Brief introduction of Zhangzhou Guangdong and Hong Kong

Yuegang, or "Yuequan Port", is located at the mouth of Jiulong River in the lower delta of Jiulong River, which is now Haicheng Town, Longhai County. The river here is wide, "there are tidal waves outside and mountain streams inside", and "there is a crescent moon around the water", hence the name "Moon Harbor".

The sea area near Guangdong and Hong Kong, called Guihai in ancient times, was named after Guiyu Island in Haikou. Guiyu Island, also known as "Chicken Island" and "Turtle Island", stands in the sea and is the gateway for water to enter Zhangzhou. In the first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1573), a tower was built in Guiyu, which was a symbol of the port, but it was abandoned for a long time the following year. The western part of Guangdong and Hong Kong is the Trident River at the intersection of Jiangbei Creek and Xixi Creek in Kowloon. There are Hu Mao and Wujiaozhou, and the waterways are divided into China, Hong Kong, North Port and South Port. Outside Guiyu Island, Donggang is Xiamen Port, which is the scope of maritime trade between Guangdong and Hong Kong, and there are Zhongzuosuo (now Xiamen) and Wuzhou Island (now Jinmen) outside, which are the maritime barriers of the port.

Guangdong and Hong Kong enjoy superior natural conditions, with four seasons like spring, and the average annual temperature is 265,438+0℃ ~ 265,438+0.4℃. It belongs to a strong tidal estuary port, and the tidal current is a semi-diurnal shallow tidal port with reciprocating flow. The tidal current enters from Haomen (Yuzaiwei) and Haicang Gorge in the port and flows into three veins: one vein enters Liu Ying (Jiangdong Bridge) and goes back to Pengzhoutou at the junction of Longjinxi along Beixi. Nowadays, the riverbed is shallow, and the influence of tidal current only reaches Guokeng; One vein enters Fugong Port and returns to Baishuiying along Nanxi; One vein flows from Guangdong and Hong Kong to Fuhe. Go up Xixi, go around to the south of Zhangzhou, and reach the tea shop. At present, the riverbed siltation is shallow, and the tidal current only affects Bihu Lake downstream of Xiangcheng City. The third and eighteenth day of each month is the spring tide. Tidal law: "The daily tide is greater than spring and summer, the night tide is greater than autumn and winter, and the tide level is extremely high, often in spring and autumn, with great waves, often behind Wang Shuo".

Guangdong and Hong Kong have convenient land and water transportation and a vast economic hinterland, including not only the Jiulong River basin, but also Tingzhou, Gannan, southern Hunan, northern Fujian, Zhejiang, Jianghuai and other places. The hinterland is fertile, rich in products, rich in grain and fruit, and is known as "the land of plenty, the land of flowers and fruits". Cash crops include sugarcane, fruits (litchi, longan, citrus, honey pomelo and banana), kapok, tobacco, tea, peanuts and jute, which are well-known at home and abroad. In the Ming Dynasty, mining and metallurgy, sugar making, tea making, textile, ceramics, paper making, shipbuilding and other handicrafts were relatively developed, especially the textile industry. At that time, the cashmere, yarn, satin and cashmere produced in Zhangzhou sold well at home and abroad. Other handicrafts such as iron, bronze and tooth carving are also rare and important foreign trade commodities.

The development of history

Zhangzhou Yuegang, one of the four major commercial ports in Fujian in the Ming Dynasty, is located in Haicheng Town, Longhai County. It has direct trade with 47 countries and regions such as Southeast Asia, Indian zhina Peninsula, North Korea, Ryukyu and Japan, and trades with European and American countries through Luzon Port, which occupies an important position in China's foreign trade history. Guangdong and Hong Kong are Guangdong Quangang, and the nearby waters are called Guihai in ancient times, named after Guiyu, a port. Guiyu, also known as Yuji and Guiyu, stands in the sea and is the gateway to the sea. Guangdong and Hong Kong are adjacent to the Trident River at the intersection of Jiangbei Creek and Xixi Creek in Kowloon in the west and Guiyu Port in the east to Xiamen Port. The main channel of Guangdong and Hong Kong starts from Puxian in the west, runs along Nangang to the east, passes through Haicheng Port, Daniwei and Guiyu, and goes out to sea from Danmen in Wuyu, and then divides into east and west roads. The berthing points of Guangdong and Hong Kong include Songyu, Haicang, Shimei, Yuzhou and Aotou on the north bank, Yuzaiwei, Haimen Island, Fugong, Haicheng, Guangdong and Hong Kong, Shima and Fuhe on the south bank. The main port is Haicheng Yuegang, which was the main distribution center for import and export goods at that time. According to the field investigation, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were seven wharves with less than 1km along the Guangdong-Hong Kong River, namely Xiangguan Wharf, Lutouwei Wharf, Tiehang Wharf (also known as Zhonggu Wharf), Rongchuan Wharf, Dianzi Wharf, Agbo Wharf and Xiwei Wharf. Among them, Xiangguan Wharf is located on the right side of the port, and it was converted into Haicheng Passenger Terminal in 9 years (1920). Rongchuan Wharf is located on the left side of the port. It was built in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573 to 1620). At that time, it was a large wharf, and after the founding of New China, it was a farm transportation wharf. In the first year of Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty (1567), the Ming government set up a "foreign market" in Yuegang to "sell the East China Sea". During the Wanli period, Yuegang was an unprecedented event. More than 200 seagoing ships enter and leave Guangdong and Hong Kong every year. Export commodities include silk, ceramics, cloth, tea, iron and bronze, sugar, paper and fruit. Pepper, spices, rattan, ivory, western cloth, betel nut, camphor resin, ape skin and other imported commodities 124 kinds. Tomorrow, Guangdong and Hong Kong rose in Jingtai (1450- 1456), flourished in Wanli (1573- 16 19) and declined in the apocalypse (16265438). At that time, there were many poems praising Yuegang, including one sentence: "The prosperous side of the town was called Yuegang Xiaosuhang in ancient times." Guangdong and Hong Kong are located at the mouth of the Jiulong River, which is named after its harbor road (from the west of Haicheng to Haimen Island) is "cut by one water and surrounded by a crescent moon". Together with Fuzhou Port in Han and Tang Dynasties, Quanzhou Port in Song and Yuan Dynasties and Xiamen Port in Qing Dynasty, it is called the "four major commercial ports" in Fujian history. Moon Harbor is filled with the breath of marine culture. There has been a custom of shipbuilding here since ancient times. Gu said in the book "Diseases of Counties in the World": "The people of Fujian are all from Yuegang, Zhangzhou." From the end of 16 to the end of 17, it used to be a foreign trade port with "ships and merchants gathered", and its market was very prosperous, making it a metropolis in southern Fujian. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court issued a "sea ban", but the moon port was ineffective because the sky was high and the emperor was far away. Instead, it has become the center of coastal foreign trade.