Excuse me, should I fill in the receiving information of Aegis in Chinese Pinyin?

Hanyu Pinyin (hànyǔpξnyξn) is a Latin Chinese character scheme in People's Republic of China (PRC), which was researched and formulated by the Hanyu Pinyin Scheme Committee of the former China Language Reform Committee (now the State Language Committee) during the language reform from 65438 to 65438 to 0957. This pinyin scheme is mainly used to mark the pronunciation of Putonghua and Chinese as the phonetic symbol of Chinese characters. The National People's Congress1958 February 1 1 approved the announcement of the plan. 1982, which became the international standard ISO7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling). Some overseas Chinese areas, such as Singapore, use Chinese Pinyin in Chinese teaching. In September, 2008, Taiwan Province Province, China decided to change the Chinese Pinyin translation policy from "universal Pinyin" to "Chinese Pinyin", and all parts related to Chinese-English translation will require the use of Chinese Pinyin, which will be implemented from 2009.

Chinese Pinyin is a tool to assist Chinese pronunciation. Article 18 of the General Language and Characters Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is a unified standard for spelling Roman letters in Chinese names, place names and Chinese documents, and it is used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable." The symbols written according to this set of norms are called Chinese Pinyin.

Chinese Pinyin is also an internationally recognized standard for Latin transliteration of Putonghua. The international standard ISO 7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling) writes: "The Chinese Pinyin Scheme officially adopted by the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (1958 February 1 1) is used for spelling Chinese. The scribe records the pronunciation of Chinese characters in Mandarin. "

China didn't have pinyin letters at that time, so we used the method of orthography or anti-tangent of pinyin Chinese characters. Direct pronunciation means using homophones to express the pronunciation of Chinese characters. If homophones are rare words, they can't be read even if they are pronounced. Backcutting refers to annotating another Chinese character with two Chinese characters. The upper word is the same as the initial consonant of the annotated word, and the lower word is the same as the vowel and tone of the annotated word. Mr. Zhou Youguang called reverse cutting "center cutting welding method". These two methods of phonetic notation are inconvenient to use.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, western missionaries came to China to preach. In order to learn Chinese characters, they began to spell Chinese with Latin letters. 1605, Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit missionary (1552- 16 10), published Miracles in Western Languages in Beijing, including four Chinese characters with Latin phonetic notation. This is the earliest publication to phonetic Chinese characters with Latin letters, which is a little later than Xiaojing, which first tried to pinyin Chinese characters with alphabetic characters. It's not easy to find the original book Miracles among Western Characters. It is said that the Vatican Library still has collections.

1626, French Jesuit missionary Giniger published Eyes of Western Confucians in Hangzhou, which is a vocabulary for phonetic notation of Chinese characters with Latin letters. The scheme used in phonetic notation is modified on the basis of Matteo Ricci's scheme.

Matteo Ricci and Giniger's scheme is designed on the basis of "Putonghua Pronunciation", which is suitable for spelling Beijing pronunciation. This novel pinyin method has given great enlightenment to China scholars. Fang Yizhi, a phonologist in the late Ming Dynasty, said: "There are also differences in words, that is, the connection between fate and borrowing ears. If things belong to a word, each word has its own meaning, just like Far West is because of the chorus of things. Words composed of sounds are unimportant or * * *, especially? " Yang, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Xin Mao lived in Weng's family during the old Jin Wu period, and his son is still in the chapter. He read the book "Western Confucianism with Six Eyes" to show his surplus, but he didn't finish it. He had an epiphany about word cutting, because it might be some way. " However, in two or three hundred years, Matteo Ricci and Giniger's plan was only used by foreign missionaries, but not widely spread among the people of China.

From 18 15 to 1823, Ma Lixun, a British missionary who preached in Guangzhou, compiled a Chinese dictionary, which is the earliest Chinese-English dictionary. In the dictionary, he spelled out China Cantonese dialect with his own pinyin scheme, which is actually a dialect that teaches Roman characters. Then in other dialect areas, different dialects are designed to teach Roman characters. Among them, the "Zhuyinzi" in Xiamen began to spread at 1850, and only at 192 1, 50,000 copies were printed and sold. Until the founding of New China, about100000 people used this dialect to teach Roman characters. Dialects in other places teach Roman characters, which are circulated in southern trading ports and are mainly used for missionary work.

1867, Wade, secretary of the British Embassy, published the textbook "Beijing Phonetic Putonghua", which included your language. He designed a spelling method to spell the names of people, places and things in China with Latin letters, which is called Webster's style.

