Why is Changsha the capital of Hunan?

China, the capital of Hunan Province, has an urban area of 53 square kilometers and a population of 6.02 million (in 2003), including 2.2 million urban residents. It is located in the middle of Hunan Province, downstream of Xiangjiang River and on the Beijing-Guangzhou railway line. It is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the province. Xiangxiu is a comprehensive industrial city with machinery, textile and food processing industries as the main industries. It is famous at home and abroad, with postal code of 4 10000 and telephone area code of 073 1.

Changsha City is located in the eastern and northern part of Hunan Province, downstream of Xiangjiang River, and on the western edge of Changliu Basin. Its geographical range is11153'-1415' in east longitude and 27 5 1 '-28 4 1' in north latitude. It is adjacent to Yichun and Pingxiang in Jiangxi Province in the east, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan in the south, Loudi and Yiyang in the west and Yueyang and Yiyang in the north. It is about 230 kilometers long from east to west and 88 kilometers wide from north to south. The city's land area is 1 18 19.5 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 556 square kilometers.

Changsha is an ancient city with a long cultural history of more than 2,000 years. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, this was one of the strategic places where Chu was located in the south. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang changed Linjiang to Changsha in 206 BC, and established Changsha as a vassal state of the Han Dynasty. Since then, Changsha began to build city walls, which gradually became a battleground for military strategists.

history

About15-200,000 years ago, there were human activities in Changsha. After15-200,000 years of development, the history of Changsha entered the Neolithic Age. About 5000 BC, Changsha ancestors began to settle down, formed villages and entered matriarchal society; Around 3000 BC, Changsha entered the Qujialing cultural stage in the Neolithic Age. About 2500 BC, Changsha entered the stage of Longshan culture in the Neolithic Age. At this time, primitive agriculture has been established, and fishing and hunting are still an important means for people to make a living. The original pottery industry and stone processing technology further developed, resulting in the original textile and jade processing technology.

Before Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties

According to legend, both ancestors and Huang have been to Changsha. Sima Qian's Historical Records of the Five Emperors said that the Yellow Emperor had "crossed the mountain road, crossed the river south and climbed the bear across Hunan", and later named Changsha as his son Shao (The History of the Road in the Song Dynasty recorded that Shao "started in Yunyang and was buried in Changsha" (meaning a reward).

Changsha, the hometown of ancient Sanmiao in Xia Dynasty; In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the kingdom of Sanmiao disappeared, but the descendants of Sanmiao still lived and multiplied in this land. At this time, Changsha belonged to "Yangyue" (also known as "Man Jing") and was called "Land of Yangyue" in history. As an ancient Yue people (a branch of the ancient Changsha Yue people), it created and formed a distinctive Yue culture at this time, and its most representative feature was hard pottery with geometric patterns printed on it. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Central Plains dynasty in the north fought frequently with Man Jing and YueYang in the south. Although they failed to establish direct rule here, the "land of Yueyang" once became the "southern service" of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, forcing Man Jing to submit. "Yizhoushu Wang Hui" records that at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi was successfully built, and governors from all over the country came to congratulate him. There is a kind of "Changsha turtle" in the tribute, which is the earliest record of the name "Changsha" in historical records.

Ancient Yue Culture and Central Plains Culture

Changsha, the descendant of Central Plains culture in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, entered the Bronze Age. The ancient Yue people in Changsha still live in thatched semi-cellar houses and live a clan life. They mainly use stone tools in production and rely on slash and burn. In the middle of Shang Dynasty, bronze casting technology was introduced into the Central Plains, and bronze tools such as bronze axes were used and manufactured. By the late Western Zhou Dynasty, copper hoes (an important tool for loosening soil) and copper plugs (i.e. rakes, agricultural tools for loosening soil and nourishing soil) appeared. In addition, bronze containers and musical instruments with exquisite shapes and patterns were made. A large number of Shang and Zhou bronzes unearthed in Changsha, most of which have high technological level and distinctive Yue style; 1938 ningxiang's famous four sheep square statue, a treasure in Shang and Zhou bronzes; Since 1959, more than a dozen bronze mirrors unearthed in Ningxiang and Changsha counties generally weigh 70-80 kg, and the largest one is 22 1.5 kg, which is the largest bronze mirror of Shang Dynasty found in China so far.

