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Lantian people are early Paleolithic humans and belong to Homo erectus. Found in Gongwangling and Chenjiawo, Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. Lantian fossils in Gongwangling include skull, nasal bone, upper right jaw and three molars, all of which belong to an adult, possibly female. The skull is flat, the forehead is obviously inclined, the brow spine is thick, the bone wall is thick, the brain volume is small, estimated to be 780 ml, and the snout protrudes forward, showing a relatively primitive shape. Large sharp tools, chopping tools, scrapers, stone balls and other stone tools were found in the horizon of Lantian man fossils. The processing method is simple hammering, and stone chips are generally put into use without the second step of processing. There are 41 species of fauna born in * * *, including giant panda, oriental saber-toothed elephant, crested deer, etc., which have a strong southern fauna color. The Lantian fossil in Chenjiawo has a mandible and belongs to an elderly woman. Lantian people in Gongwangling are about 800,000-750,000 years ago, and Lantian people in Chenjiawo are about 530,000 years ago.

Lantian ape-man lived in Gongwangling, Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, 800,000 to 750,000 years ago. On their low flat forehead, Ming

Obvious bulge and thick brow bone. The stone tools they made are very simple, thick and big, but a closer look reveals that there are already different types of stone tools.

Signs of division of labor. This is the famous Lantian people. Their fossil age is 1963 ~ 1965, and they occur in the early Pleistocene strata of Gongwangling, Lantian County, Shaanxi Province.

Be discovered. Archaeologists' research shows that the brain capacity of Lantian people is about 778 ml larger than that of Beijing People's Congress. But one thing is

The ability to walk completely upright has attracted people's attention. This is the earliest Homo erectus found in northern Asia. this

Discovery is of great significance, because standing upright is an important symbol of becoming a person.

Lantian Man once referred to the early Paleolithic Homo erectus fossils found in Gongwangling and Chenjiawo, Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, China. However, many scholars believe that this name is suitable for the Homo erectus fossils of Gongwangling, while the Homo erectus fossils of Chenjiawo are called "Chenjiawo people". The geological age of Gongwangling site is early Middle Pleistocene, and the paleomagnetic dating data is about 6.5438+0 million years ago, about 800,000 to 750,000 years ago. The geological age of Chenjiawo site also belongs to the Middle Pleistocene. The chronological data measured by paleomagnetic method is about 650 thousand years ago and about 500 thousand years ago. In Gongwangling, which is on the same floor as human fossils, stone tools characterized by three-edged sharp weapons were also unearthed, and traces of fire were found. Gongwangling fossil is the oldest Homo erectus fossil found in northern Asia so far.

Chenjiawo fossil was discovered by vertebrate paleontology Institute of Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences near Chenjiawo Village in the northwest of the county 1963. The fossil of Gongwangling was excavated by the same unit in Gongwangling, east of the county seat, on 1964. In the next two years, stone products and carbon chips that may be left by human fire were also unearthed in Gongwangling.

Age and Natural Environment Gongwangling is the highest terrace on the left bank of Bahe River. On top of an ancient thick gravel layer, there is a layer of brownish red sandy clay about 30 meters thick, which is called "red soil" or "exfoliated loess" in geology, and human fossils are buried in it. Chenjiawo is located on the right bank of Bahe River, and fossils have also been found in the red soil layer of the highest terrace. "Red soil" belongs to the middle Pleistocene accumulation in North China. Forty-two species of mammal fossils were found in Gongwangling red soil, including China hyena, Lee's wild boar, Sanmenma and Kochi sika deer, and many other common species and genera in the Middle Pleistocene in northern China, as well as a few tertiary surviving species and early Quaternary typical species, such as Lantian saber-toothed tiger, China Naiwangzhao, renewal cheetah and shorthorn cattle. This shows that the age of human fossils in Gongwangling is earlier than that of Beijingers, belonging to the early Middle Pleistocene, which is equivalent to the Chetis layer where Homo erectus was found in Java, Indonesia, or the Gongzi-Mingde interglacial period in the alpine glacial series. In Chenjiawo, * * *, 4 species of mammal fossils/kloc-0 were found, most of which were found in Gongwangling, but there were also late Pleistocene animals. Many scholars believe that the age of Chenjiawo is later than that of Gongwangling, which is roughly equivalent to that of Beijingers. Some people think it may be the same as Gongwangling. The chronological data measured by paleomagnetic method show that Gongwangling site is earlier than Chenjiawo site.

The most striking feature of Gongwangling fauna is its strong southern color. Giant panda, Oriental Saber-toothed elephant, South China giant tapir, China tapir, Maoguan deer and Qinling Sumen antelope are the main members of Pleistocene fauna in South China and South Asia. There are so many southern forest animals in Gongwangling fauna. On the one hand, it shows that the climate in Lantian area was warm and humid at that time, with lush trees. On the other hand, it also shows that the Qinling Mountains at that time were not as high as they are today, and they have not yet risen to become a geographical barrier that hinders the migration of animals from north to south. Unlike Gongwangling, Chenjiawo lacks mammals with strong southern colors. Molluscs are basically modern species living in North China. Some scholars believe that the linear distance between the two places is only 22 kilometers, but the difference in fauna is so great that it also reflects the inconsistency of the times.

The skull fossils of the human fossil Gongwangling include the complete frontal bone, most parietal bones, the right temporal bone and maxilla (with the second and third molars), the body and frontal process of the left maxilla, most nasal roots of the left and right nasal bones, and the left second molar 1 piece, all of which belong to a female individual in her thirties. The original researchers named it Homo erectus Lantian ensis)── "Homo erectus Lantian subspecies", also known as "Lantian Man".

Lantian human skull has many obvious primitive features. The brow ridge is huge and thick, forming a straight transverse ridge almost above the orbit, with both ends extending outward obviously. The area between brow ridge and frontal scale is obviously narrowed. The frontal bone is very low and flat. The skull has a very thick bone wall. Compared with the skulls of Beijingers and Javanese, the thickness of the skulls of Lantian people is basically at the upper limit of its variation range, and some even exceed the maximum. For example, the average thickness of six skulls in Beijing is 7 ~ 9.9 mm, that of four skulls in Java is about 5.5 ~ 10 mm, and that of Lantian is16 mm. The height of the skulls of Lantian people is the lowest among all homo erectus. The brain capacity of Lantian people is estimated to be about 780 ml; Javanese are 775 ~ 900 ml; Peking man 850 ~ 1300ml. Lantian people's teeth are similar to those of Beijingers, but they are bigger. Lantian people are older than Javanese and Beijingers, and only Homo erectus modjokertensis in Java can compare with them.