How many times has the Yellow River changed its direction in history? What disaster does he have for people? What's his condition now?

There are many tributaries of the Yellow River, each with its own history, so I won't talk about it here. The formation of the main stream of the Yellow River is also very complicated. Many people have made explorations, and different views have their own merits. The new exploration continues. However, one thing is certain, that is, the Yellow River is not coherent at first, but appears in segments, each with its own direction and destination; Due to the ups and downs of faults in the earth's crust and the erosion and erosion of surface water, it has become a big river from top to bottom. If you want to ask when the Yellow River was formed, it should refer to the time when the whole river was connected. The exact time is hard to determine, but hundreds of thousands of years ago, when Beijingers were in Zhoukoudian, they ran thousands of miles from Qinghai Plateau, and the Yellow River should have appeared forever. However, at this time, the lower reaches of the Yellow River entered the sea around the hills of Shandong Province, and the position of the Yellow River Delta changed many times since then, but the rivers in the middle and upper reaches were basically finalized.

After Mesozoic Yanshan movement and Cenozoic Himalayan movement, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau rose in the early Quaternary, and all the mountains seen in Chinese mainland today have been formed, while the uplift area continues to rise and the subsidence area continues to sink. The flowing water on the ground flows from high to low in this undulating land. Like the foolish old man in nature, he further carved the earth's surface and the Yellow River began to appear.

In the upper reaches of the Yellow River, it flows from its birthplace. Because the Jishi Mountain, that is, the Qingshan Mountain in Anima and Bayankala Mountain are north-south, and because the Zoige Grassland is a relatively stable area at this time, flowing water accumulates here, and the river water rushing from the river also calls this ancient Zoige Lake its home.

At that time, it was on the Qinghai Plateau. Today, the area around * * * and Hexian County is also a basin for storing water. A river from Xiqing Mountain and Qingshan Mountain in Anima flows into it, which will become a section of the upper reaches of the Yellow River in the future. At this time, the * * * and the basin are not connected with the rivers in the east, and the Yellow River flows into the ancient Yinchuan Lake formed by the collapse of the fault beside Helan Mountain, which is now the Ningxia Plain.

On the eastern edge of Ordos, a river flows into Gufenwei Lake through a series of smaller lakes and oceans. Gufenwei Lake is also closed inland at this time, and Zhongtiao Mountain in the east still prevents it from communicating with the sea; The flowing water on the Shandong side, passing through more than one river, flows into the sea in the north and south of Shandong hills. Below is the water system evolution map of the middle reaches of the Yellow River in recent 5 million years, with blue for rivers and lakes and green for swamps. According to the Cenozoic tectonic evolution in Chapter 9 of Ordos Zhang Kang Fault Block Structure and Resources,

Shaanxi Science and Technology Press, xi 'an First Edition, 1989, Figure 9.29.

In this way, we see the embryonic form of the Yellow River today, but this fashion is divided into four sections by the mountains of China, and each section has its own source.

The erosion of flowing water plays a very strong role in the source area. The shallow river bottom gradually deepens, and the source position moves in the opposite direction of the river flow. Over time, this traceable erosion finally opened the watershed, and the rivers on both sides joined together, and the high-altitude rivers changed their original flow direction and merged into the low-altitude rivers. Those steep canyons are evidence that rivers use their own strength to open channels. In this process, the Yellow River is still moving up and down in various reaches, and its influence is indispensable. It is on the rise.

In this case, the river will continue to cut and form a deep canyon. Only when the cutting speed of the river exceeds the rising speed here can the watershed be opened. In areas that are still sinking, the river may form a local plain here and change its flow direction, although it is not downstream.

Changes of the Yellow River course

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the Yellow River came out of Jishi Mountain (now south of Qinghai or northwest of Linxia, Gansu). As for Longmen, Huayin is in the south, stone pillars are in the east and Jin Meng is in the east. To the east of Luoling, as for Dayu, the precipitation in the north, as for the mainland, it spreads to Jiuhe River in the north, and both places go against the current and enter the sea. "The river below Longmen flows south to Huayin East, passes through Sanmen and joins the Luohe River, and its flow channel is roughly the same as today's river. Then it flows down the north stream of Daishan Mountain, crosses the Zhanghe River, passes through the east and north of Zhouqu County, Hebei Province, and is divided into several tributaries, which are separated into the sea. The northernmost branch is the mainstream, which turns from south to east in Shenxian county today, along Zhanghe River to the southwest of Qingxian county, and then enters the Bohai Sea in the northeast through the southeast of Tianjin. This river was first recorded in Gong Yu, so it is also called "Yu He".

