Scientific and technological achievements in the 20th century! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

1903, the first self-controlled aircraft was successfully tested.

190 1 year

The Nobel Prize was first awarded.

The Nobel Prize Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy established the Nobel Prize. German physicist Roentgen won the first Nobel Prize in physics.

Discovery of ABO blood group system

Austrian pathologist Landstein discovered human ABO blood group system, which laid the foundation for blood transfusion therapy.

1902

Chromosome theoretical basis of inheritance

This year, the discovery of German cytologist Boveri laid the foundation of genetic chromosome theory.

1903

The first test flight was successful.

The Wright brothers in the United States achieved autonomous flight for the first time in the history of human aviation, and the flight time was 12 seconds.

1904

The world's first electron tube came out.

Fleming, an Englishman, made the world's first electron tube, marking the world's entry into the electronic age.

1905

Special relativity published

Einstein put forward mass-energy conversion formula, light quantum theory and special relativity.

1906

Invent radio broadcasting

Fessenden, an American, invented radio broadcasting, and the synchronous spread of sound made the concept of the earth smaller.

1907

The first copier came out.

The earliest photocopiers appeared in new york. American Carlson got the first xerographic product in 1938, and Xerox 9 14 xerographic machine appeared in 1959.

Invent plastics

Baekeland, an American, invented the manufacturing method of phenolic plastics.

1908

Atomic reality has been confirmed.

It is generally acknowledged that French physicist Perrin confirmed the authenticity of molecules and atoms in Brownian motion theory through a series of experiments.

1909

American peary became the 1 th person to reach the North Pole.

The monoplane developed by Brett in France successfully flew over the English Channel.

19 10 year

Establishment of chromosome theory

American Morgan confirmed that the basic solid is a genetic unit, which is linearly arranged on the chromosome.

( 19 1 1- 1920)

19 13 the first industrial assembly line appeared.

19 1 1 year

The phenomenon of metal low temperature superconductivity was discovered.

The Dutch Onnas discovered the phenomenon of low-temperature superconductivity of metals.

Establish the core concept

Rutherford, an Englishman, put forward an atomic nucleation model with experimental basis and established the concept of nucleus.

19 12 years

The theory of continental drift was first published.

Austrian Hess discovered cosmic rays.

19 13 years

Bohr published the theory of quantized atomic structure.

Dane N Bohr boldly compared Rutherford's atomic model with Planck's quantum theory.

And skillfully combined, it opened the door for the quantization of various physical quantities.

The emergence of industrial assembly lines

American Henry Ford invented the assembly line for mass production of automobiles.

19 14 years

The first modern glider came out.

German Hahn designed the first modern glider. It can not only do horizontal gliding, but also rise continuously with the help of warm air flow.

19 15

The first transatlantic radio communication line was opened.

At&T successfully opened the first transatlantic radio communication line.

19 16 years

General relativity puts forward

Einstein completed the general theory of relativity and profoundly revealed the internal relations among space, time, matter and motion.

19 19

Alpha particles open the nucleus.

Rutherford, an Englishman, smashed the nucleus with alpha particles for the first time in the laboratory.

1 Radio started broadcasting in Britain.

( 192 1- 1930)

The theory of cosmic expansion was first put forward in 1929.

192 1 year

Short wave propagates through the ocean for the first time.

This spread realized by amateur radio enthusiasts makes short wave the main frequency band of long-distance and intercontinental communication.

1922

The 1 th dynamic philology model is proposed.

Friedman, a Soviet, revisited the application of Einstein's gravitational field equation in the structure of the universe and got a non-static model of the universe.

Insulin extraction succeeded.

Canadians Wanjin and Best successfully extracted pure insulin, which made it possible to treat diabetes.

1923

The first refrigerator came out.

Swedes Platen and Mendes made the world's first refrigerator.

Kodak color film comes out

1924

American Hubble first discovered galaxies outside the Milky Way.

