A large number of legal history and jurisprudence terms are needed to explain the most basic.

1. A punishment of Shang Dynasty. That is, extermination, extermination of criminals and their descendants.

2. Torture in Shang Dynasty. That is, add grease to the copper column, light charcoal under the copper column, and let the guilty people walk on the column. Because the copper pillar is slippery and hot, the guilty person can fall from the copper pillar and be burned into charcoal.

3. One kind of torture in Shang Zhouwang is to chop people into meat paste.

4. The torture of preserving Shang Zhouwang is killing people and drying them into dried meat.

5. Jiashi's imprisonment in the Western Zhou Dynasty refers to imposing instruments of torture on those who are guilty but not enough to be sentenced to imprisonment. Jiashi is forced to sit on the left side of the yamen gate for a certain period of time, reflect on his sins, and then remove the instruments of torture and be supervised by Sikong for a certain period of labor.

6. The pledge agency sales contract appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The contents of the two sales were written on a bamboo slip and then split into two parts. The buyer and the seller each hold half, and this half is complete. There are two kinds of bamboo slips, the long one is called quality, and the short one is called agent; Big business, such as buying and selling slaves or cattle and horses, uses long coupons, that is, instant pledge; Small businesses, such as short coupons for buying and selling weapons or food, are also instant agents.

7. The loan contract appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Fu don't just write an iou on a piece of paper, and then cut it from the middle. The creditor and the debtor each hold half, and the words on the paper are written in half.

8. Yu punishment is the general term of slavery criminal law named after Yu in Xia Dynasty.

9. Slavery Criminal Law of Shang Dynasty named after Tang Dynasty.

9. Nine Penalties Nine punishments were implemented in the Western Zhou Dynasty, namely Jimo, Mo, Mo, Gong, Da Bi, Liu, Qian, whip and pounce.

10. The five punishments of slavery are "Mo", "Mo", "Mo", "Gong" and "Da Bi".

1 1. "Lu Punishment" The punishment book on atonement made by Lu Hou at the order of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

12. The bamboo slips of Zheng Guodeng in the Spring and Autumn Period.

13. The crime of killing the Vietnamese in the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, killing people to seize their goods, is similar to the modern crime of robbery and homicide.

14. Six procedures of China's ancient wedding ceremony, namely, accepting talents, asking names and accepting Ji; Recruit, invite and welcome.

15. De Shen's criminal policy of punishing the Western Zhou Dynasty is to promote moral education and be cautious in punishment.

16. Rites were originally primitive customs and developed from offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods. In class society, they gradually became the code of conduct to adjust people's social relations and became a part of the laws of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

17. Filial piety is one of the crimes in the laws of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Filial piety refers to not being filial to parents; Having no friends means disrespecting your brother. This crime is regarded as the most heinous crime.

18. The crime of gathering people to drink alcohol was one of the crimes in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Those who gather to drink alcohol shall be punished for this crime.

19. Attached to the distance and thickness, this is an extension of the principle of unmarried people with the same surname in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Attachment refers to the establishment of in-laws with nobles with different surnames who are far apart through marriage; Thick does not mean that it is forbidden to intermarry with the family, so as to avoid disorder.

20. Seven exits are also called "seven going" and "seven abandoning". Seven reasons for divorcing a wife in ancient China. Is disobedient to parents, childless, lewd, jealous, in poor health, talkative, stealing.

2 1 .3 can't, also called "3 can't". In ancient China, you could not divorce your wife. Husband must not give up: if he is married, he will not go (homeless); Don't go if you have been in mourning for more than three years (I have been mourning for my in-laws for three years); Be poor before you get rich.

22. Scott (1) was a judicial officer in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. (2) Prisoners of Qin and Han Dynasties. The term of imprisonment in Qin dynasty is unknown, and in Han dynasty it was two years.

23. There are five ways for judges to observe the psychological activities of the parties in trial activities. One is to listen; Second, listen to the color; Third, listen to the gas; Listen with four ears; Five eyes and ears.

24. Intentional crime, negligent crime, accidental crime and consistent crime are not green, green and final. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the time zone of conviction and sentencing was divided into the above situations. Intention and consistency are heavier, and negligence and accident are lighter.

25. Name of Vatuxia, Shang and Western Zhou prisons.

26. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the emerging landlord class stepped onto the historical stage. They cast the statute law on an iron tripod and announced it to the world. It reflects the changes of the emerging landlord class in the superstructure, breaks the secret state of slavery law, and attacks the situation that the slave landlord class monopolizes the law and seizes power in life and death. It is of great historical significance.

