Investigation report on high-rise underground fire fighting and rescue training

Investigation report on high-rise underground fire fighting and rescue training

Since the "213" meeting, the national fire forces have carried out a series of special trainings on fire fighting and rescue in high-rise buildings, underground buildings, public gathering places and inflammable and explosive places, and the departments, bureaus and corps have also carried out comprehensive supervision and inspection. The relevant situation reflects that the work in our province is generally good, and the corps, detachments, brigades and squadrons attach great importance to it, and the training is serious and solid, with good results. For example, the special training courses held at the corps and detachment levels have a wide range and basically cover all the backbone of combat training. With strong pertinence, the difficult topics such as fire fighting tactics, water supply mode, equipment application and smoke exhaust in underground space of high-rise buildings were specially discussed, which popularized the advanced experience of Shanghai and other places. All levels and localities have earnestly carried out high-rise water supply testing and climbing training, and Guiyang and other units have summed up a set of perfect technical regulations; The high-rise water supply capacity of cities above the provincial level and regional central cities can successfully reach the highest local building height; Most teams carried out targeted equipment performance tests, and improved and strengthened the water supply equipment for high-rise buildings. In particular, Guiyang detachment's single-vehicle and double-vehicle coupling water supply successfully reached the highest building height of 228 meters, and its water supply performance was among the best in cities above the provincial capital. Moreover, the hose didn't burst, the joint didn't fall off, the engine ran smoothly, and the implementation process was orderly and well-trained. In the past six months, the actual combat capability of the troops was significantly improved around being close to actual combat, strictly controlling difficulties and scientific training, and the ability to combat high-rise and underground fires and serious fires was significantly enhanced. The fire fighting and rescue strength of high-rise buildings in large and medium-sized cities in the province was basically found out and achieved results. Through collection, research, summary and reference, the Corps also formulated the Service Rules for Fire Fighting and Rescue of High-rise Buildings in Guizhou Province, which is an important document with strong guidance and operability and plays an important role in standardizing the fire fighting and rescue work of high-rise buildings.

In the process of supervision at the two levels of ministries and bureaus and corps, some problems that are not paid enough attention to and easily overlooked are also found. Some even caused minor accidents. Of course, this is only an individual case. Fortunately, most of the problems did not lead to bad consequences. But we must not turn a blind eye to the problem because it has no consequences, or let luck become a habit, otherwise it will eventually have serious consequences. Now these problems are listed in the hope of attracting the attention of key comrades in grass-roots combat training.

First, we don't pay attention to the problem of fire water supply, which often leads to water supply interruption.

As we all know, when the 19mm water gun is filled with 15m water column, the flow rate is 6.5l/s (liter/second) and the water output is 390l (liter) per minute. Usually, in the first dispatch, two water guns are placed in each car. If it is an 8t (ton) water-filled truck, it can continuously discharge 6 15s (seconds) and10.2min when fully loaded; If it is a 6t+2t water tank foam combination car, it can continuously drain water for 460s, about 7.7 minutes. Considering that the remaining water quantity of each 65mm hose is about 66l, it should be reduced by 10s, and the remaining water quantity of each 80mm hose is about 100l, and it should be reduced by 15s. According to the calculation of 3 trunk lines and 2 branch lines, * * * minus 85s is about 1.4 points. Then the 8t model can supply water continuously for 8.8 minutes at full load, and the 6t model can supply water continuously for 6.3 minutes. Considering the leakage and unsatisfactory water delivery capacity, the actual water supply time is short. Once the water gun comes out, the time left for us to find water is very short. Therefore, after dispatching to the scene at the first time, laying hoses and setting up water gun positions to fight the fire, we must solve the water source problem, either connecting outdoor fire hydrants, taking water from fire pools or supplying water through other vehicles. If you don't implement the water source in advance, it will be too late to remember when the water you carry is used up.

