See how ancient officials "welfare housing distribution"

See how ancient officials "welfare housing distribution"

Providing housing in countries where officials are stationed in different places

"Official residence" is the residence of officials. Because it is often associated with official offices, such as today's "office compound", it is sometimes compatible with the meaning of office space. If expressed in modern words, it probably means government housing, because not only its ownership is generally named "official", that is, it belongs to state assets, but also it often belongs to a government agency, that is, a public institution.

This matter can be traced back to the very beginning. In the pre-Qin era, nobles of all sizes used fiefs as places to exercise government decrees, so it is impossible for official houses with specific meanings to be a common phenomenon. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, officials at all levels have been appointed by the state. Whether local talents are recruited or recommended to be officials in the central government, or the original residents of Gyeonggi are sent to other places to be officials, officials from different places are needed to solve their housing problems. Therefore, before and after the Qin and Han Dynasties, the state gradually institutionalized the provision of housing to officials on duty.

"Hanshu" (Volume 39) records that Cao Can was named Marquis and lived in Pingyang, the capital of food. However, I have served as prime minister in Qi and the Central Committee, and his Chang 'an "the back garden is close to the official residence, and the official residence drinks songs every day" and so on. She Xiang and Li She are synonymous with Guo Xiang's residence and Li She's dormitory, which should be provided by the state. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, promulgated the Tongan Order to the whole country, saying: "Anyone who eats and drinks in a city with Hou as his title will be given a Hou and a spacious residence; A general with a salary of 2000 stone can move to Chang 'an and give him a second-class house. "This, of course, is a measure to give preferential treatment to heroes when the People's Republic of China was founded.

Look at Hanshu Volume 93 again. Dong Xian, the assistant minister, refused to go home to reunite with his wife on holidays and invited Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, so Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty chartered Dong Xian's wife to move into his residence in the palace, becoming a "wife of an official". According to this historical data, it was a common phenomenon that officials' families could live in official houses (official temples) until the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Han Shu, quoted by Taiping Yulan in volume 491, said that Dr. Guanglu lost his wife and his eldest brother deliberately "married (Wei) Ba and sent him to the official". Song Shu was born in the "Dantu official residence" for forty years, and his father Liu Qiao was a hero of Jinling County at that time. Song Xiaozong was born in Xiuzhou Qingbai Mansion, and his father Zhao Zishi lived in Xiuzhou. In Chengdu literature, Sima Guang was born in Guan Yi, Pixian County, and his father was a county commandant at that time. There are three records in Old News of Quyi. When his father Ren Mianzhou joined the army, Ouyang Xiu was also "born in a government household". Later generations also changed this residence to "Liuyitang" (Ouyang Xiu's real name is Liu Yiju) to commemorate it.

Living in the official residence is also a kind of political treatment.

Living in the official residence is not only a welfare, but also a political treatment. "Fact Garden" Volume 11, the Northern Song Dynasty star Kou Zhun, persecuted by political opponents, was demoted to Hengzhou Horse. The Hengzhou government has never allocated housing to such a person who exists in name only and has real supervision. "As soon as people heard about it, they fought for lotus bricks and held unsupervised meetings, and public space was established." Seeing his high prestige among the people, political opponents quickly moved him to Leizhou, and finally achieved the goal of making him depressed and angry.

Su Zhe, Su Dongpo's younger brother, was once demoted to Leizhou by his political opponent Zhang, saying, "No official residence, but private residence." . Zhang learned that the state government strictly punished those who dared to lend their houses to controllers. Later, Zhang was also demoted to Leizhou and happened to ask this person for a house. The other party replied with a lingering fear: "When the Soviet Union came, Premier Zhang broke my house several times, and now it is impossible" (Volume 8 of "The Biography of Soldiers"). This reflects the fierce political struggle on the housing issue.