27. After the death of his brother and younger brother, his throne was inherited by his younger brother.

28. The first heir system is a system in which the throne and title are inherited by the eldest son born to his wife. This system began in the late Shang Dynasty and was formally established in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

29. The patriarchal clan system evolved from the patriarchal clan system, which is a system in which slave owners distribute state power according to blood relationship in order to establish hereditary rule.

30. Legalism is the first complete and systematic feudal law in the history of China. It was compiled by Li Jue of Wei in the early Warring States period, summarizing the laws of various vassal States. * * * There are six articles, namely "thief", "thief", "prisoner", "catch", "miscellaneous" and "appliance".

3 1. Qin law is the general name of Qin law. In 356 BC, when Shang Yang reformed, Li Jue's Fa Jing was adopted and changed into law, which was promulgated by Qin State. After Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, Qin Law was revised and promulgated as a unified national law.

32. Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips 1975 12 A number of Qin Bamboo Slips were unearthed in Shuihudi, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province. Most of its contents are legal documents of the Qin Dynasty. These legal documents include three parts: laws, answers and judicial documents, which provide extremely precious historical materials for studying the laws of Qin Dynasty.

33. A law in the Question and Answer of Laws in Qin Bamboo Slips refers to the unauthorized movement of land boundary markers.

34. Chinese law (mainly "Nine Chapters Law") is the general name of the laws of the Han Dynasty. Nine Laws, formulated by Xiao He during the reign of Emperor Gaozu, consists of nine chapters. On the basis of the six chapters in the Classic of Law, Xiao He absorbed the Qin law, added three chapters of household law, lodging law and promoting law, and formed nine chapters, so it was called the Nine Chapters Law.

35. Deception began in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and it is a kind of death penalty, that is, beheading people and hanging them on wooden poles for public display.

36. An instrument of torture in the Qin and Han Dynasties, that is, five punishments were imposed on a prisoner almost at the same time. Cut off the left and right toes, kill them, owl their heads, smash their flesh and blood in the city, and break their tongues.

37. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin began to implement the principle of punishment, that is, if one person commits a crime, the whole family, neighbors or other people concerned will be punished together.

38. Sit down and punish the accuser. To falsely accuse another person of a crime is to take responsibility for the crime he falsely accused. Both Qin law and Han law stipulate the principle of false accusation and anti-sitting.

39. The court sued the Qin Dynasty as a form of litigation. That is, crimes that infringe upon the personal rights and property rights of others are accepted by the government.

40. A form of litigation against Qin. That is to say, parents sue their children for stealing their own property, and sons sue their parents and handmaiden, which is a punishment arbitrarily imposed on themselves by the owner. It belongs to "non-public prosecution" and the government will not accept it.

4 1. What the court did was the judicial precedent.

42. The prison sentences in the Qin and Han Dynasties in Cheng Dan's Spring include labor for men who built cities and labor for women who committed spring rice or other similar labor. His sentence is four years.

43. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, ghost wages were used for imprisonment, that is, male prisoners went into the mountains to collect firewood to worship ghosts and gods, and female prisoners chose rice to make them white, or other equivalent labor. Both sentences are three years.

44. Reading dysprosium means reading out the documents that record the crimes of prisoners, that is, reading out the verdict.

45. If the beggar refuses to accept the judgment, he can request a retrial within the legal time, that is, the case retrial system in Han Dynasty. The review period is three months.

46. Ting Wei was the highest judicial organ of the central government during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Its leader is also called Tingwei.

47. "Nine punishments" is the general name of the legal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, named after nine criminal books.

1. In the Han Dynasty, if there are no relevant provisions in the law and there are no suitable precedents to compare, Chunqiu can be used as the basis for finalizing the case.

Gu Shan, a female apprentice, was set up in Han Dynasty to redeem female prisoners. After conviction and judgment, female prisoners can be released home, but they must be handed over to 300 yuan every month, so that the government can hire people to cut firewood in the mountains to replace the labor that female prisoners should take.

3. The Nine Chapters Law was formulated by Xiaohe during the reign of Emperor Gaozu, with nine chapters. On the basis of the six chapters in the Classic of Law, Xiao He absorbed the Qin Law and added three chapters, namely, household law, stability law and promotion law, to make it nine chapters, so it is called the Nine Chapters Law, which is a comprehensive code.

