What are the four rice markets in ancient China?

3. Jiujiang Jiujiang is adjacent to Poyang Lake in the east, the Yangtze River in the north, Mufu Mountain in the west and Lushan Mountain in Nanping. Known as the North Gate of Jiangxi. This is an ancient and beautiful city with a long history. Known as Xunyang and Chaisang in ancient times, it is located at the junction of Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Anhui provinces. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, Jiujiang belonged to Jing and Yangcheng, and in the Spring and Autumn Period it belonged to Wu Zhidong and the west of Chu, so it was called "Wu Tou Chu Wei". After Qin Shihuang unified China, Jiujiang was established as one of the 36 counties, named Jiujiang, also known as Jiangzhou. Since Qin Dynasty, seven names have been used: Jiujiang, Chaisang, Jiangzhou, Xunyang, Runan, Ganyu and Dehua. Jiujiang place names have been used since the Ming Dynasty. According to ancient records, Jiujiang is "the mouth of the Three Rivers and the thoroughfare of the Four Reaches", with seven provinces connected and merchants gathered. It is also one of the "four big rice markets" and "three big tea markets" in modern China. It is one of the top ten ports in the golden waterway of the Yangtze River with unique scenery. The source of commodity rice in Jiujiang is local rice. Jiujiang and its surrounding counties and cities are alluvial plains formed by the Yangtze River, Poyang Lake and Hexiu, as well as hills and valleys of the shogunate mountains, with mild climate and abundant rainfall. Historically, it is the land of plenty and the main source of Jiujiang rice market. The second is foreign tourists. Anhui and Hubei provinces adjacent to Jiujiang city are mainly rice along the river. This traditional circulation channel has continued to this day. Jiujiang rice market runs from Hankou to Shanghai, Shaoxing and Jinhua in Zhejiang, among which Shanghai and Hankou have the largest sales volume. Nanchang, the provincial capital, is a first-class rice distribution center in the province, which is distributed from Jiujiang to Shanghai and Han. Therefore, Nanchang is the main supplier and rice processing base of Jiujiang rice market. Jiujiang is the outlet of the throat. Foreign businessmen from Jiangxi go to Jiangxi to buy rice, and most of them go to Jiujiang to discuss business, and go through the formalities of rice leaving the country at Jiujiang Customs until it is shipped out of the country. The transfer points of Jiujiang rice market in northern Jiangxi are Hukou, Tujiabu and Wucheng. These three towns are close to rivers and lakes, so water transportation is very convenient. Jiujiang became a rice market, and the hukou played a great role. Tujiabu, located at the intersection of Xiushui and Nanxun Railway, is a key grain area in northern Jiangxi, importing and exporting tens of thousands of kilograms of grain every year. Grain flows, and some Nanxun routes Jiujiang to leave the country; Part of it goes from Xiushui to Wucheng, and exits through Hukou to Wuhan, Shanghai, Nanjing and other places. At the peak of Jiujiang rice market, there were about 130 grain shops, which could be divided into three groups: one was Guangdong group, the other was Nanchang group, and the third was local group. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the development of national economic construction and the reform of circulation system, Jiujiang rice market experienced three major evolution processes: First, rice market began to flourish. From the early days of liberation to 1953, the government implemented the policy of grain free trade led by state-owned commerce. Second, the rice market is closed. From the end of 1953 to the end of 1983, China began to build a planned economy, but the policy of unified grain purchase and marketing has not changed for more than 30 years. Third, the period of rice market revival. From the end of 1984 to the beginning of 1985, Jiujiang rice market was restored and the market organization structure changed fundamentally. From the original exclusive monopoly, "one river releases water" has become a situation in which various economies, channels and forms coexist. Jiujiang, a famous city in the south of the Yangtze River with a history of more than 2,200 years, belongs to the transition zone from middle subtropical zone to subtropical zone. It is the political, economic, cultural, tourism and transportation center of northern Jiangxi, and its strategic position is particularly important. 130 years ago was a foreign trade port, and 1992 was approved by the State Council as an open city along the river. Jiujiang tourist attractions are divided into six districts, two points and one line, with more than 300 places. Its elegant taste, rich connotation, complete categories and dense silk are unique in China and rare in the world. 