During the inspection, through actual combat drills, it was found that some vehicles were unattended after installing water guns. The whole exercise lasted for 20 to 30 minutes, and the subsequent hydration was completely ignored. Later, the inspection team deliberately asked for water, and the water supply was interrupted; In an actual drill in an underground shopping mall, a main battle vehicle fired two water guns, but the water source was not connected. The commander said there was no water in the fire hydrant. On-site inspection found that there was no water in the municipal fire hydrant where the car was parked, but further inspection found that there were three fire hydrants outside 100m, and the pressure and flow met the requirements and no one cared. In another exercise, the actual displacement of a municipal fire hydrant supplying water to two fire engines was checked, and it was found that there was a big hole in the hydrant body, and the water was completely leaked, and there was no water supply at all. The other fire hydrant can't be opened at all because of the slippery line of the arrow. These situations show that some of our grass-roots squadrons pay very limited attention to water sources, the work of "six familiarities" is not enough, and the awareness of grabbing water sources is not in place.

Interruption of water supply in fire site is a taboo in fire fighting and must be effectively prevented. The position that has been controlled may be lost instantly because of water shortage, which will lead to the expansion of the disaster. This is a big problem that squadron commanders and squad leaders must attach great importance to. When Dan runs out of medicine, the enemy will fight back. This is the simplest truth. The squadron on duty must take the organization of uninterrupted water supply as a core ability, study hard, train repeatedly and strive to improve.

The water supply capacity reflects the most basic and core fighting capacity of the fire brigade, which should not be underestimated. In several exercises, the successful and effective water supply left a deep impression on the comrades of the inspection team of the Ministry and the corps. For example, in the fire drill of Wal-Mart underground supermarket in Guiyang, all the municipal fire hydrants around the site were used reasonably, and each main chariot occupied reliable water. Two main water supply lines with two pontoon pumps were also laid from the roof pool (used for the greening of People's Square, * * * 3,000m3). High-rise fire drill in Guizhou Hotel, with indoor fire hydrant discharging water, vertical laying of external wall and laying along stairs. The tactical principle of "giving priority to solid and combining solid with dynamic" was fully utilized, and an all-round and three-dimensional offensive situation was formed. Not only does the internal fire pump start normally, but the fire truck is also connected with the water pump adapter to prepare for pressurization. Zunyi gas station actual combat drill, the site is located in the suburbs, water is very scarce. However, due to the full mobilization of power, proper command and coordination, and reasonable allocation of vehicle tasks, * * * arranged three motorized blisters and three water guns to release water for 30 minutes, all of which realized uninterrupted water supply.

Second, the practical value of high-rise water supply test is not fully understood, the training content is not comprehensive, and the water supply mode of high-rise buildings is single.

According to the requirements of relevant documents of our department, water supply tests for high-rise buildings are being carried out all over the country. Through the investigation of water supply experiments inside and outside the province, it is concluded that the fire extinguishing agent supply in high-rise buildings should adhere to the principle of "combining solid foundation with solid removal, using water nearby, ensuring the needs of key aspects, giving priority to compressed air foam and uninterrupted supply". Now we emphasize that the key points of the water supply test are four:

1, using indoor fire hydrant to supply water (including pressurization through water pump adapter and pressurization through bottom fire hydrant);

2. Laying water supply pipeline vertically;

3. Improve the water supply of fire engines;

4. Vertical supply of Grade A foam. Because these examination items are particularly close to actual combat, we can master the basic methods and procedures of fire fighting in high-rise buildings by mastering the operating procedures of the examination. In actual combat, command procedures can be reduced. After the commander gives instructions and defines the combat tasks and attack routes, the combatants of each team can fight according to their respective division of labor and mastered procedures. The test process of high-rise water supply is not only familiar with the water supply mode and operating procedures, but also a comprehensive inspection of on-site command, coordination, equipment performance, on-site communication and safety work. However, the inspection found that some grass-roots commanders, even commanders at the branch and brigade levels, did not fully understand the importance of the four tests, were satisfied with one method, and were not good at and did not dare to conduct test training in more difficult subjects.

