What is metallurgy?

Metallurgical definition pyrometallurgy pyrometallurgy is a metallurgical process carried out at high temperature. Some or all minerals in ore or concentrate undergo a series of physical and chemical changes at high temperature, generating another form of compounds or simple substances, which are enriched in gas, liquid or solid products respectively, thus achieving the purpose of separating the metal to be trapped from impurities such as gangue. The heat energy needed to realize pyrometallurgical process is usually provided by fuel combustion and also by chemical reactions in the process. For example, the oxidation roasting and smelting of sulfide ore do not need fuel supply; The thermal reduction process of metals is also self-heating. metallurgical furnace

Pyrometallurgy includes: drying, roasting, smelting, refining, distillation and other processes. Hydrometallurgy is a metallurgical process carried out in solution. Hydrometallurgical temperature is not high, generally lower than! In the high temperature and high pressure process of modern hydrometallurgy, the temperature is only about 100℃, and in some cases it can reach 90%. Hydrometallurgy includes leaching, purification, metal preparation and other processes.

1. Leaching The ore or concentrate is treated with an appropriate solvent, so that the metal to be extracted enters the solution in the form of some ions (cations or complex anions), while gangue and other impurities are insoluble. This process is called leaching. After leaching, it is settled and filtered to obtain leaching solution containing metals (ions) and insoluble residue (leaching residue) spun out from gangue minerals. For some refractory ores or concentrates, pretreatment is usually needed before leaching in order to convert the extracted metals into compounds or salts that are easy to leach. For example, by sulfation roasting into soluble sulfate, etc.

Are commonly used preparation methods.

1, purification In the leaching process, some metallic or nonmetallic impurities often enter the solution together with the extracted metal, and the process of removing these impurities from the solution is called purification.

2. Preparation of metal The process of extracting metal from purified liquid by replacement, reduction, electrodeposition, etc.

Electrometallurgy Electrometallurgy is a method of extracting metals by using electric energy. Electrometallurgy can be divided into electrothermal metallurgy and electrochemical metallurgy according to the different effects of using electric energy.

1. Electrothermal metallurgy is a smelting method that converts electric energy into heat energy. In the process of electrothermal metallurgy, according to the nature of its physical and chemical changes, it is not much different from pyrometallurgy, and the main difference between them is only the different sources of heat energy during smelting.

2, electrochemical metallurgy (electrolysis and electrodeposition) is the use of electrochemical reaction, make the metal from the solution or melt containing metal salts. The former is called solution electrolysis, such as electrolytic refining of actinium and electrowinning of zinc, which can be classified as hydrometallurgy. The latter is called molten salt electrolysis, which not only uses the chemical effect of electric energy, but also converts electric energy into heat energy, thus heating metal salts and melting them, so it can also be classified as pyrometallurgy. The production process of extracting metal from ore or concentrate is usually pyrometallurgical process and wet process. Even pyrometallurgical processes, such as pyrometallurgical smelting of sulfide crucible concentrate, need wet electrolytic refining process. In zinc hydrometallurgy, zinc sulfide concentrate also needs high temperature oxidation roasting pretreatment.

Classification of metallurgical industry

Metallurgical industry can be divided into ferrous metallurgical industry and nonferrous metallurgical industry. Black metallurgy mainly refers to the production of pig iron, steel and ferroalloys (such as ferrochrome and ferromanganese), while non-ferrous metallurgy refers to the production of all other metals.

In addition, metallurgy can be divided into ferrous metallurgy industry, nonferrous metallurgy industry, rare metal metallurgy industry and powder metallurgy industry.

Metallurgical development: the development of metallurgical industry in China

Metallurgical industry refers to the exploration, mining, smelting and rolling of metal minerals, including ferrous metallurgical industry and non-ferrous metallurgical industry. It is an important raw material industry, which provides metal materials for all sectors of the national economy and is also the material basis for economic development.

Since the founding of New China for more than 50 years, the iron and steel industry has developed rapidly. While Dalian, Tianjin, Shanghai and other coastal cities are developing steel industry, a number of large-scale auxiliary raw material enterprises such as steel, ferroalloy and refractory materials have been built in Baotou, Taiyuan, Wuhan, Chongqing and Panzhihua in the mainland. With the development of ferrous metallurgy industry, China's non-ferrous metal smelting and processing industry has developed rapidly, and a number of large alumina plants, electrolytic aluminum plants and aluminum processing plants have been built in Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Gansu.

. It has also established large-scale non-ferrous metal production bases in Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou and Guangxi.

In 2007, the industrial added value of China nonferrous metals industry (calculated at comparable prices) increased by 18.7% compared with 2006, which was 0.2 percentage points higher than that of enterprises above designated size in China.

In 2007, China iron and steel industry made remarkable achievements in rapid growth, structural optimization, efficiency improvement and the status and influence of energy saving and emission reduction in the international iron and steel industry. The output of crude steel was 489.2408 million tons, an increase of 66.2522 million tons over the previous year, with an increase of 65.438+05.66%; The output of pig iron was 469.4463 million tons, an increase of 6 189.22 over the previous year, showing a rapid growth trend as a whole. In the first quarter of 2008, the export of steel products in China decreased by 19.3% year-on-year, but the export volume increased by 7.6%.

The scientific and technological level of China's metallurgical industry is strengthening, and the voice of "big but weak" has declined. China should further improve the scientific and technological level of metallurgical industry. We should attach great importance to the safety problems in metallurgical industry, take comprehensive measures to solve the safety problems, and make unremitting efforts. To improve China's metallurgical industry standards, in a certain sense, is to solve the problems of metallurgical industry, build a safety standard system, and ensure the healthy development of the industry.

In the future, China's non-ferrous metal industry should make full use of domestic and foreign non-ferrous metal renewable resources and greatly increase the recycling of renewable resources. On the basis of the annual recovery of major nonferrous metals such as copper, aluminum, lead and zinc reaching 6.5 million tons, the recovery of recycled metals will reach120,000 tons in 2020, accounting for 40% of the total, and the recovery capacity of renewable resources will be significantly enhanced.

In the next three years, China iron and steel industry will usher in the best development opportunity period driven by domestic demand; The actual demand growth of steel products in China will maintain an average annual growth rate of 7.57%. It is predicted that Central and South China will become the most potential area for steel demand in China in the future, and WISCO and Angang are the enterprises that benefit the most from the demand growth of downstream industries. In the future, 5 [1][2][3] will change, the demand proportion of construction industry and resource and energy industry will decrease, while the demand proportion of machinery, light industry and automobile industry will increase.

technology of metals

Professional Name: Metallurgical Technology

Professional training goal: to cultivate advanced technical application-oriented professionals who master metallurgical knowledge and engage in production, design and management in metallurgical field.

Professional core competence: smelting process design ability, metal material analysis and testing ability, foundry workshop production management ability. Professional core courses and main practical links: physical chemistry, metallography, metallurgical transmission principle, metallurgical principle, iron and steel metallurgy, non-ferrous metal metallurgy, metalworking practice, production practice, cognitive practice, metallurgical transmission principle, metallurgical physical chemistry, smelting industry, mineral and lithofacies structure analysis, course design, graduation design, etc. , and