liu Heita. Liu Heita's re-uprising posed a serious threat to the newly established Tang Dynasty at that time, so the Tang court sent troops to suppress it several times. Although the rebels fought bravely, they failed in the end. Liu Heita was also killed in the first month of the sixth year of Wude.

At the end of Sui Dynasty, peasant rebels headed by Liu appeared in Shandong, Guo, Qi Gongshun and Yang Yuan in Beihai, and Xu Yuanlang, Meng Haigong and Lu in Luxi.

Zhang Jin said he was from Taixian County, Zhou Bei (now Xiajin, Shandong Province). In the seventh year of Daye (A.D. 6 1 1), people gathered to rebel, and soon the power developed to tens of thousands. First in G County, Qinghe (now Qinghe, Hebei Province) in the Song Dynasty, repeatedly defeated the loyalist. Later, he joined forces with insurgents such as Hao Xiaode, Sun Baoya and Gao Shida, and repeatedly attacked Hebei, Liyang and other counties in Henan. In the 12th year of Great Cause, Pingen (now Qiu County, Hebei Province), Wu 'an (now Wu 'an, Hebei Province), Julu (now Julu, Hebei Province), Qinghe and other counties were captured. Later, he was defeated in the decisive battle with Yang Yichen, the servant of Sui Dynasty, and was killed by Yang Shanhui, the county magistrate of Sui Qinghe.

In today's Lubei, there are insurgents such as Liu Badao, Hao Xiaode, Ge Qian and Sun Baoya who started their troops at about the same time as Zhang Jin. Liu Badao is from Pingyuan County (now Lingxian County, Shandong Province). In the seventh year of the great cause, he assembled his troops and took Douzikeng (now Huimin, Shandong) as the base area, and the team quickly developed to more than 654.38+10,000 people. Hao Xiaode is also an ordinary person. During the nine years of his great career, he gathered 1000 people to rebel. Wang Bo, Sun Baoya and other insurgents jointly attacked Zhangqiu, and were defeated by Zhang Xutuo in Sui and Qi counties. Later, he moved to the north of the Yellow River and defeated Sui Jun many times. Later, he went to the wagang army. Ge Qian is a world-weary man (now Wudi South, Shandong Province). He led the mass uprising in the great cause for nine years, and by the twelfth year of the great cause, the team had grown to 654.38+10,000 people. Also based in Douzikeng, he repeatedly broke Sui Jun, and later the king was killed by Sui. Sun Shengya, a native of Bohai Sea (now Yangxin, Shandong Province), also led a mass uprising in the ninth year of Daye, and his team quickly developed to 6,543,800+people, also based in Douzikeng, known as the King of Qi. Bao Wang, Hao Xiaode and other insurgents jointly attacked Zhangqiu in the south, and Zhang Jinsheng and Gao Shida jointly attacked Liyang granary in Sui Jun. Later, he moved to Hebei, and he repeatedly defeated Sui Jun. In addition, in today's Lubei, there is an insurgent army led by Du Fu, Du Fu and Du Fu, who once attacked Pingyuan County.

Guo is a native of Beihai County (now Qingzhou, Shandong Province). He revolted in Daye for nine years, and his team quickly grew to 30 thousand people. Has captured beihai county. Later, it was defeated by Zhang Xutuo, the county magistrate of Sui and Qi Dynasties.

Qi Gongshun is also from Beihai County. He rebelled in this county at the end of the great cause and led 30 thousand troops to besiege the county. Later, he joined forces with Sui and Ming Dynasties through Liu Lancheng and occupied the county. Gong Shun's influence is getting stronger and stronger. After Shimi became the owner of Wagang Village in the 13th year of Sui Daye, Qi Gongshun led many people to join his team. After the defeat of Wagang Army, Shi Mi surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, and Gong Shun also surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Wude, Tang took Gong Shun as the general manager of Weizhou (now Weifang, Shandong).

Yang Hou also rebelled at the end of the great cause and attacked Beihai County (now Weifang, Shandong Province). Although he didn't conquer the North Sea, he dealt a heavy blow to Sui Jun and was defeated by Yang Di.