4. Kiss each other first, so that a certain range of relatives can hide certain crimes.

5. The crime of eating and drinking refers to providing information, being a guide and supplying food to peasant rebels.

6. Being brave and knowing the law and breaking the law, officials must report if they see or know someone breaking the law, especially the activities of "thieves". If they don't report, they will be vertical; Officials must sentence criminals, those who don't have to. Those who know what they know commit the same crime as criminals.

7. Finalization is to compare the law of finalization with similar legal provisions and typical cases.

8. Petition system refers to crimes committed by aristocratic bureaucrats, and ordinary judicial officials have no right to try them. They must first ask the emperor for a ruling in order to reduce or exempt the punishment.

9. Three Chapters of Contract This is the earliest legislation in the Han Dynasty. Liu Bang entered Xianyang and Qin Min's "Three Chapters of the Covenant": "The murderer dies, is injured and robbed."

10. A major code of Wei in the period of Wei Law and Three Kingdoms. In 229 AD (the third year of Taihe in Wei Mingdi), Chen Qun and Liu Shao reduced the Han law, added nine articles on the basis of the Nine Chapters of the Han Law, and changed the Han law into a criminal name, ranking first in the whole law.

1 1. The General Name of Laws in Jin Dynasty (mainly Taishi Law) was completed in the third year of the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, and it was the only national code implemented in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Jin Law is based on Han Law and Wei Law, with 20 articles and 620 articles.

12. The code of the Northern Qi Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties consisted of 12 and 949 articles, which followed the "eight opinions" in the previous law and listed the "top ten crimes". It was known as the "simplified articles" and was a representative code in the late Southern and Northern Dynasties.

13. There are 500 articles in Article 12 of the Emperor's * * * Law, which is known as "the punishment network is concise, sparse and not leaking". In terms of penalty system, the Emperor Law established five progressive penalty names in feudal times and abolished some cruel penalties. Kai Huang's laws had a great influence on the feudal legal system of later generations.

14. The general name of Tang law. Mainly the law of Yonghui, including the law of martial arts and the law of chastity.

15. The book "On the Law of Tang Dynasty", also known as "On the Law of Yonghui", is an annotated encyclopedia of "The Law of Yonghui" written by Tang Gaozong and Sun Chang Wuji, and it is the oldest and most systematic legal work in China.

16. Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty, one of the codes of the Tang Dynasty. During the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Jiuling and Li compiled. It was originally intended to be compiled according to the Book of Rites and Six Rites. Later, due to the fact that the official system in the Tang Dynasty could not cover Zhou officials, it was changed to three departments, three publics and three provinces, and the thirty volumes of * * * mainly stipulated the official system, etiquette and administrative system. This is the earliest preserved administrative code in China.

17. Law, decree, form and form are the main legal forms in the Tang Dynasty. The law is the law of "positive punishment and conviction", that is, the law of defining the criminal's name, conviction and sentencing; An order is a law that sets an example for legislation. The case is "forbidding violations to stop evil" and the form is "following the facts".

18. Ten felony articles refer to the ten most serious crimes that endanger the fundamental interests of feudal countries, starting with the laws of the Northern Qi Dynasty. The ten major crimes in the Northern Qi Law are: "First, rebellion, second, third, rebellion, fourth, surrender, fifth, evil rebellion, sixth, immorality, seventh, disrespect, eighth, filial piety, ninth, injustice and tenth, civil strife."

19. Ten evils Ten unforgivable crimes stipulated by the feudal dynasty of China to safeguard autocratic rule, namely rebellion, rebellion, evil rebellion, immorality, disrespect, unfilial, discord, injustice and civil strife.

20. Eight discussions on a system stipulated by the feudal dynasty in China stipulated that eight kinds of crimes should be submitted to the emperor for special consideration in order to reduce or exempt the punishment. Have relatives, friends, talents, talents, merits, expensiveness, diligence and guests.

2 1. The official redemption system in China feudal society.

22. The provision of compulsory divorce in China feudal society was categorically rejected.

23. Dali Temple In ancient China, the central judicial organs were responsible for hearing or examining cases.

24. The central official department in charge of criminal law and prison proceedings in feudal society of China.

25. Yushitai was the highest supervisory organ in ancient China.

26. The three judges, also known as the joint hearing of the three divisions, are the same as the system of trying major cases in ancient China.