1925

The Birth of Pulse Modulation Radar

The United States began to develop a pulse modulation radar that can measure the distance, and first used it to measure the height of the ionosphere.

1926

The first liquid fuel rocket was successfully launched.

American Goddard successfully launched the world's first liquid fuel rocket, which laid the foundation for human space travel and the advent of black and white TV sets.

Scottish Baird showed off his black and white TV. 1927 BBC broadcasts TV programs. He invented a 30-line color TV set.

1927

The concept of cosmic expansion appeared.

Belgian Lemaistre put forward the "Lemaistre model of the universe". 1 step 9321puts forward the origin theory of "protoatom" explosion. Later, it was developed by Gamov into the "Big Bang Universe Theory".

1928

Penicillin came out.

Fleming, an Englishman, found that Penicillium had bactericidal effect, thus making the earliest antibiotic-penicillin.

1929

Hubble put forward the theory of cosmic expansion.

1930

Discover Pluto

American Tombaugh discovered Pluto, the last planet discovered in the solar system.

( 193 1- 1940)

1938 the first xerographic product appeared.

193 1 year

Invent cyclotron

Lawrence, an American, invented the cyclotron to study the behavior of accelerating particles.

1932

The first electron microscope came out.

German Noel and ruska invented the transmission electron microscope, which improved the human's ability to observe the microscopic world unprecedentedly.

Discover neutrons

British J. chadwick discovered neutrons and proposed that the nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, which changed people's concept of material structure.

Discover positrons

American Anderson discovered positron, the antiparticle of the first discovered substance.

American Hyman developed the first clinical pacemaker.

1933

The earliest organ transplantation was successful.

The Soviet Union Ferratov's corneal transplant was successful, which was the earliest organ transplant.

1934

Invent nylon

Carothers of the United States first realized a fully synthetic fiber called nylon.

Synthetic vitamin c

The Englishman Haworth successfully synthesized vitamin C, which is the 1 th artificial vitamin.

1935

Predict the existence of mesons

Japanese Hideki Yukawa published the meson field theory of nuclear force and predicted the existence of mesons, thus winning the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physics.

1937

The first radio telescope was built.

The first radio telescope in the world was built by British Rabe, which played a very important role in the early development of radio astronomy.

1938

Discovery of uranium fission

The Germans Hahn and Strassman discovered uranium fission and mastered the basic method of splitting the nucleus.

1939

The first electronic digital computer came out.

Atanasoff, an American, cooperated with Bailey to design and trial-produce the world's earliest electronic digital computer prototype, named "ABC machine"

( 194 1- 1950)

1946 The first general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC came out.

194 1 year

The supercomputer was successfully developed.

Turing, an Englishman, designed and built a giant computer, which was also used to decipher German codes during World War II.

1942

The world's first atomic nuclear reactor was built.

Italian-American physicist Fermi led the construction and experiment of the world's first atomic nuclear reactor.

1944

Schrodinger published what is life? 》

Schrodinger of Austria published "What is life? This book demonstrates the stability of genes and the possibility of mutation with the theories of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics, and makes theoretical preparations for the birth of molecular biology.

1945

The first atomic bomb exploded successfully.

The first atomic bomb exploded successfully in the desert of New Mexico, USA.

1946

Made the first universal electronic computer.

The world's first general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC has been successfully developed. It weighs 30 tons, is equipped with 18000 vacuum tubes, and can perform 5000 additions and 360 multiplications per second. This is a milestone in the history of computer development.

The Big Bang Theory was published.

Gamov, a Russian-American astrophysicist, published the Big Bang theory, and the standard universe model formed on this basis explained many observed facts.

1947

Invent transistor

The research team composed of Badin, bratton and shockley of Bell Laboratories developed the first transistor in the world, which became the forerunner of the human microelectronics revolution and was of decisive significance to the development of 1 step electronic computers.