From the Spring and Autumn Period to the present, for more than two thousand years, the lower reaches of the Yellow River have migrated many times, mainly in the following ways.

First, Zhou Su Xukouhe immigrants

Looking for Han History | Wang Mang's Ci: "Zhou Puyun, Wang Wunian moved to the river", which is called the first great diversion of the Yellow River in history. In the Qing Dynasty, Hu Wei's "Yu Gong Cone Finger" further pointed out that "in the fifth year of King Ding of Zhou (602 BC), he moved to Luochuan, east of Xukou, right through Huatai City (the old city of Huaxian County), south through Liyang County (northeast of Puxian County), and northeast through Liangcheng County, living in Changshou Tianjin. The river leaves Shenchuan and enters the sea in the northeast. The water is called Dajiang. According to Water Mirror River, the ancient blasphemy of this river generally passes through hua county, Xunxian, Puyang, Neihuang, Qingfeng, Nanle, Daming and Guantao in Hebei, guanxian, Gaotang, Pingyuan and Dezhou in Shandong, re-enters Hebei below Dezhou, and eastward enters Bohai Sea via Wuqiao, Dongguang, Nanpi and Cangxian.

After the Su Xukou River moved, the old road of Yu He River, sometimes flowing water, was completely cut off in the middle of the Warring States Period.

Second, the new headstrong Wei Jun changed careers.

Xin Mang established its capital for three years (A.D. 1 1), and it was "Hedingwei County, several counties east of Pan-Qinghe River". Before that, Wang Mang was often afraid that "the river would be destroyed by Yuan Chengjia's tomb and would flow eastward. Yuancheng doesn't worry about water, so it won't be blocked, which led to the second big change of the river course.

At the beginning of Wei Jun, the water had no definite canal and flooded between the plain and the Qiancheng River, and it was only after Wang Jing's regulation that it stabilized. According to Shuijing, this river generally flows south of Puyang, north of Fanxian, west of Yanggu, east of Shenxian, east of Pingdong, west of Yucheng, east of plain, north of Linyi, south of Shangnan, north of Binzhou and south of Lijin into Bohai Sea. This river lasted for more than 800 years until Bai Jing was initially blocked in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Third, the diversion of Henglong Road in the Northern Song Dynasty

In July of the first year of Jingyou in the Northern Song Dynasty (1034), the Henglong River burst, and a new road was opened north of the old river in Han and Tang Dynasties, which was called Henglong River in history. The Henglong River flows through it, with a volume of 165. "The river flows out from Henglong alone, divides into three rivers: the golden river, the red river and the swimming river, and enters the sea through the north of Quercus." Qi Yaohan Yuan's Outline of China's Water Conservancy History says: "The river flows down from time to time, reaching Nanle (now a county) and Qingping (now a town) in the northeast, ... from Qingping to Dezhou Plain (now a county), sharing gold, swimming in Chishui, swimming in Sanjiang, passing through Oak (now Huimin County) and Binbin (governing Bohai Sea, now Binbin). Zou Yilin's textual research on the river flowing northward in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the Song Dynasty confirmed that this river "now passes through Qingfeng and Nanle, enters Daming House, flows northeast around Guantao and guanxian Bend, and now passes through Liaocheng, Gaotang and Plain, and passes north of JD.COM. COM, and the downstream is divided into several strands, among which the red, gold and swimming branches pass through the oak tree (now Huimin County) J and Bin. Today, there are relics to the east of the Six Pagodas in Qingfeng Mountain, passing through Hanzhangji in Shenxian County (modern city) in the north, passing through Tangyi Town in Liaocheng, right to Lingxian County, left to Gaotang, Pingyuan and Huimin. At the beginning of the formation of this river, "water flowed downwards, so it did not invade the river for more than ten years." But in Li Qing for four years, "the water of Henglong flowed down from the estuary and silted up for more than 140 miles", "the downstream Golden Red River silted up again", and the downstream silted up, which was bound to flow up. Finally, in the eighth year of Li Qing's rule, Shanghu burst its banks.