Because there are no A-class foam cars and compressed air foam cars in the province, the test of foam supply in the province is still blank. It is expected that there will be team procurement in Guiyang, Zunyi, Liupanshui and Bijie in the second half of the year. As far as indoor fire hydrant and vertical laying are concerned, some units have not done vertical laying, some have not done indoor fire hydrant water supply, some have only done winding laying along stairs, and some have only done vertical laying along external walls. In fact, it is not enough to rely on a single method and a single means for a large-scale high-rise building fire. It is often necessary to organize a three-dimensional attack of omni-directional and multi-channel water supply to quickly control the fire and reduce losses and casualties. On the other hand, at present, the integrity rate of building fire protection facilities is very low, and it is not reliable to supply water only in one way. High-rise building fire fighting must adhere to the "impregnable first, internal attack melee; Combination of fixed and dynamic, rapid water supply; The tactical measures of "combining inside and outside, attacking and defending simultaneously" should not only give priority to the use of internal fire-fighting facilities, but also make full use of external walls and stairs to lay water supply lines, and at the same time rationally use high-lift fire engines to assist the attack from outside.

The data show that when a 65mm single trunk line is laid vertically at the height of 100m, when a 1 water gun is produced, the pump outlet pressure is about 1.5 MPa, and the enriched water column reaches15m. 150m height is about 2.0 MPa. At present, among the main battle vehicles in the province, Isuzu, Steyr, North Heavy Duty Truck, Dongfeng 153, water tank foam combined vehicles and various high-pressure spraying vehicles, among which the outlet pressure of low-pressure pump is not less than 2.5mpa. Based on this, it is inferred that the water supply height of these vehicles can easily reach 150 meters, which has also been verified by practical tests. Except for the tallest building in Guiyang, the provincial capital, which is more than 200m, the tallest buildings in other prefecture-level cities and regional central cities are all below 150m, and the existing equipment is fully capable of solving the water supply problem of high-rise fires. Of course, the premise is that the water supply equipment must pass the customs and withstand high pressure for a long time. The key is to pay attention to peacetime training, so as to be well-trained, skilled in operation and tacit in cooperation. Even if the indoor fire hydrant system cannot be used normally, water supply lines can be laid through external walls and stairs to supply water quickly. Troops that can't fully master all kinds of water supply methods have a single attack method, and may be "at the last moment, no countermeasures" in the face of complex fires.

Third, the basic rules are not mastered, the operating procedures are unfamiliar, and the success rate of the exam is not high.

In the process of high-rise water supply, the driver's technology of controlling pump pressure is immature, and the communication among commanders, signalmen and drivers is not standardized, smooth and tacit, which often leads to hose explosion, interface falling off and water separator bursting. For the driver of high-rise water supply, it is very important to control the pump pressure, so we should pay attention to the stability of operation and avoid overpressure. Why don't all the buildings tested have small heights except Guiyang, which is less than 100m, but hoses, connectors and water separators often explode? Many times it's because I'm in a hurry. In fact, there is a certain rule between the building height and the pump pressure: when the 65mm single trunk line is vertically laid and the water column is 15m, the pump outlet pressures corresponding to the building heights of 50m, 80m, 100m and 150m are approximately 0.89mpa and 1.22 mpa respectively. Experienced commanders and experienced drivers can roughly estimate which floor the water has reached as long as they report the pressure. On the contrary, knowing how high the water supply floor is, they can roughly estimate how much pump pressure is needed. If you master this rule, you will be a shoo-in However, because commanders and drivers don't know these theoretical data, countless people's minds are all about how high the water supply is and how much pressure is needed. Once you refuel too fast, the overpressure will get out of control. Therefore, in the actual test, the instantaneous pressure is close to or even exceeds 3.0mpa for many times, and the water gun with a height of more than 90 meters has not yet come out. The huge water hammer stress has caused the water pipe to burst, and even the water separator burst in just a few seconds after the pressurization began.

Four, do not operate according to the rules, do not pay attention to safety issues.