1948

The basis of information theory, cybernetics and system theory

Shannon, an American, founded information theory, Weiner, an American, founded cybernetics and Berta Langfield, an Austrian, founded system theory.

1949

The first commercial airliner began to operate.

The first commercial airliner with 36 passengers flew over Europe, opening a new chapter in the civil aviation century.

Carbon 14 dating method has been applied in practice.

The carbon 14 dating method founded by American Libby began to be applied to archaeological dating.

1950

Establish artificial intelligence theory

Turing, England, published a paper "Can Computers Think? This paper puts forward the idea that machines can think, and involves an intelligence test to check whether machines have intelligence, which provides a theoretical basis and test method for the research of artificial intelligence.

( 195 1- 1960)

The molecular structure of 1953 DNA double helix was found.

195 1 year

The first experimental nuclear power plant was built.

The United States built the first experimental nuclear power plant off the coast of California.

Structural verification of the galaxy

Astronomers in the United States, the Netherlands and Australia first discovered and described the spiral structure of the Milky Way by optical method and then by radio method.

1952

The first livestock hydrogen bomb test was successful.

1 65438+1October1The United States successfully tested the world's first hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean.

Make polio vaccine

Americans Salk and Sabin developed polio vaccine for injection and oral administration respectively.

1953

Discover the double helix model of DNA molecules

American Watson and Englishman Crick discovered the molecular model of DNA double helix structure. This achievement is regarded as the greatest discovery of biology in the 20th century and the symbol of the birth of molecular biology.

1954

The United States first aired color TV programs.

The first successful kidney transplant.

American Murray has successfully transplanted the kidneys of homozygous and heterozygous twins.

1955

Discovering antiprotons

American Chamberlain artificially obtained antiprotons on a high-energy accelerator.

1956

Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Kornberg, an American, artificially synthesized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), for which he won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

1957

The Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite.

1958

Invention of external cardiac pacemaker

Swede Senning invented the pacemaker, which has saved countless lives so far.

Kilby, an American, made the first integrated circuit.

1959

The unmanned spacecraft successfully landed on the moon for the first time.

The Soviet unmanned spacecraft successfully landed on the moon for the first time and took a lot of photos.

1960

The Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe was put forward by the Englishman Hawking.

The first laser was born.

American Maiman successfully developed the world's first ruby laser. In the same year, Jia Wan of the United States successfully developed a He-Ne laser operating at 1. 15 micron (infrared).

The first batch of oral contraceptives developed in pincus, USA went on the market.

196 1- 1970)

Man landed on the moon for the first time.

196 1 year

The first manned spaceship went to heaven.

Soviet astronaut Gagarin successfully flew around the earth for the first time in the "Oriental" spacecraft, which opened up a new era of human space.

1963

liver transplant

Thomas Starzel had a successful liver transplant.

1964

The first synchronous communication satellite was successfully launched.

The United States successfully launched the "Xinkang" geosynchronous communication satellite, which opened the prelude to the development of international communication satellites.

1965

The big bang theory has been verified.

Americans penzias and Wilson detected 1 kind of cosmic background radiation. After exchanging visits with Princeton research group, they confirmed that cosmic background radiation is the strongest support for the Big Bang theory.

1967

1969

1967

The heart transplant was a success.

Barnard, a South African, successfully performed the first human heart transplant, and the patient survived for 18 days.

1908

Atomic reality has been confirmed.

It is generally acknowledged that French physicist Perrin confirmed the authenticity of molecules and atoms in Brownian motion theory through a series of experiments.

1969

Man walked on the moon for the first time.

American astronaut Armstrong and others landed on the moon, which opened the curtain for human beings to explore the mysteries of the universe.

The American university campus network "ARPANET" was built, and the Internet was born.

( 197 1- 1980)

197 1 year

The 1 th space station in the world was launched.

Soviet Union launches salute, the 1 th space station in human history.

Intel Corporation introduced the first generation microprocessor: Intel 4004.