27. The abbreviation of Song Jianda's Comments on the Criminal System of the Song Dynasty is the first criminal code of the Song Dynasty in China and the first feudal code published in China. The so-called "Criminal Code" refers to criminal law books compiled in accordance with the new system, which are generally based on criminal law, and other criminal laws, decrees, forms and tables are listed after the articles, and are compiled in different categories according to the articles.

28. Yuan law (mainly "Yuan Zhang Dian") is the general term for the laws of the Yuan Dynasty.

29. In the Song Dynasty, areas where thieves were severely punished were stipulated.

30. Compilation is a compilation of scattered manuscripts, and it is a legislative procedure to upgrade manuscripts to general legal forms, thus making manuscripts an important legal form in the Song Dynasty.

3 1. Nailing originated in the Fu Yao period at the end of the Jin Dynasty, and it is an exile punishment combined with additional punishments such as stabbing the face and killing the staff.

32. For example, directing and announcing, look at the legal form of the Song Dynasty. Judgment is judgment; An order refers to an instruction or decision made by Shangshu Province and other central authorities on a certain matter, which is binding on similar events in the future; Statement refers to the interpretation of laws and regulations by the central competent authority; Close reading is a decision made by the central competent authority based on past documents or other files.

33. In China, the most cruel life imprisonment in ancient times was amputation, which was just a matter of words.

34. The earliest code in the Yuan Dynasty was compiled by He Rongzu in the 26th year of Yuan Shizu Yuan (A.D. 1290), which included ten things, such as public regulations, governing the people, preventing thieves and managing finances, and was named the New Code of the Yuan Dynasty.

35. The Code of the Yuan Dynasty was compiled from the third year of Emperor Renzong's reign (A.D. 13 16) to the third year of Emperor Yingzong (A.D. 1323) according to the rules, imperial edicts and exceptions since Yuan Shizu, with a total of 20 articles and 2,539 articles.

36. Yuan's abbreviation is "Da". It is a collection of imperial edicts and paintings on politics, economy, military affairs and law compiled by the local government at that time from the early Yuan Dynasty to the reign of Yingzong to more than two years and fifty years.

37. Daming Law The floorboard of Ming laws.

38. Laws of Qing Dynasty before1840.

39. The rod-folding method is to replace exile, imprisonment, rod punishment and answer punishment with a spinal rod or hip rod.

40. The punishment for enlisting in the army is clear and explicit, that is, forcibly moving prisoners to remote areas as non-commissioned officers, which is similar to exile, but heavier than exile.

4 1. The criminal court is an institution specially established by the Central Committee of the Song Dynasty to examine criminal cases.

42. Jiuqing came to the ancient judicial system in China. That is to say, for particularly serious cases, the three law departments (punishments department, Dali Temple, Duchayuan) will try them together with officials, households, proprietors, soldiers, workers and other general political envoys, but the judgment still needs to be examined and approved by the emperor.

43. Hot comments on the trial system set up in ancient China for dredging prisons in hot weather. Every year, from the 10 day after Xiao Man's birthday to the day before beginning of autumn, all non-real crimes and military turnover will be reduced or exempted as appropriate.

44. The system of sending court personnel to hear death penalty cases in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Every year after the first frost, the Third Division of Justice, together with the public, Hou and Bo, conducts a serious trial of prisoners, which is called "court trial".

45. The review system of death penalty cases in various provinces in the Qing Dynasty was named Autumn Trial because it was held every autumn.

46. Ming Hui Dian is an administrative code of the Ming Dynasty. Taking the six departments as the key link, this paper describes the responsibilities and examples of various administrative agencies.

47. The Qing Code was formulated by analogy with the Ming Code and related administrative codes. It is the most complete administrative regulation in China feudal times, and it is also the confluence of administrative legislation in China feudal times.

48. Ming Dazhao is another important code of the Ming Dynasty. Including imperial edict, imperial edict sequel, imperial edict warrior and imperial edict III. A collection of typical cases in which officials and people punished crimes with severe punishment at that time, Zhu Yuanzhang also gave a lot of "admonitions" to his subjects. Mainly for legal publicity.

1. Outline of the King's Constitution 1908 In August, the Qing government was threatened by the bourgeois democratic revolution, and at the same time, in order to perfunctory the petition of the constitutionalists for convening a national assembly, it promulgated the outline of the King's Constitution. * * * Article 23 is divided into two parts: the subject is divided into "sovereign power" and the appendix "rights and obligations of subjects", which retains many privileges of absolute monarchy.