Office and family integration

The "dignity" of the official residence is related to its location to some extent. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the residential areas of the principal responsible persons and assistant officials of local governments at various levels in prefectures and counties have always been delineated within their respective government offices, commonly known as "inner houses" or "private houses", and the boundaries have been defined by the house-style house doors and the office area centered on the lobby. Confucius, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote in Volume 4: "Or learn from my official ... my son is called official's son", because we know that the ancients often used "official's son" as a synonym for official children, which is based on their special living conditions.

"Shi Wengong Dialect" records that when Bao was appointed as Facao in Henan in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Henan magistrate "Xue (Ying) visited his school in the summer, and (Bao) was exposed at the top, so he was embarrassed to go in, so he took out his clothes easily." In other words, a director-level (Cao Guan) official like Baodang also has a house in the yamen. Because it's a private living space and it's in midsummer, I'm afraid I'm still half naked without an official hat, so the boss looks embarrassed when he visits suddenly.

Some people voluntarily gave up this honor, such as Luo Han of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, who was appointed as the state capital and "made a hut on a small continent in the west of the city and made reeds as seats" (Book of Jin, vol. 92). This man is listed in Biography of Wen Yuan. It seems that he wants a quiet environment where he can read and write in his spare time.

More officials and fewer rooms.

The tradition of local officials and their families enjoying the mansion for free was maintained until the collapse of the Qing Dynasty (as can be seen from the reports of recovery in various places during the Revolution of 1911, most local officials at all levels in the Qing Dynasty fled with their families when the rebels attacked the mansion). On the contrary, many changes have taken place in the settlement of official housing in Beijing and North Korea. As mentioned earlier, in the Han Dynasty, officials lived in the mansion courtyard. In Lun Heng Pian, Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty said that "within the mansion courtyard, the official residence is subordinate" (the concept of "official" in the Han Dynasty includes the meaning of "official"), which shows its great scale. Sixty-four articles in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty recorded that Zhao Qi's grandfather was appointed as an imperial envoy, so he was "born on the imperial examination platform because of his noble words". It is known that the family members who live together even include adult sons and daughters-in-law.

However, with the improvement and even complexity of the centralized management function of the state, the number of institutions and employees in Beijing and North Korea is also increasing. According to the statistics provided in Volume 47 of Literature General Examination, the total number of national officials in the Han and Jin Dynasties was only about 7,000, which reached12,576 after the unification of the Sui Dynasty, and increased to18,805 in the Tang Dynasty, among which 2,620 people worked in the capital. If we still use the turnkey method of the Han Dynasty, not only will the office space of the "Imperial Capital Hundred Departments" be in crisis, but also the office function of the yamen will not be able to function normally, because in addition to these 2,620 officials of the Beijing and North Korea, there must be several times as many clerks, handymen, guards, and little maids and maids waiting on this big family in the office area.

In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty (Volume 27), Zhang Zhan paid homage to Dr. Tai Zhong and said, "The sick will be waiting at the East Gate." Tang Lixian noted that there are twelve gates in Luoyang, and Zhongdongmen is one of them. In the establishment of the guard, there is a waiting official with a rank of 600 stone, whose duty is to send away the guests who come in and out through this door. The "waiting house" is the waiting mansion. Zhang Zhan, a senior official with a rank of 2000 stone, lowered the housing standard and moved to Houfu instead of the official residence. On the surface, the reason is that since it is called "not sick", it means that it is not the director who has been on sick leave for a long time and should not live in the official residence. However, I'm afraid the nervousness of the official residence in the capital is also a reason, so it's better to be smart.

Retirement must move out of the official residence.

The nature of "official house" is naturally "official residence". Judging from the ownership relationship, there are many similar situations in Beijing-DPRK official residences in Chang 'an residential areas, that is, the emperor left some senior officials and their families in state-owned mansions to show his concern for ministers, which were generally recovered with the mobilization, relegation or retirement of residents. Datang Xinyu is recorded in three volumes. Soon after Xuanzong ascended the throne, the old prime minister Li Rizhi asked to abdicate. Once approved, "I will quit my job", that is, I will immediately quit my job and move into another house.