6 scenic spots: Lushan Guling Scenic Spot, Lushan Shannan Scenic Spot, Lushan Shanxi Scenic Spot, Yongxiu County Scenic Spot, Xunyang Scenic Spot and Qingcheng Scenic Spot; Two points: Shi Zhongshan in Hukou County and Longgong Cave in pengze county; The first line: the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake. Jiujiang is a transitional zone from the eastern coast to the central and western regions, and it is in an extremely important position. Judging from the development of Jiangxi province, Jiujiang is the only foreign trade port city connecting the whole province with the Yangtze River Development Zone and the coastal open area. Wuhu Wuhu is located in the southeast of Anhui, with the center geographic coordinates of 1 19 degrees east longitude 2 1 minute north latitude 3 1 minute. The city covers an area of 33 17 square kilometers and a population of 2150,000, including 630,000 urban residents. Wuhu has a long history. The Spring and Autumn Period was the return of Wu to righteousness. As a county name, it began in 109 BC and has a history of more than 2000 years. Historically, Wuhu's agriculture, handicrafts and commerce were quite developed. There were "towers" and "thousands of fireworks" in the Southern Tang Dynasty. After the Southern Song Dynasty, especially in the Yuan Dynasty, Wuhu was already a prosperous town. Since the Ming Dynasty, it has gradually become an important commercial port in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Handicrafts such as sizing and dyeing are well known. In the Ming Dynasty, Song Tiangong said that "weaving is better than Songjiang (Shanghai) and sizing is better than Wuhu", and a large-scale sizing and dyeing workshop was formed, which was called "Wuhu Giant Shop". In recent years, the stone tools, bones and various mammal fossils made by ancient humans found in the herringbone cave in Wuhu are between 2 million and 2.5 million years old, which traces the history of human activities in Asia back to 400,000 to 500,000 years. Dagongshan ancient copper mine site was the largest copper production base in China during the Spring and Autumn Period, Han and Tang Dynasties, and/kloc-0 was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council in 1996. 1876, the Yantai Treaty signed by China and Britain turned Wuhu and Wenzhou, Zhejiang into trading ports. The signing of this unequal treaty not only brought great impact to Wuhu's national economy, caused abnormal development, but also opened the door to Wuhu's opening to the outside world. 19 18 Wuhu customs' import and export value reached 3.5% of the national foreign trade in that year, and it is one of the trading ports in the Yangtze River basin. The Wu Shen Canal, which starts and ends in Wuhu and Shanghai, closely links Wuhu with the economy and culture of Jiangsu, Wuxi, Nanjing and Hangzhou. After the opening of Wuhu, a large number of foreign firms and companies entered Wuhu. At the same time, the spread of advanced science and technology also stimulated the development of modern industry in Wuhu. The earliest national industry in Anhui Province was established in Wuhu. 1883 Wuhu set up a wired telegraph line, which is the earliest city in the province to use telegraph. 1897 Yixin (Mechanical Mill) Rice Flour Company was the first one in China at that time. In 1930s, civil aviation also opened flights to Shanghai and Wuhan. After entering the 20th century, Wuhu's industry and commerce developed to more than 100, with five or six thousand merchants, becoming the birthplace of modern industry in Anhui and one of the economic centers in the Yangtze River basin. Because of its superior geographical location and prosperous business, it was once called "the backbone of Anhui" and "the giant port of the Yangtze River" in history. Wuhu is known as the first of the "Four Big Rice Markets" in China, and the starting point and birthplace of the rice market is Matang District today. Matang District is commonly known as Henan, because it is located on the south bank of Qingyi River flowing into the Yangtze River. The coastal areas are densely populated and the market trade is quite prosperous. The "Huining Chiguangtai Road", which governs southern Anhui, is also here. 1948 Wuhu "Jiangguang Mihang Reconstruction Monument": "In the eighth year of Guangxu, Gong (Li Hongzhang and posthumous title Wenzhong) asked the general to move the grain market from Zhenjiang No.7 to this place." It is a fact that Li Hongzhang supported the rice market, but the specific operator is Zhang (Zhang). During the Tongzhi period, he met Li, the governor of Guangdong. In the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), Li was appointed Governor of Huguang, Li Hongzhang was appointed Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, and Zhang was appointed as Guan Dao of Wuhu. Li Li advised Zhang to come forward and give advice to Li Hongzhang under the banner of prospering Wuhu commercial port, relying on the power of the imperial court to move Zhenjiang rice market to Wuhu. Li Hongzhang advocates that it is the best policy to let the rice merchants move by