Fourth, in the eighth year in Li Qing, the business of Shang Zhou Lake was transferred.

In the eighth year of the Song Dynasty (1048), in June, "He Jue Shang (near Luanchang Lake, more than 20 miles northeast of Puyang)" diverted northward, passing through Daming (now a county), (northwest of Qinghe County), Jizhou (Jixian County), Shenzhou (Shenxian County) and Yingzhou (Hejian County). 12 years later, that is, the fifth year of Jiaju (1060), it was named the sixth time in Daming, and obscene "it reached the junction of Wei (Daming), En, Germany and Bo for 130 miles, which was called the Four Rivers". Later, it crossed the Ma River (now Ma Jiahe) from Wudi to the sea, which was called Ergu River. Dongxi and Beixi have coexisted for nearly 40 years, and they have opened and closed each other. It was not until the end of June in the second year of Fu Yuan (1099) that Dongxi gradually died out. The diversion of Shanghu River is also a big diversion. During the Western Han Dynasty, Beiliu River moved to the west of Tunpu River and Zhang Jiahe River, and its downstream was very close to the main stream of Yu He River.

5. In the second year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty, Du Chong decided to change its course.

In the winter of the second year of Jianjian (1 128), Tokyo stationed in Duchong, "Never let the Yellow River enter the Huaihe River to stop nomadic people", and the lower reaches of the Yellow River changed greatly from then on. The location of Du Chong crossing the river is unknown in history. China's physical geography, historical physical geography, is located in the west of Guli (Sandian Jinan Sanliwei, southwest of Huaxian County) in the upper reaches of Huaxian County. Below the crevasse, the river flows eastward, passes through the south of Huaxian County, between Puyang and Dongming, then passes through East longitude, Juancheng, Juye, Jiaxiang and Jinxiang, flows southward through Surabaya, seizes the Huaihe River and empties into the Yellow Sea. In the next few decades, "it was decided or blocked, and the migration was uncertain." The migration scope is mainly in northern Henan, southwestern Shandong and eastern Henan. For a long time, the diversion of the Yellow River has changed the Yellow River from Heyu River to Hehui River and from Huaihe River to Huaihe River.

6. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongolian army decided to divert the Yellow River to Cunjin Lake.

In the first year of Duanping in the Southern Song Dynasty (Jin Tianxing's third year, 1234), the Mongolian army "decided to fill Song Jun with water from Jinhu of the Yellow River", and the Yellow River course changed greatly again. Cunjin Lake is located in Huaxian County, 30 miles north of Bocheng Town. Juhe River flows south, passes through Fengqiu West and Kaifeng East, and enters Chenliu County (now Chenliu Town, Kaifeng County). The following "divide into three, and live in it." Qixian "the north of the city is covered with water, so it is the way of the river." It is located in the north of the old city, on the north bank of the river, where a new city is built and a county is set up, and the old city is repaired later, so it is called Nanqi County. "The big river runs between the two cities, and it belongs to the first class in the Beiguowei River in the new city, and there is a river flowing in the southeast of the old city". Tuotan River, a tributary of Xincheng North, runs from Weizhou, Ningling, Guide to Xiayi, and the following tributaries flow from bran water to Suqian River and then to Jiuzhou to Huaihe River. The Zhongzhi branch is the mainstream, flowing from south into the whirlpool between the old and new Qixian counties, passing through Lu Yi, Haozhou and Mengcheng to Huaiyuan, and entering the Huaihe River. The south branch of the old city, through Taikang,, into Ying, through Yingzhou, Yingshang, into Huai, but also into the whirlpool. Later, due to the requirements of Guide and Taikang, "the north and south branches were blocked at the same time, and the water of the three rivers merged into one", all of which entered the Huaihe River from the Wohe River. This river has been flowing for more than 60 years until the first year of Yuan Chengzong Dade (1297), when it reached Pukou, Qixian County, it flowed along the east side of the old river and flowed into the Huaihe River.