Jingchu Culture and Central Plains Culture

After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it entered the Spring and Autumn Period, which was also a turbulent period in the history of China. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu (Jingchu) forces entered Changsha. In the early Warring States period, the state of Yue destroyed Wu, and the confrontation between Chu and Yue began. Changsha became a fortress on the southeast border of Chu. In the mid-Warring States period, the State of Chu carried out political reforms, became strong in national strength, and launched large-scale military operations against the south. Hunan was incorporated into the territory of Chu, and Changsha became the military center of southern Chu, including the political and military centers of northern Hunan, central Hunan and southern Hunan. Chu built a city in Changsha. Chu people entered Changsha, and after hundreds of years of war, the ancient Yue people disappeared, and the ancient Yue culture in Changsha was replaced by Chu culture.

The Chu people invaded the south, bringing the tools and experience of production in the Central Plains and Jianghan area, and making Changsha enter the Iron Age. Changsha ended the primitive state that lasted for 1000 years since Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and directly entered the feudal society.

When Chu arrived, the country became weaker and weaker, and the vassal States, especially Qin, launched many wars against Chu. In the first 222 years, Wang Jian, a general of the State of Qin, led his army south and defeated the rest of Chu in the south of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan, with Changsha as its political and military center, was conquered by Qin and Chu was destroyed. Changsha (Hunan) has been the military center of Chu and Han dynasties for more than 800 years.

Qin and Han dynasties

Changsha county in Qin dynasty

The State of Qin destroyed the State of Chu and established the "Changsha County" on the land south of the original Chu River, which was followed by the birth of the Qin Dynasty. Changsha is one of the 36 counties in Qin Dynasty. Since the Qin Dynasty, Changsha has been incorporated into the unified political map of China, and it has clearly entered the history books as an administrative region for the first time. Changsha County in Qin Dynasty covered most of Hunan, southern Hubei, northwestern Jiangxi, Lian County in Guangdong and Quanzhou in Guangxi, covering an area almost equivalent to that of Hunan Province today, with Linxiang County as its administrative office.

Changsha Kingdom and Changsha King in the Western Han Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty perished and the Han Dynasty was established. After Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, in 202 BC, Wu Rui, the founding hero of the Western Han Dynasty, was named King of Changsha, which was built in Changsha County of the former Qin Dynasty with Linxiang County as its capital. This also marked the emergence of the first vassal state in Hunan history and Changsha became the capital of the kingdom. King Changsha is the supreme ruler (the highest official) of Changsha, and the throne is hereditary. However, because the Eastern Han Dynasty changed the system of the vassal state, that is, 144 BC, he actually became a phantom king. Changsha was sealed in 202 BC and abolished in 7 AD, and existed for more than 200 years. Changsha is divided into two periods: Wu's Changsha and Liu's Changsha.

Wu's kingdom of Changsha

As the capital of Hanwang, the ancient city of Changsha is located in the center of Changsha. It is the residence of Changsha kings and the political and military center of Changsha. According to the ancient book Water Mirror Zhu, Linxiang City (that is, the ancient Changsha City, known as Linxiang Old City in history) was named after Wang Jianzhu in Changsha. In BC 157, Wu's Changsha State was abolished.

Wu's Changsha state was a glorious period in the history of ancient Changsha, and a loyal vassal state in the Western Han Dynasty, which maintained national unity politically. Liu Bang, Zangcha, Han Xin and Ying Bu were all eliminated, but Wu Changsha was loyal to the court from beginning to end, that is, Ying Bu (son-in-law of King Changsha) rebelled, and King Changsha (son) also put family first. Wu's Changsha kingdom was sealed to his fifth grandson, Wu, who died in 156, and was removed because he had no children, which lasted for 46 years. The official system of the kingdom is the same as that of the Western Han Dynasty, with a prime minister (Zhu Guo was originally named by Emperor Gaozu) appointed directly by the court and named to assist the king. In fact, he was sent to master the real power of his country to control this place.

Liu's Kingdom of Changsha

/kloc-before 0/58, Emperor Jing, the son of Wendi, succeeded to the throne and returned to Changsha, which was called "Liu's Changsha" in history. In BC 155, Liu Fa, the illegitimate son of Jingdi, was made King of Changsha. Liu Fazhi's country of Changsha was at the time when the Western Han Dynasty slashed the power of the vassal state. From the fief in 155 BC to 145 BC, with the change of the management system of the imperial court to the vassal States, the jurisdiction of Changsha was greatly reduced, and Guiyang County and Lingling County were separated, leaving only Linxiang, Luoxia County, Yiyang, Liandao, Xiangnan and Chengyang. At this point, the vassal king of Changsha also cut off his actual power, and he was not allowed to interfere in the government affairs of the vassal countries under his jurisdiction, becoming a nominal king. From the top to the prime minister (the highest chief executive in charge of government affairs, formerly known as "minister Xiang") to the county magistrate, he was appointed and removed by the court. "Liu's Changsha State" went through seven generations and eight kings from the beginning to the end, lasting 164 years, and was destroyed with the demise of the Western Han Dynasty. In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the throne and established a "new dynasty" for the emperor. Changsha was renamed "Man County" and Linxiang, the provincial capital, was renamed "Mu Fu County".