2. The second constitutional law in the late Qing Dynasty was promulgated in19111.3 (Xuantong three years on September 13th). The main contents are as follows: (1) Continue to stipulate that "the emperor is inviolable" and < 2 > expand the power of Congress.

3. The current criminal law of the Qing Dynasty was revised by Shen Jiaben according to the Laws of the Qing Dynasty, with 30 articles and 398 articles, which was promulgated in May 19 10.

4. The New Criminal Law The first new criminal code formulated in old China was drafted by Japanese jurist Okada Chaotaro and others under the auspices of Shen. It consists of two chapters, 53 chapters and 4 articles11; Attached are five provisional articles of association. 1908 completed, promulgated and implemented on June 25th.

5. The Basic Program of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was promulgated after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Nanjing its capital in 1853. Its main contents include: (1) stipulating the equal and average land system, (2) drawing the blueprint of farmers' ideal society, (3) stipulating other basic systems, and so on. "China's farmland system" is a utopian scheme of absolute equalitarianism of peasant petty bourgeoisie, which is divorced from the reality of social development and cannot be really implemented.

6. The "Senior Minister's New Chapter" was originally a written proposal made by Hong Rengan to Heavenly King Hong Xiuquan. After being reviewed by Hong Xiuquan, it was published in 1859, which became the revolutionary program in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Its central idea is to "get rid of the old and innovate", that is, by imitating western bourgeois countries, get rid of feudal bad habits and establish economic, political and legal systems that make China rich and strong.

7. The sacred treasury system, also known as the treasury system, began in the jintian uprising period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Anyone who takes part in the uprising must hand over his personal property to the holy treasury, and so must the property seized in the war. The means of subsistence of the rebels are provided by the Holy Library.

8. The combination of dragon and phoenix is the marriage certificate of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Because it is printed with dragon and phoenix patterns, it is called "Dragon and Phoenix Combination".

9. During the reform of the central official system in the late Qing Dynasty, from the perspective of maintaining feudal autocracy and aristocratic privileges in the Manchu Dynasty, the five noes principle was put forward, that is, the military plane did not discuss, the Ministry of Internal Affairs did not discuss, the Eight Banners did not discuss, imperial academy did not discuss, and the supervisor did not discuss.

10. Consular jurisdiction began with 1843 Central Five-Port Trade Charter, and its scope is constantly expanding according to other unequal treaties. Consular jurisdiction means that when foreign nationals in China become defendants in civil and criminal proceedings, if there is an unequal treaty between other countries and China, China courts have no jurisdiction, and only consuls of other countries can make judgments according to the laws of other countries.

1 1. The judicial organ of the mixed court is located in the concession and handled by Chinese and foreign officials. It was first established in the British, American and French concessions in 1864. 1868 was confirmed in the Charter of Joint Trial of Shanghai Yang Jing v. Organizational Officials concluded by the Qing government and Britain and France.

12. The organizational outline of the provisional government of the Republic of China is the Political Organization Law of Nanjing Provisional Government. It was signed and promulgated by representatives of the provincial governors' offices in Hankou on February 3, with four chapters and 21 articles.

13. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China is a bourgeois document produced after the Revolution of 1911, and it is also the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC). 19 12 was adopted on March 8th, and1/kloc-0 was announced by Sun Yat-sen on March 6th,. * * * There are seven chapters, including the general program, people, Senate, interim president, vice president, State Councilor, courts and supplementary provisions, Article 56.

14. The Draft Constitution of the Republic of China drafted by the Beiyang government in the Temple of Heaven was adopted by the Constitution Drafting Committee of the National Assembly on June1913+1October 3 1 day, with eleven chapters in total.1/kloc-0.

15. Yuanji Constitution is the Constitution of the Republic of China. The Law was drafted, deliberated and adopted illegally by Yuan Shikai, and promulgated and implemented in May of 19 14, with 10 chapters and 68 articles in total.

16. The bribery constitution is the constitution of the Republic of China of Beiyang government. It was enacted by the Constitutional Assembly of the National Assembly of Cao Kun and promulgated in 1923, 10 and 10, with a total of 13 chapters 14 1. Because it created a legal basis for Cao Kun's dictatorship.

17. The Constitution of the Republic of China drafted by the Kuomintang government was promulgated on May 5, 1936, but it was not implemented, with eight chapters 148.

18. Constitution of the Republic of China promulgated by the Kuomintang reactionaries on June 5438+0947 65438+1 October1,article * * 14 175.