1972

Successful development of CT

An Englishman named Hansfield successfully developed a computerized tomography machine, namely CT. This invention is regarded as the most important achievement in diagnostic radiology since Roentgen discovered X-rays.

1974

The birth of transgenic animals

Yenid, an American, was the first to obtain transgenic mice by microinjection.

1975

The personal computer came out.

1 personal computer Altair 8800 comes out in America.

Making monoclonal antibody

Milstein of Argentina and Kohler of Germany successfully produced monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma method.

1977

The neutron bomb has been successfully developed.

America has successfully developed a neutron bomb. This is the third generation of nuclear weapons after atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs. In fact, 1 kind of hydrogen bomb enhances radiation.

1978

Louise, a test-tube baby, was born in England.

Edwards, an Englishman, cultivated the world's first "test-tube baby" for the first time through in vitro fertilization and replantation.

( 198 1- 1990)

The space shuttle Columbia was successfully launched in 198 1 year.

( 199 1-2000)

1997 NASA's remote-controlled rover landed on the surface of Mars.

Chapter 2: Major scientific and technological inventions that changed human life in the 20th century 9

gene engineering

The scientific community predicts that 2 1 century will be the century of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is an artificial intervention in biological inheritance at the molecular level. To understand it, let's start with bioengineering: bioengineering, also known as biotechnology, is a comprehensive engineering technology that uses modern life science principles and technologies such as information and chemical engineering to process cheap raw materials to varying degrees and provide a large number of useful products by using living cells or enzymes produced by them.

The basis of bioengineering is modern life science, technology science and information science. The main products of bioengineering are to provide a large number of high-quality fermented products, such as biochemical drugs, chemical raw materials, energy, biological control agents, food and beverage, etc., and also provide social services for human beings such as environmental management, metal extraction, clinical diagnosis, gene therapy and crop variety improvement.

Bioengineering consists of five parts: genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering and microbial engineering. Among them, genetic engineering is that people transform biological genes and use biology to produce special products that people want. With the secrets of the internal structure and genetic mechanism of DNA presented to people bit by bit, biologists are no longer satisfied with exploring and prompting the secrets of biological inheritance, but are eager to try and imagine interfering with the genetic characteristics of organisms at the molecular level.

Gilbert of the United States is the founder of base sequence analysis, and he took the lead in supporting the human genome project.

If a genetic code fragment in one organism's DNA is connected to another organism's DNA chain to recombine DNA, can't we design new genetic material and create new biological types according to human wishes? This is completely different from the traditional practice of cultivating organisms to reproduce offspring in the past. Much like the engineering design of technical science, it is to link the "gene" of this organism with the "gene" of that organism according to human needs.

That "gene" was "reconstructed" and "assembled" into a new gene combination, creating a new creature. This kind of biological science and technology, which is carried out completely according to people's wishes, is called "genetic engineering" or "genetic engineering"

What is the main course of human genetic engineering? 1866, Austrian geneticist Father Mendel discovered the genetic law of living things. 1868, Swiss biologist Friedrich discovered that the nucleus has two parts: acidity and protein. The acidic part was later called DNA；; 1882, when German embryologist Walter Fleming was studying salamander cells, he found that the nucleus contained a large number of divided linear objects, that is, later chromosomes. 1944, American researchers proved that DNA is the genetic material of most organisms, not protein; 1953, American biochemist Watson and British physicist Crick announced the discovery of the double helix of DNA, which laid the foundation of genetic engineering. 1980, the first transgenic mouse was born; 1996, the first cloned sheep was born; 1999, American scientists cracked the sequence map of the 22nd human genome. The future plan is to prescribe drugs for related diseases according to the genetic map.

Human genome research is the basic research of life science. Some scientists regard genome map as a road map or periodic table in chemistry; Some scientists compare the genome map to a dictionary, but from any angle, in order to promote human health, prevent diseases and prolong life, the application prospect of decoding and deciphering human genetic code is extremely beautiful. After the information of 65,438+10,000 human genes and their corresponding chromosome positions was deciphered, the genetic codes of human beings, animals and plants were deciphered, which opened up broad prospects for overcoming diseases and improving crop yield. It will become the source of knowledge and technological innovation in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries.