Changsha King, Changsha Kingdom and Linxiang Hou in the Eastern Han Dynasty

Wang Mang's regime was quickly overwhelmed by the peasant uprising in the late Western Han Dynasty. In AD 25, Liu Xiu, a descendant of Liu Fa, the former royal family of Changsha in the Western Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor and established the Han Dynasty, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty because it made Luoyang its capital. Because there are peasant uprising teams and various armed regimes all over the country, Liu Xiu launched a war to unify the whole country. In 26 AD (the second year of Jianwu), Liu Xiuyao made Liu Xing, the son of Liu Shun, the last Changsha king in the Western Han Dynasty, the king of Changsha, to rebuild Changsha and control the situation south of Dongting. In 29 years, Houdeng, Wuling, Hanfu, Guiyang, Lingling, Dumu, Cangwu and Guangdong in Jiangxia. , all contribute to the expedition, was named as the marquis. At this point, the whole territory of Hunan, including Changsha, officially belonged to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the return of Changsha to Han played an important role in the war to unify the world. Liu Xiu unified China in the 40th year (Jianwu 16th year). As early as 37 years ago, Liu Xiu changed his name to Linxianghou in Changsha, and abolished Changsha State and changed it to Changsha County.

Three Kingdoms, Western Jin Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties

During the Western Jin Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms, Changsha was under the jurisdiction of Changsha County and belonged to the ancient Jingzhou. In the late Western Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Changsha was under the jurisdiction of Changsha County and Xiangzhou Prefecture. At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, Changsha was the governor of Tanzhou. Later, the state was changed to county, and Changsha was under the jurisdiction of Changsha County. Tanzhou Academy was established in the Tang Dynasty, which was once subordinate to Jiangnan Road and Jiangnan West Road.

Changsha kiln flourished in Tang and Five Dynasties and became the birthplace of underglaze color. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Changsha was the capital of Chu, and Chu was the only country established with Changsha as its capital.

Song dynasty to modern times

Changsha was ruled by Tanzhou in Song Dynasty. The establishment of Yuelu Academy in the Northern Song Dynasty pushed Changsha's cultural education to its peak.

Yuan dynasty 1274, changed to tanzhou road, and Huguangxing returned to the province. 128 1 year is still Tanzhou Road, Xuanwei Office of Hunan Road, belonging to Huguangxing Province; In the second year of Emperor Wenzong's reign in Tian Li, it was renamed Tianlin Road because of "the auspicious son of heaven" and changed to Tanzhou Government at the end of Yuan Dynasty.

In the early Ming Dynasty, it was changed to Changsha Prefecture, which was under the administration of Huguang.

In the third year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Hunan Province was established, and Changsha was under the jurisdiction of Changsha Government and Hunan Province. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Changsha was known as the four rice markets and the four tea markets, and it was one of the most important rice markets in China.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom attacked Changsha, and Zeng Guofan became the "first person in Hunan". Ceng Guoquan, Zuo, Hu Linyi and other important figures in the history of China emerged in Changsha, which wiped out the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and launched the Westernization Movement to recover Xinjiang, which had a far-reaching impact on China in the late Qing Dynasty.

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Changsha became an important place for political and revolutionary activities. Chen Baozhen and Tan Sitong of the Reform Movement of 1898 founded the School of Current Affairs in Changsha. Later, the Self-Guard Uprising, Huaxinghui, Chen Tianhua, Yao Hongye's public sacrifice, Liu Ping Village Uprising, and the rice-grabbing agitation were all very influential activities. Huang Xing carried out a series of anti-Qing activities in the late Qing Dynasty, which made great contributions to the establishment of the Republic of China.

In 22 years of the Republic of China, Changsha was divided into "Changsha City", which was a municipality directly under the Central Government of Hunan Province, and Changsha has been the capital of Hunan since then.

Changsha was one of the revolutionary centers of China politics during the Republic of China. 1911010 On October 22nd, the new rebels led by Jiao Dafeng and Chen recaptured Changsha. 19 15, Cai E, who had studied in the school of current affairs, launched the movement to defend the country. 19 19, Changsha sent a large number of May 4th youths to France to work and study, and Changsha was also one of the places where the * * * production team was established. He Shuheng, Ren, Cai Hesen, Xiang Jingyu and other early China leaders all studied or engaged in political activities in Changsha. 1927 Mao Zedong launched the autumn harvest uprising and tried to attack Changsha; After his failure, he turned to the realistic policy of "countryside surrounding cities".