Seven, Ming Hongwu to Jiajing River transition.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Yellow River passed through Yingze, Wu Yuan and Kaifeng, Henan Province. "From business to danger, from Dingjiadaokou to Hanjiadaokou, Zhaojiaquan, Shi Jianjun Temple and Lianghekou, it went out of the small pontoon bridge, and passed through Suqian to the Huaihe River in the south." In the twenty-four years of Hongwu (139 1), this river must belong to black Yangshan. "East longitude Kaifeng five miles north, southeast from Chen Zhou, Hunan, Taihe, Shang Yan, east to Zhengyang Town, Shouzhou. The old river under the rule of Cao and Jia Lu was silted up, and the mainstream moved to the present between Xihua and Huaiyang, and entered the Huaihe River from Jingying.

In the 13th year of orthodoxy (1448), the river began in Baliushu, Xinxiang, and "overflowed Cao and Pu, arrived in Dongchang, rushed to Zhangqiu, lost in Zhangshawan, and had a bad time to enter the East China Sea". Later, we decided to take the Sun Jia Ferry in Yingze, "flowing in Wuyuan, reaching Kaifeng, Xiangfu, Fugou, Tongxu, Weichuan, Weishi, Linying, Yancheng, Chen Zhou, Shangshui, Xihua, Xiangcheng and Taihe" and entering the Huaihe River along the extension water. At the beginning of the diversion of the two rivers, the North River was strong, so Shawan was blocked repeatedly. After four years in Jingtai (1453), Nanhe gradually flourished. "The former Wu and Xihua both moved to the county seat to avoid the tide, so as to facilitate their removal. At the suggestion of Zhang Lan, the Henan suggestion, they dug a river to the east of Baliushu, connected with the old road, and "filled Xu and Lu".

In July of the sixth year of Jingtai (1455), the main stream of the Yellow River returned to the north of Kaifeng, along the old road of Guiyi and Xuyi, and entered the Huaihe River through Suqian and Huaiyin. After two years of Hongzhi (1489), Bai Ang and Liu Daxia adopted the strategy of "building dikes on the north bank and diverting water from the south bank", repeatedly dredging Sunjiadu old river and dividing the downstream water potential. In the twenty-third year of Jiajing (1544), "the old road on the south bank was blocked" and "the whole river went out of Jiao Xu and captured Huaisi". In the sixth year of Qin Long (1572), the old embankment was built on the south bank, and the road from the south was completely blocked, which further stabilized the river course. From then on, the Yellow River was divided into troughs, from Kaifeng, Yanglan, Guide, Yucheng, Xuxia and Pi to Huaihe River, which lasted for more than 280 years.

Eight, Qing Xianfeng copper tile car shunt

In the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing dynasty (1855), on June 19, the lower dike section of the third fort of Yanglan copper tile room burst, and the whole line fled on the 20th.

After the copper tile box burst, the water burst to the northeast and divided into three ways to the placanticline. One was injected from the east of Zhaowang River, the other was to the north of Dongming County, and the other was to the south of Dongming County. Three rivers and Zhangqiu will cross the canal, and the mountain is Dongda Qinghe. At that time, the Qing court was too busy to stop its rule. The literati said: "The current military affairs are not smooth, and it is difficult to build for a while ... If all Yang Lan overflows, it can be postponed temporarily." Since then, the Yellow River has diverted to the northeast, passed through today's Changyuan, Puyang, Fanxian and Taiqian, entered Shandong, and seized the Daqing River in Shandong to enter the sea from Lijin.

9. In 27 years of the Republic of China, Zhengzhou Huayuankou decided to move to Henan.

In the 27th year of the Republic of China (1938), in June, the Nanjing National Government sent troops to smash the Yellow River in order to stop the Japanese invaders. On June 5th, zhongmou county Zhaokou River embankment was excavated first, and Zhengzhou Huayuankou levee was excavated first because of the small water flow. On the 9th, Huayuankou River embankment dug water. In the last three days, the river rose, and "the flood surged down, widening the excavated bank to more than 100 meters". Most rivers flow from Jia Luhe to Yanhe and from ancient rivers to Huaihe River. A small part flows from the vortex river into the Huaihe River. In 36 years of the Republic of China (1947), in March of 15, the Huayuankou was blocked and the river returned to its original channel. See the chart below for the river course changes in the lower Yellow River.