Hong Kong's urban construction mode: "Heaven": building high-rise buildings (residential buildings, business buildings, etc. ), leaving room for greening the urban environment; "Going to the sea": Reclaiming land to expand the area of the SAR (Hong Kong mainly relies on reclamation to expand land. There are many mountains and few plains in Hong Kong, forcing the Hong Kong government to move mountains and fill the sea to expand its land. By 2002, the land reclamation in Hong Kong has exceeded 67 square kilometers, accounting for more than 6.5% of the total area of Hong Kong. The scope of reclamation is generally in Victoria Harbour, but many reclamation projects are carried out in other waters of Hong Kong. In the earliest reclamation stage, only the sand, mud and gravel produced in the development process were directly dumped into the sea. The land created in this way is closest to the natural coast. However, if the land reclamation is in a relatively fast current, the impact of the current on the coast will gradually erode the land reclamation. In the past, the government encountered this problem in the Repulse Bay expansion project. If the landfill area is relatively large, a better reclamation method is to build a dike in the reclamation area where the filler is relatively stable, and then dump the filler into the landfill area. This kind of landfill is the most commonly used and the most common one. At present, this method is adopted in the West Kowloon Reclamation in Hong Kong, which connects the banks of the original Yau Ma Tei typhoon shelter, then pours sand into the banks, waits for the filler to settle, and then starts the construction project in the new reclamation area. This is also the method of reclamation in Sha Tin New Town. If the filler is only sand and soil, it can be directly dumped into the sea. But if the filler is sludge or garbage, the seabed should be leveled before reclamation. The method of leveling the seabed is to dig out the silt on the seabed, lay a plastic film on the seabed and dike to prevent sewage from leaking, and then pour the filler into the landfill. Otherwise, silt will slide under the pressure of surface buildings, resulting in uneven ground settlement. 1842, the second year after opening, the first informal reclamation project was carried out. At that time, the construction of Queen's Road and Wyndham Street in the central part of Hong Kong Island caused a lot of sand and stones. In order to avoid being transported to other areas for storage, sand and stones are directly pushed into Victoria Harbour to expand the development area of Victoria City. The first formal reclamation project in Hong Kong was Wenxian reclamation project, which started on 1852. The reclamation project is located in Wenxian East Street, Sheung Wan today. Its purpose is to further increase the development area of Sheung Wan, so as to build government departments and port facilities and develop Victoria City. Later, although the reclamation project in Ling Bao initiated by 1856 failed to be implemented due to opposition, the government successfully carried out a series of reclamation projects in the 1960s, which created a lot of land on the northern shore of Hong Kong Island from Kennedy Town in the west to Causeway Bay in the east. /kloc-in the 1920s, another round of reclamation was carried out in Wan Chai. Until the war broke out, there was no reclamation on Hong Kong Island. As for the Kowloon Peninsula, due to the British acquisition at 1860, it is convenient for the first informal reclamation project at 1867 Kowloon Point. 1876, the owners who owned lots in Yau Ma Tei carried out reclamation works on their own, which became the reclamation street area today. In the British section of Kowloon-Canton Railway, the south of Salisbury Road in Tsim Sha Tsui was reclaimed 19 14 to build the track of Tsim Sha Tsui Railway Station. It is worth noting that although many reclamation projects have been carried out in Kowloon Peninsula since then, most of them were carried out privately before the war. This is because at that time, the government concentrated on the development of the northern part of Hong Kong Island, and there was little demand for land in Kowloon Peninsula. The only exception is 1930 the reclamation project carried out by the government during the construction of Kai Tak Airport. This is a project left over from the failure of Heqi and Dequ to develop Kai Tak waterfront residential area between To Kwa Wan and Kowloon Bay in 1960s+0920s. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, large-scale reclamation was also carried out to further expand Kai Tak Airport. The sources of sand and gravel used for reclamation include tearing down the wall of Jiulongzhai City and bombing the Songwangtai. Generally speaking, by 1945, about 80 hectares of land in Hong Kong have been reclaimed from the sea. 1982, during the mid-term development of Sha Tin New Town, the reclamation project was completed, and some constructions (such as Sha Tin Racecourse and Sha Tin First City) were also completed. The first reclamation project is located in Sha Tin District, New Territories, and it is also the first large-scale reclamation project in the New Territories. 1950, a businessman surnamed Liu reclaimed the river bank in Sha Tin Market to build a residential area. As for the Hong Kong Government, it also started to fill the Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter at 1950, and built the Victoria Park at the original site. From 1950 to 1960, the government also reclaimed land in Chai Wan and Siu Sai Wan, Kai Tak Airport, Kwun Tong Industrial Zone and Hung Hom Bay. With the planning of new towns in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong government has also launched large-scale reclamation projects in the New Territories. 1966 the government started reclamation in castle peak bay to tie in with the development plan of tuen mun new town. /kloc-In the 1970s, there were large-scale reclamation projects in new towns such as Tsuen Wan, gin drinkers bay (now Kwai Chung Container Terminal) and Shatin. From/kloc-0 to the late 1970s to/kloc-0 to the late 1980s, many reclamation projects were also carried out on Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula, and the scope was not limited to Victoria Harbour, such as Aberdeen, Ap Lei Chau and Hong Kong Sin Bay (now Cyberport) in the south of Hong Kong Island. In addition to housing, there are also reclamation plans for industrial development, including the Tai Po Industrial Village completed by 1985. By 1980 after the war, the reclamation area in Hong Kong was about 4,000 hectares. In the early 1980s, during the construction of the MTR Hong Kong Island Line, a number of reclamation projects were carried out in the eastern part of Hong Kong Island, including the leveling of Kangshan and the reclamation projects in Taikoo Shing, Sai Wan River, Shau Kei Wan and Xinghua Village. The land acquired has been used for the construction of the Eastern Corridor, the Eastern Harbour Crossing and residential properties. 65438-0989 The Hong Kong Government announced the Hong Kong Airport Core Plan, many of which required reclamation, including Chek Lap Kok Hong Kong International Airport, Tung Chung and Tai Ho New Town, North Lantau Island and West Kowloon. In the early 1960s, the Hong Kong Government also put forward a number of reclamation proposals in the Hong Kong Port and Airport Development Strategy, and reclaimed in Central, Wan Chai, Kowloon Point, Kai Tak, Green Island, kau yi chau and Penny's Bay, among which the Central and Wan Chai reclamation plans were subsequently implemented. So 1990s can be said to be the golden age of reclamation in Hong Kong. However, the ambitious plan of the Hong Kong government has aroused the dissatisfaction of some environmentalists, who think that there are too many reclamation projects and the harbour is damaged. In 2003, environmentalists successfully overturned the then Wan Chai reclamation plan in the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal (see below for details). The judge said that reclamation should have an "urgent and overriding need", which directly affected Hong Kong's future planning. Many infrastructure projects needed to be re-reviewed, leaving the completion dates of some projects in the foreseeable future, such as the Kai Tak development plan (including the second cruise terminal in Hong Kong), the Central-Wan Chai Bypass and the North Island Line.