1937 is the heyday of Changsha's development, with prosperous economy and property, and became the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War in the early days. The Wenxi fire on the night of 1938+065438+ 10/2 became the most tragic event in Changsha, and all kinds of historical and cultural relics in the city were almost lost. From 1939 to 1944, Changsha is the main battlefield of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. China and Japan fought four large-scale battles centering on Changsha, and China won the first three battles.

1On August 5, 949, Changsha officially established the regime of the * * * production party, and Changsha began to rebuild and develop after the founding of the People's Republic of China. As one of the main founders of People's Republic of China (PRC), Changsha is the place where Mao Zedong studied and engaged in revolutionary activities in his early days, and is considered as a revolutionary memorial. 1980 in the early days of reform and opening up, the gap between Changsha's economy and coastal cities gradually increased; In the late period of 1990, Changsha began to enter a period of rapid development and became one of the important cities in the central and western regions.

geography

Changsha is located south of the Yangtze River in south-central China and north of eastern Hunan. It is located in the transition zone from the southern end of Dongting Lake Plain to the hilly basin in central Hunan, bordering Yueyang, Yiyang, Loudi, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan and Pingxiang. Total area 1 18 19 square kilometers, including urban area of 556.33 square kilometers and urban built-up area of 186 square kilometers. Qixingling of Dawei Mountain in Liuyang is 1607.9 meters above sea level, which is the highest place in the jurisdiction. Yunlu Peak in Yuelu Mountain is 300.8 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in the urban area.

Xiangjiang River is the most important river in Changsha, which runs through the whole territory from south to north and is about 75 kilometers long. Xiangjiang River also runs through Changsha from north to south, dividing the city into Hedong and Hexi. Hedong is dominated by commercial economy, while Hexi is dominated by culture and education. 20011kloc-0/0 The residence of the municipal government was moved from Zheng Fan Street in Hedong to Guanshaling in Hexi, in order to develop Hexi economy and balance the two sides of Changsha.

The map coordinates are east longitude11153'-145', north latitude 27 51'-28 40', which is about 230 kilometers from east to west and 88 kilometers from north to south. The area is in an east-west belt, with mountains on the north, west and south, hills in the southeast and hills in the northeast. Mountains, hills, hills and plains each account for a quarter. The soil is mainly weathered slate shale, with laterite, gravel and other soils.

Changsha has a subtropical monsoon humid climate with four distinct seasons. It is rainy in late spring and early summer, and dry in late summer and early autumn; Spring is wet and changeable, summer and autumn are sunny, winter is short and summer is hot. The annual frost-free period is about 275 days, the annual average temperature is 16.8 ~ 17.2℃, and the annual average total precipitation is 1422.4 mm. The water resources are mainly surface water, with abundant water, and the average annual surface runoff is 80.8 billion cubic meters. Except Xiangjiang River, there are 15 tributaries flowing into Xiangjiang River, mainly Liuyang River, Laodao River, Jinjiang River and Weishui River. The largest reservoirs are Huangcai Reservoir in Ningxiang and Zhushuqiao Reservoir in Liuyang.

administrative division

Before Changsha 19 12, Hunan Provincial Government, Changsha Municipal Government and Changsha County Government were all in Changsha. 19 13 abolished Changsha prefecture, 1933 (in 22 years of the Republic of China) established Changsha city, divided into cities and counties. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the administrative divisions of Changsha can be divided into two periods:

1August, 949 to1August, 958, regardless of county, only urban and suburban areas, without counties under its jurisdiction;

After 1959, it was the period of governing the county, which was under the jurisdiction of the county.

1August, 949, Changsha city governs eight districts, namely, Chengdong District, Chengnan District, Chengxi District, Chengbei District, Wen Yi District, Jinpen District, Yuelu District and rejuvenation District, and 82 treasures, 1838A.

1August, 950, the Baojia system was abolished.

1955 10, there are 306 neighborhood committees and 2909 residents' groups in the four districts of east, south, west and north, and the name of the district has been removed.

1957, the four districts have jurisdiction over 26 streets (East 6, South 5, West 8 and North 7), 275 neighborhood committees and 2,766 residents' groups; Suburbs have jurisdiction over 7 townships, 1 town and 44 villages.