According to "Seven Stories of Tang Yulin", Yongning Square has a house called "Jan-Di Kim" by Mr. Feng Shui, and many ministers, such as Wang E, Han, Shi Xiancheng and Lee Jae-yong, have lived here, which shows that this is all job-related treatment. Of course, there are also some officials whose personal interests are "giving way first", but it is difficult to keep their official career forever because of the change of government or punishment. For example, when An Lushan succeeded, Xuanzong once "built a house in Qinrenfang South Street" and gave him a gift to live in Beijing when he appeared in court. When he collapses, the house will be confiscated.

There are also cases where small officials live in official houses. Lu's Preface to the Sick Pear Tree says: "I was sick in the official residence of Guangdefang, Chang 'an in the fourth year of Xianheng (AD 673)"; According to the old residents in the workshop, Princess Poyang used to live here, and so did the famous doctor Sun Simiao. It seems that there are other reasons for staying, or it is possible to stay as long as you pay the rent. According to Volume 8 of Chang 'an Annals, Chongren Square in North Street is close to Shangshu Provincial Electoral College (that is, the official department). All the officials who take the exam are "there is no first house in the city, so stop and rest (party)". It is believed that there should be an official residence to pay for living, so "noisy day and night, endless lights" is exactly the scene of the dormitory.

In addition, some departments still retain the treatment that officials' families can live in the government compound, each with its own special reasons. For example, the story of the East View says, "Story: Jing is private. Cui Ying went to Beijing, a prisoner who escaped from prison. When he arrived, he was ordered to build Jing's residence, and Jing was not allowed to leave the house. " Another example is Jixian Academy, which belongs to Zhongshu Province and is similar in nature to the Central Academic and Cultural Center. It has a group of senior bachelors, and has built a comfortable residence (Southern New Book) for them to show respect for talents. For example, in disciplinary and judicial institutions such as Yushitai and Dali Temple, relevant officials must also live in government offices to prevent cheating.

It is not allowed to add miscellaneous furniture without authorization.

In addition to housing, all furniture and sundries in the official residence are also provided by the authorities according to the identity of the occupants. Take the Ming Dynasty Chun 'an County Command Office as an example. According to the provisions of Hai Rui Ji Xing Ge, there are more than 200 pieces of furniture in a magistrate's county, 60 kinds of county officials and master books, and only 19 kinds of classical history. During the reign of Hong Wushi, Anzhen, a colleague of Huangzhou Prefecture, was reported to the inspection department by subordinate officials for "building public utilities", and the inspection department reported it to the central government. When Zhu Yuanzhang learned of this, he excused Anzhen, saying, "All rooms and appliances are common. If Anzhen moves to another official, she can't take them away" (Book IV of Allusions). According to this, you can use as much furniture as you are given, and it is against the system to buy it automatically with public funds. In addition, all miscellaneous furniture must be returned according to the list when officials are transferred or retired.

"Talking" records that Wang Anshi retired from his post in Jiangningfu, and his wife Wu brought back a rattan bed that was used to being placed in the official residence. After a while, "the county magistrate came to ask, but dared not say anything", so he had to report to his master quietly. Wang Anshi knew that Mrs. Wu was a "neat freak", but she was "inconsistent with her" because of her untidiness, so she "tiptoed to bed and lay for a long time. Mrs. Wu saw it and returned it. " It can be seen that officials are not allowed to take away any public goods when they move out of public houses, which is also the rule of past dynasties. Even if you are the prime minister, you can't violate it.

Because there is no special construction and maintenance funds, and there is no complete property management (in Kyoto, it is managed by departments of various ministries and departments, and in prefectures and counties, it is also managed by workshops), so in most tenses, the conditions of government houses, including living facilities, are very poor, and they are usually overhauled once every many years.