19. Common law and special law Common law refers to laws that are often applicable to all citizens in the country; Special law refers to the laws and regulations applicable to a specific period, a specific place, a specific person or thing.

20. The so-called "six laws" in the six laws refer to six basic codes: Constitution, Civil Law, Commercial Law, Criminal Law, Civil Procedure Law and Criminal Procedure Law. The so-called "encyclopedia" refers to all legal documents, including the basic code of the six laws, separate regulations, precedents and explanations. The complete book of six laws is the general name of the legal system of the Kuomintang government.

2 1. One v. Nine Ignores means that nine kinds of lawsuits will not be filed. These nine situations are: the jurisdiction is not accepted, the parties are not qualified, the defense is not accepted without legal representative, the defense is not accepted without legal fees, the matter is irrelevant, the case is irrelevant, the settlement is established, and the appeal is unfounded and illegal.

22. The three-thirds principle: the organizing principle of the anti-Japanese democratic regime, that is, in the distribution of members of the anti-Japanese democratic regime, * * * party member accounts for one third, representing the proletariat and poor peasants; Left progressives without party affiliation account for one third, representing farmers and petty bourgeoisie; The middle school accounts for one third, representing the national bourgeoisie and enlightened gentlemen. This principle is the embodiment of China's anti-Japanese national United front policy of the * * * production party and the concrete embodiment of the anti-Japanese democratic regime's democratic politics.

23. The crime of stealing and destroying Kenno property refers to the crime of stealing and destroying these buried or hidden public and private properties in order to prevent the Japanese aggressors, Han Hao and bandits from destroying the financial and material resources in the border area during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period.

24. Rent reduction in the 25th year is governed by law, that is, rent reduction of 25% based on the original rent, which was implemented in various revolutionary base areas during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period.

25. Rent reduction and interest reduction In order to establish and consolidate the anti-Japanese national United front, the anti-Japanese democratic regime stipulates that landlords are allowed to lease land in areas where land reform has not been implemented, but in principle, the original rent before the war must be reduced by 25%; The pre-war loan relationship is recognized, but the annual interest is generally not more than one and a half. If the interest paid by the debtor doubles, it will stop paying interest and principal. If the interest payment has doubled, the principal and interest will be stopped, and the original loan relationship will be deemed to be eliminated.

26. Ma Xiwu Trial Mode Ma Xiwu is the Commissioner of Longdong in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region and the President of Longdong Branch of the High Court. In his trial, he created a trial mode of carrying out judicial democracy. The characteristics of this trial mode are convenient for the masses and simple appeal procedure; Go deep into the masses and investigate and study; Relying on the masses and judging cases correctly. This method focuses on one point, that is, the total quality view.

27. The May 4th instruction, that is, the instruction on anti-rape liquidation and land issues issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was called the May 4th instruction because it was issued on May 4th 1946. The directive decided to abolish the feudal land system and change it to a land system with land to the tiller, and established the main principles for implementing land reform.

28. The policy program of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region had a political program of fundamental law. 194 1 year1kloc-0/month, the second participation in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region passed, 2 1 article.

29. Outline of China Land Law19471June 0/KLOC-0 * * Land reform regulations promulgated by the central government of China, with a total of 16. Its main contents are: abolishing the feudal and semi-feudal land system, implementing the land system of land to the tiller, and stipulating the specific scope and boundaries of confiscation and expropriation; The distribution mode of land property is determined, that is, the population of the whole township (administrative village) is uniformly and evenly distributed with the township or administrative village as the unit; The policy of protecting industry and commerce has been determined, and it is strictly forbidden to infringe on middle peasants.

30. The Draft Civil Code of the Qing Dynasty is the first civil code in the history of China. * * * Five parts, namely, general provisions, creditor's rights, property rights and relatives, and inheritance. The first three parts adopt the principles of capitalist civil law; The latter two parts adopt the feudal legislative principles of China.

3 1, the model prison, the Qing court, was established after the prisons in capitalist countries. With novel architecture and strict management, it has a prison office, a mixed prison, a separate prison, a workshop, a women's prison and a sick room. It is the first prison with modern structure in China.

32. The special court was established by the Nanjing Kuomintang government according to a special law, and a fascist trial system was implemented. There are two levels: the central special court and the formal court.

33. The special court was established by Beiyang government in Beijing, and it is divided into military judicial organs and local special judicial organs.