Beckwitz of the United States is observing colonies in a vessel. He once warned about the human genome project.

Scientific research has proved that some major diseases that plague human health, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, liver diseases and cancer, are all related to genes. According to the decoded gene sequence and function, we can find out these genes, screen drugs according to the corresponding pathological positions, and even design new drugs according to the existing genetic knowledge, so as to repair or replace these pathological genes and cure persistent diseases. Gene medicine will become a dazzling star in the medical field in 2 1 century. Genetic research can not only provide basic data for screening and developing new drugs, but also provide the possibility for using genes to detect, prevent and treat diseases. For example, people with the same living habits and living environment have different susceptibility to the same disease due to different gene sequences. An obvious example is that some smokers are prone to lung cancer, while others are not. Doctors will give different guidance according to different gene sequences of different people, so that they can develop scientific and reasonable living habits and prevent diseases as much as possible.

With the development of human genetic engineering, decoding all human DNA is just around the corner.

The development of information technology has changed people's life style, and the breakthrough of genetic engineering will help people prolong their life. At present, the average life expectancy in some countries has exceeded 80 years, and China has also exceeded 70 years. Some scientists predict that with the effective treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, there may be countries with an average life expectancy of more than 1000 years between 2020 and 2030. By 2050, the average life expectancy of human beings will reach 90 to 95 years.

Man will challenge the limits of life science. 1953 One day in February, British scientist francis crick announced that we had discovered the secret of life. He found that DNA is a double helix molecule existing in the nucleus, which determines the inheritance of organisms. Interestingly, the scientist announced this important scientific discovery in a bar in Cambridge. Deciphering the genetic codes of humans, animals and plants has opened up broad prospects for overcoming diseases and increasing crop yield. From 65438 to 0987, American scientists put forward the "Human Genome Project", whose goal is to determine all the genetic information of human beings, determine the specific positions of human genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes, find out the nucleotide sequence of each gene, and establish a human gene bank. 1999, the genetic code of human chromosome 22 was deciphered, and the "Human Genome Project" took a successful step. It can be predicted that in the next quarter century, scientists may reveal about 5,000 pathogenic genes of human genetic diseases, so as to find gene therapy for fatal diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease and hemophilia.

Following the publication of the "working frame map" of the human genome by scientists on June 26th, 2000, scientists from China, the United States, Japan, Germany, France and Britain and Celera Company of the United States jointly published the human genome map and preliminary analysis results on February 2nd, 2006. The human genome map published this time is more accurate, clear and complete on the basis of the original "working frame map" after sorting, classification and arrangement. The human genome contains most of the genetic information of human birth, aging, disease and death. Deciphering it will bring a revolution to the diagnosis of diseases, the development of new drugs and the exploration of new treatments. The publication of human genome map and preliminary analysis results will play an important role in promoting the development of life science and biotechnology. With the further development of human genome research, life science and biotechnology will enter a new era with the new century.

There are at least two strong proofs that genetic engineering has made great progress in the 20th century. One is genetically modified animals and plants, and the other is cloning technology. Transgenic animals and plants have been implanted with new genes, which makes them have brand-new characters that they did not have before, thus causing an agricultural revolution. Now transgenic technology has been widely used, such as insect-resistant tomatoes and fast-growing crucian carp. The birth of cloned sheep was the first of the top ten scientific and technological breakthroughs in the world in 1997. This ewe named Dolly is the first mammal produced by asexual reproduction, and it completely inherits the genetic genes of the ewe that gave it the nucleus. "Cloning" has become the focus of people's attention for a time. Although there are ethical and social problems, the great progress of biotechnology has given mankind a broader imagination space for the future.