Xu Yuanlang is a native of Lujun (now Yanzhou, Shandong Province). In the 13th year of Daye (AD 6 17), an uprising started. He first captured Dongping County (now Yuncheng East, Shandong Province), then divided his troops around and occupied the area west of Langya (now Linyi, Shandong Province) and south of Dongping, and his team grew to more than 20,000 people. After Shimi became the owner of Wagang Village, July joined Shimi. In the first year of Wude in Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18), after Shi Mi was defeated by Wang, Shi Mi defected to Tang Dynasty and July defected to Dou Jiande (also known as Wang). After July, he was named Duke of Lu and General of Yanzhou by the Tang Dynasty. In the fourth year of Wude, Liu Heita rebelled in Hebei, and Yuen Long secretly joined forces with him. Shortly after the detention of officials of the Tang Dynasty, the troops were mobilized against the Tang Dynasty, and eight states, including Yanzhou, Yun and Chen, sent troops to respond, killing local officials of the Tang Dynasty one after another, and their power increased greatly. They conquered Chuqiu (now southeast of Cao County, Shandong Province). In the fifth year of Wude, after Li Shimin, king of the Tang and Qin Dynasties, defeated Liu Heita, he invaded Xu Yuanlang and successively conquered more than 65,438 +00 cities. The later Tang court continued to send troops to attack Xu Yuanlang. July was outnumbered and went out of the city, only to be killed by a "savage".

Meng Haigong, a native of (now northwest of Cao County, Shandong Province), took Cao (now northeast of Cao County, Shandong Province) and Dai (now Chengwu, Shandong Province) as the base area, and his number rapidly grew to 30,000. In the third year of Wude, Dou Jiande led an army to attack the Sea Palace. In the second year, Jiande conquered Qiao Zhou and captured Meng Haigong. In the same year, Dou Jiande was defeated and captured by Li Shimin, and Meng Haigong was killed with Dou Jiande.

Lu (now southwest) people, after ten years of great cause, led more than 65.48 million rebels and settled in Zhu 'a (now northeast of Changqing, Shandong). Zhang Xutuo, commander-in-chief of Sui Dynasty, led the troops to suppress, and Zhang Xutuo's design was defeated by Lu. In the 11th year of the Great Cause, Yue Ming gathered more than 65,438+10,000 people, and successively attacked Xiachen (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) and Ruzhou (now Linru, Henan Province). Since then, he has moved to Henan and Huaibei, and the team has grown to 400,000 people. In the thirteenth year of the Great Cause, the rebels were suppressed by the king, killed and the rest were scattered.

In addition, in today's Luxi, there are some smaller peasant insurgents. For example, insurgents led by Lu Mingxing; For nine years, he helped North Korea unite Luo and Zhen Baoche to launch a mass uprising. The uprising led by Wu in the ninth year of Daye (ruling the northwest of Cao County in Shandong Province today); After the end of the great cause, the uprising led by Yanzhou Fang and Zhang (who once ruled today's Shandong Fish Taipei); There are Fang Boxian Uprising in Yin Ji and Zhang Qingte Uprising in northern Hebei.

In addition to the above-mentioned major areas and major peasant insurgents, according to historical records, there are other peasant uprising teams. They are: the uprising led by Du broke out in Daye in the ninth year. After the uprising, it entered Changbai Mountain, joined forces with the uprising led by Zuo, and then moved to Huainan, becoming the largest peasant uprising army in Jianghuai area. After the peasant uprising led by Meng Rang, a native of Qixian County, was suppressed by Tang Jun, he once jointly captured Changbai Mountain with the rebel army. Later, he moved to Huainan, and the team grew to more than 65,438+10,000 people. Later, he was defeated by the Sui General Wang and joined the Wagang Army in the north. Donghai Cheng (now Zaozhuang, Shandong Province) led the peasant uprising. At first, he also participated in Zuocai Department of Changbai Mountain Rebel Army, and later became independent. Within half a year, the team has grown to more than 10000 people and moved to Huainan. The rebel army led by Zuo Cai first took Changbai Mountain as its base and then moved to Huaibei area. There are also peasant uprisings led by Pei near Qixian, Yan in Qixian, Peng in Donghai County (now Haizhou Town, southwest of Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province), Daye moved to Yishui (now Yishui, Shandong Province) for ten years, led by Lu Gongxian, led by Zuo Xiaoyou, a native of Donghai County.