Fixation of vertically laid hoses, joints and water separators in high-rise buildings is a very important work, which has attracted enough attention because of its unstable fixation and easy occurrence of safety accidents. It is found that there are reliable fixing measures at the joint of high-altitude water pipe interface, and all units have implemented them well in this respect. However, some units do not pay attention to the problem of safe pressure relief. There are no two water separators on the ground to release pressure, and some units do not fix the water separators on the ground in any form. Both cases are due to the commander's blind self-confidence, because there are no accidents in many operations. According to experience, the height of 100m is not enough to cause mechanical damage to the pump, and it will not cause the explosion of hoses and water separators. As everyone knows, it is this subjective contempt that may lead to accidents! As mentioned earlier, in a test, the commander ordered "start" in less than 10 seconds. Due to the driver's excessive operation, the water separator suddenly burst, and the powerful water current swept around with the unfixed water separator and hose. Fortunately, no one was hit, only flying debris caused minor injuries to 1 soldiers and 1 people. In addition, warning lines and safety officers must be set up before the test to discourage people from entering the work scope. These tasks are most easily overlooked. There are often many people watching the scene, which not only affects the operation, but also may lead to casualties and adverse effects in the event of an accident. At present, the theoretical pressure resistance of commonly used aluminum alloy low-pressure water separator, low-pressure connector and 16 ~ 20 hose is 1.5 ~ 2.0 MPa. When the driver's inexperience leads to instability, the pressure suddenly rises to 1 ~ 2 MPa when the driver presses hard, and the stress is too concentrated to be released, which will lead to a situation. In the test of Guiyang 228-meter-high building, high-pressure distributor, high-pressure interface and 25-type hose were used. At the beginning, the cooperation was unskilled, and the water separator burst, the interface broke and the hose burst many times. Later, we specially studied and adopted measures to prevent debris from splashing, such as strengthening and outsourcing protective materials. During the inspection, it was also found that the hoses in some units were not firmly tied and fixed, and the joints fell off many times, which is worth discussing and improving.

Fifth, do not pay attention to the familiarity and application of fire-fighting facilities inside the building.

The tactical principle of "combination of solid and dynamic" must be established on the basis that the responsible squadron is familiar with building fire control facilities. In order to do this, the squadron must rely on the actual combat service mechanism of "joint defense and joint extinction". We found that the "combination of prevention and elimination" of most detachments has not been well implemented, and all detachments in the province have not formulated the procedural rules and regulations of "combination of prevention and elimination"; Except for a few units, most of the squadrons on duty in the province basically do not participate in building fire inspection and acceptance, and it is also "single-handedly" to carry out "six familiarities" and actual combat drills; Squadron cadres and backbones know little about the construction of fire control facilities; Although some unit leaders have attached great importance to the problem of "combining prevention with elimination" for many times, it has not been implemented in specific departments and projects in actual work. I don't know, there is no opportunity and no convenient working conditions. Therefore, the squadron is not familiar with, inspect, test and drill the building fire-fighting facilities, which leads to the problems existing in the building fire-fighting facilities not being discovered and eliminated in time. On the other hand, the squadron lacks special training for correct operation and use, which lays a hidden danger for normal use in actual combat.

During the inspection, it was found that there were various problems in building fire-fighting facilities: for example, a five-star hotel was accepted and opened soon, and the water supply test found that the fire hydrant system could not be pressurized through the water pump adapter; There is no water in the fire water supply facilities of a high-rise residential area, and the outdoor fire hydrant cannot be used because of improper installation position; The road width in a residential area is insufficient, the curve is too sharp, and the fire truck can't get close to the climbing surface. The biggest problem is that squadron officers and soldiers are not familiar with the operation and use of fixed fire-fighting facilities. If a fire breaks out, it will cause serious losses, especially if the internal fire control facilities are intact, which will put our fire department in a very embarrassing and passive position and even bear the legal consequences of dereliction of duty.

In the above aspects, it is easy to ignore the special training of high-rise and underground fire fighting. But objectively, it has the conditions and ability to solve it. As long as subjective attention is paid, it can be improved and avoided through the joint efforts of headquarters at all levels, training departments (divisions), training backbones and officers and men of duty squadrons. With the necessary support of the fire department, at least through hard work, the work can be done well, so it is incumbent. Of course, it is not just these problems, such as: the necessary equipment for high-rise and underground fires (such as compressed air foam vehicles, smoke exhaust vehicles, etc.). ), high-pressure water supply equipment, technical problems of underground fire smoke exhaust. These problems cannot be solved by one department, and need to be studied by leaders at all levels and included in the agenda of the team. There are some problems that are not mature in the whole country and need further discussion, so I won't go into them for the time being.

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