1September 1958, villages and towns were abolished and people's communes were established. Wan Nianhong, Dongfeng, Yuelu Commune and 18 Brigade were established in the suburbs. The urban area has jurisdiction over 4 districts, 25 streets, 233 neighborhood committees, 273 1.

Residents group.

1958 65438+February, Changsha County and Wangcheng County were placed under the jurisdiction of Changsha City.

1Feb. 959, the suburbs were abolished. In March, Wang Chang and Wangwang counties merged and became Changsha County, which was under the leadership of Changsha City. Changsha has jurisdiction over 25 streets, 5 towns, 26 communes, 227 neighborhood committees and 2,489 residents' groups.

197765438+February, the organizational system of Wangcheng County was restored, and Changsha County was divided into Changsha and Wangcheng counties.

By the end of 1978, Changsha had jurisdiction over 5 districts and 2 counties, 16 counties, 84 communes, 6 towns, 29 streets, 1 132 brigade and 308 neighborhood committees.

1February, 983, Liuyang, Ningxiang and Xiangyin were placed under the jurisdiction of Changsha, and Xiangyin County was immediately placed under the jurisdiction of Yueyang.

1 In February, 1984,1suburban people's communes, which governed four counties in Changsha, were successively changed to townships (towns) with the same names.

1993 65438+ 10, Liuyang was changed from county to city. 1July, 995, the county (city) was withdrawn and the township was established. Changsha has jurisdiction over 5 districts and 3 counties 1 city, 38 streets, 67 towns, 53 townships, 648 neighborhood committees, 309 1 village.

1996, the division of jurisdiction was adjusted, the suburbs were abolished, and five districts of Furong, Tianxin, Yuelu, Kaifu and Yuhua were established.

By the end of 2002, Changsha had jurisdiction over 5 districts, 3 counties 1 city, 54 streets, 79 towns, 39 townships, 568 neighborhood committees and 2727 villages.

economy

In the early days of reform and opening up, Changsha developed relatively slowly and gradually fell behind the coastal cities. After the rapid development from 65438 to the mid-1990s, the total GDP rose from165438 to 54.285 billion yuan in 1998 to10885 billion yuan in 2004, accounting for about one fifth of the whole province. According to registered population, per capita income 18296 yuan; The total agricultural output value is 65.438+07.207 billion yuan, the total industrial output value is 65.438+00.0606 billion yuan, and the per capita disposable income is 654.38+065.438+0029.06 yuan, which is the highest among cities in the central and western regions. According to the adjusted calculation method of the first economic census, the GDP of Changsha reached 1.5 1.99 billion yuan in 2005. The total retail sales of social consumer goods reached 74.343 billion yuan, surpassing Zhengzhou for the first time and ranking second in central China. The per capita disposable income of urban residents was12,434 yuan, a year-on-year increase of 12.8%. In the whole year, the investment in fixed assets of the whole society was 8.81.44 billion yuan, up by 3 1.93% year-on-year.

Secondary industry

Zoomlion Changsha, located in Lu Gu, Hexi Corridor, has two national development zones: Changsha Economic and Technological Development Zone (located in Xingsha) and Changsha High-tech Industrial Development Zone (located in Lu Gu, Hexi Corridor). Changsha Economic and Technological Development Zone is located in Xingsha Town, Changsha County. Its comprehensive evaluation index of investment environment ranks second among the six national development zones in the central and western regions/KLOC-0, and its GDP has increased by 33.2% in the past three years. By the end of 2005, among the 265,438+0 Fortune 500 enterprises that have settled in Changsha, there are Korean LG, Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, COFCO, Electrolux, France Danone, France Total, Netherlands Philips, Japan Mitsubishi, Germany Bosch, Japan Iwai, Japan Mitsui Products, Yichu Lotus, etc., and there are 65,438+03 enterprises that have settled in Xingsha.

Changsha Cigarette Factory is one of the largest tobacco producers in China. In 2004, it paid 5,455 yuan10.4 million yuan, ranking 13[ 1] among all taxpayers in China. Japanese Mitsubishi, German Bosch, Changfeng Cheetah, Beiqi Futian and other automobile enterprises have made Changsha a new automobile production base in southern China. Large investments from Electrolux, LG Philips Shuguang, Hitachi, Yuanda Group, etc. It also made Changsha's electronics manufacturing industry start to pick up. At present, the proportion of secondary industry in Changsha is slightly lower than that of tertiary industry, and its development speed is faster than that of tertiary industry.

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In a word, no matter from the perspective of economy, geography, history, culture and historical precipitation,

These are unmatched by other cities in the province.

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