themselves. Discuss the results and formulate specific preferential measures to make rice merchants profitable. Zhang personally went to Zhenjiang, relying on the friendship of fellow villagers, and promised Guangchao Rice Industry to help Wuhu Guandao issue a license to specialize in rice industry, which has a patent in Wuhu; The rice packaging fee shall be paid by the seller; There is no additional price increase for foreign shipping water foot silver, that is, it is still calculated as Zhenjiang from Wuhu to Shanghai. Sure enough, Guangchao Fanbang invested in Wuhu and set up Fanhao. Followed by more than twenty Ning and Yan Gang. The four rice gangs are the pillars, which promote the rise of rice market by "piling up like mountains and selling like rivers". Li Fangjing, the son of Li Hongzhang, immediately seized this great opportunity and opened Yuan De Yu Square along Yanhe Road. Fumin Bridge in Henan (now Zhongshan Bridge) has a Hengfeng granary, which can store 20,000 to 30,000 tons of rented rice. Li Zhonghao, the son of Li, owns a pawnshop and Baoshan Changqianzhuang, and has set up branches in Shanghai, Hankou and Guangzhou, covering almost the business of rice merchants' lending, remittance application and Guangdong tickets. Li Zhonghao is also the general manager of Wuhu China Merchants Bureau. Bulk rice is exported by rotation, monopolizing water transportation. In the 800-mile Wanjiang area, especially in the Jiangbei area, the Li family owns tens of thousands of acres of fertile land, and it is only natural that rented rice should be converted into commercial grain. In a word, the rice market has brought business opportunities and rich profits to the Li family, and also promoted the prosperity of related industries. The grand rice market is spread along the banks of the long river, and the rice market in the south of the city is particularly prosperous. County annals said: "From Nanguan to the pontoon bridge, rice noodles are called heather". From the south exit of Fumin Bridge to the Property Management Supervision Department, there are many grain warehouses and official warehouses on the platform, forming a street, hence the name Kuzi Street. "The address is in Pu 'nan Street, Laiyuan, in front of Guan Jie, and then goes to Yangming Academy." There is also a "Rice Industry Institute" in Hengjie on the north bank of Jiangkou, which is a rice merchant organization mainly composed of four Hakka rice gangs. Zhang presided over the Henan Provincial Road Department, took effective public relations measures, formulated and implemented preferential policies for attracting investment, and opened Wuhu rice market, which was of great benefit to the development of local economy. Modern Wuhu Rice Market was established on 1994 1 month 10 with the approval of Anhui Provincial People's Government, and the general manager responsibility system was implemented under the leadership of the board of directors. Wuhu Rice Market is located in Jinwan Rice Market Building, Jiuhua North Road, Wuhu City. It is adjacent to Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge in the west and Wuhu Airport in the east. There is a 5000-ton special grain wharf with convenient transportation, covering an area of 2. 1 hectare and a building area of 1.6 square meters. The annual service turnover of grain is 5 million tons. Wuhu is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a subtropical humid monsoon climate, mild climate, abundant rainfall and four distinct seasons. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, the natural environment is full of pleasant scenery and human landscape. As early as the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Yuan Liang wrote a poem "Pan-Wuhu" to praise the scenery of Wuhu. Poets Li Bai, Wen and Du Mu in the Tang Dynasty and writers Mei, Wang Anshi and Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty all wrote poems about Wuhu. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the traditional "Eight Scenery of Wuhu" was formed. In recent years, Wuhu people have created a new "Ten Scenes of Wuhu". At the beginning of the new century, Wuhu's economic construction entered the fast lane, including automobiles and auto parts, new building materials, electronic appliances and so on. With Qingyi River as the boundary, there are economic and technological development zones in the north, and many well-known large enterprises gather. There is Wuhu High-tech Industrial Development Zone in the south, and the construction of projects focusing on culture, education and science and technology has been promoted in all directions. Between the north and the south, the business circle with Jiuzi Square and Zhongshan Road Pedestrian Street as radiation points is full of shops and unlimited business opportunities. Wuhu people's thoughts keep pace with the times, and an export-oriented multi-functional modern city will surely shine along the Yangtze River in China.

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