1989 The Hong Kong Planning Department completed the feasibility study of reclamation projects in Central and Wan Chai, and implemented a new round of reclamation projects from Hong Kong and Macao Ferry Pier in Sheung Wan to Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter. The reclamation area consists of three areas separated by parks and green belts: Central, Tamar and Wan Chai Convention and Exhibition Center, which are divided into five phases. 1993 to 2006, three phases of development have been completed, including Central Phase I and Phase II and Wan Chai Phase I, with a total of 32.3 hectares of reclaimed land. The remaining reviews, namely Central Phase III and Wan Chai Phase II, are in progress or have been suspended. The main purpose of reclamation is to provide land for infrastructure, including Hong Kong Station of Airport Express, Tung Chung Line of Mass Transit Railway, Shatin to Central Link, North Island Line, Central to Wan Chai Bypass, Island Eastern Corridor Link and Central Ferry Pier. In addition, the plan also hopes to build a world-class waterfront promenade, provide extra rest and green space in the area, and improve the appearance and feeling of the coast. At present, the third phase of Central Reclamation is mainly to develop the land opposite Tamar, connecting Central Reclamation and Wan Chai Reclamation. The land reclaimed from the sea will be used for the construction of the new Star Ferry Pier and Public Pier in Central, reserved land for railways and roads, reserved military berths and waterfront promenade. The project started in February 2003 and is expected to be completed by the end of 2008. The second phase of the Wan Chai Reclamation under review connects the Wan Chai Reclamation with the Causeway Bay waterfront. The land reclaimed from the sea will be used as reserved places for the construction of railways and roads, as well as some outdoor rest and greening facilities to optimize the waterfront in the area. In 2003, the Hong Kong government lost in the judicial review of the Wan Chai reclamation project, so the whole project needs to be re-examined, and it has not been finalized yet. 1999165438+10. In October, Walter Disney Company and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government announced the development plan of Hong Kong Disneyland to build a Hong Kong Disneyland resort. The resort is located in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island, and its facilities include Disneyland theme park, two resort hotels and Di Xin Lake Water Activity Center, as well as related transportation facilities, including Xinao Station and Disney Station of Metro Disney Line, Penny's Bay Highway and Disney Pier. In order to expand enough flat land, Penny's Bay needs a large-scale reclamation project. In fact, as early as11990s, the Hong Kong Government had planned to build a container terminal at Penny's Bay by reclamation. However, due to the construction of Disneyland, the new location of container terminal is still up in the air. Penny's Bay reclamation will be carried out in two phases, including 280 hectares in Penny's Bay and 65,438+00 hectares in Yin 'ao. The related supporting facilities project is estimated to cost HK$ 6,543.8+03.6 billion. The first phase of reclamation has been completed, and 230 hectares have been reclaimed in Penny's Bay and Yin 'ao to tie in with the first phase development of Disneyland. The project started on May 8, 2000 and was completed on February 7, 2002. The second phase of the ongoing reclamation project will reclaim 60 hectares of land in Penny's Bay to tie in with the second phase development plan of Disneyland in the future. The project started on April 23rd, 2003 and is expected to be completed in June 65438+1October 65438+September, 2009. There is very little flat land available for development in Hong Kong, so the government has carried out reclamation projects many times since 184 1 was opened. Today, many prosperous areas in Hong Kong realize land development through reclamation. These areas include Central, Wan Chai, Causeway Bay, Eastern Tsim Sha Tsui, the former Kai Tak Airport, Macau Ferry Terminal, Hung Hom Bay, Kwun Tong Industrial Zone and West Kowloon, all of which were reclaimed from the sea. Many important buildings or landmarks are located in reclamation areas, including Hong Kong International Airport, International Finance Center and Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center. It can be seen that the reclamation project in Hong Kong has a far-reaching and important impact on the planning and development of Hong Kong cities and even the economic development of Hong Kong as a whole. In addition, reclamation has brought many employment opportunities to Hong Kong, especially in the construction industry. Land reclamation and building buildings on reclaimed land require a large number of working people. These employment opportunities have supported many Hong Kong people. On the other hand, reclamation can beautify the coastline and improve the coastal landscape. For example, the waterfront promenade in Central under construction will enable Hong Kong people to get close to the harbour and enjoy leisure facilities. Today's Victoria Harbour has been reclaimed many times and its area has been greatly reduced. However, with the increasing traffic at sea, the waves are bigger than before, which makes smaller ships waver when sailing. This is also related to the fact that the straightened coastline makes the sea water flow faster. In addition, some people are worried that reclamation will destroy the scenery of Victoria Harbour, lose a tourist selling point and affect the tourism industry. Some people even joked that excessive reclamation has turned Victoria Harbour into a "Victoria River" or even a "Victoria Canal". Although in fact "Hong Kong" can never be a "river" or "canal" because of its large grammar and meaning, it is enough to show their treasure and love for Victoria Harbour. )
The mainland draws lessons from the "Heaven" urban construction model.