During the period from 193 1 to 1932, two foreign missionaries put forward "spicy Chinese characters", which is a Latin alphabet of China designed according to Guang Yun. Almost all homophones have different spellings and are spelled in dialects.

These schemes of spelling Chinese characters with Latin letters provide experience for the future Chinese Pinyin movement.

The scheme of Chinese Pinyin has the following characteristics:

(1) Only 26 letters are used internationally, and no new letters are added;

② Try not to use additional symbols (only use two additional symbols);

③ Try not to change reading;

④ y, W and sound insulation symbol "# 39;" They are all adopted. To sound insulation;

⑤ Use four double letters ZH, CH, SH, NG;

⑥ Four tone symbols are used to represent four tone categories: flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone;

⑦ Use the common alphabetical order of Latin letters to determine the names of Chinese phonetic letters.

Zhou Enlai said in the report "The Task of Current Chinese Character Reform": "The scheme of Chinese Pinyin published now is developed on the basis of previous orthography, anti-tangency and various pinyin schemes. As far as the adoption of Latin letters is concerned, its historical origin can be traced back to more than 350 years ago. Recently, it can be said that the experience of China people in creating Chinese Pinyin schemes in the past 60 years has been summarized. This scheme is indeed more perfect than the pinyin schemes of various Latin letters that have existed in history and are still in use. "

Since the scheme of Chinese Pinyin was formulated, it has been rapidly popularized and applied. There are mainly the following aspects.

① For Chinese phonetic notation: Since the autumn of 1958, Chinese phonetic notation has been used in Chinese textbooks for primary schools nationwide, and later in middle school textbooks, dictionaries, popular books and literacy textbooks. People's Daily, etc. Annotate difficult words with Chinese Pinyin. 1958 10 the central administration for industry and commerce and the China language and writing reform commission jointly issued a notice, requiring all kinds of trademark designs and commodity packages to be marked with hanyu pinyin letters. The names of post offices, railway stations, weather stations and city streets are also marked in Chinese Pinyin. 1June 9, 982, the National Bureau of Standards issued the national standard "Chinese Spelling of Chinese Books and Periodicals", which stipulated that Chinese books and periodicals published in China should be marked with Chinese phonetic titles and titles on the front cover, front cover, back cover or copyright page.

(2) Teaching Mandarin: After the publication of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, Mandarin textbooks, reading materials, word lists, dictionaries and dictionaries written in Chinese Pinyin came out one after another, which promoted the popularization of Mandarin. In teaching Chinese as a foreign language, the scheme of Chinese Pinyin has become an indispensable tool for foreigners to learn Chinese in an all-round way.

(3) Used for sorting and indexing dictionaries, dictionary phonetic notation, books and periodicals. The 75-volume Encyclopedia of China is sorted by Chinese Pinyin, and every entry in the article is marked with Chinese Pinyin.

(4) As the same foundation for the creation and reform of minority languages in China. In China, the Zhuang, Miao, Dong, Hani, Lisu, Wa, Li, Naxi, Tu and other ethnic minorities all adopt letter forms consistent with Chinese Pinyin.

⑤ Used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable: The Chinese Pinyin scheme provides a foundation for Braille and sign language for the deaf. Hanyu Pinyin can also be used for flag communication and lighting communication, and information is transmitted through flag signals or lighting symbols corresponding to Chinese Pinyin letters. Pinyin input method is one of the most popular input methods in computer Chinese character input.

From 65438 to 0977, the United Nations Conference on Standardization of Geographical Names decided to adopt the Chinese Pinyin Scheme as the international standard for spelling geographical names in China. 1978 forwarded the report on changing to hanyu pinyin scheme as the national unified spelling standard for Roman letters of place names. 1 982 On August/0/day, the Technical Committee for Documentation Work of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) decided to adopt Chinese Pinyin as the international standard for spelling China-specific words in world documentation work, and the standard number was ISO7098- 1982. The scheme of Chinese Pinyin has developed from China standard to international standard.

At present, Chinese Pinyin is still an auxiliary tool for spelling Chinese characters, not pinyin characters. There is no doubt that the application of Chinese Pinyin will be more and more extensive. However, the reform of China's writing system is a very arduous and complicated task. It will take a long time to see whether Chinese Pinyin can be on an equal footing with Chinese characters in the future, or whether Chinese Pinyin can replace Chinese characters in the future, or whether Chinese Pinyin can be replaced by another form of Pinyin in the future. At present, we can't make a hasty decision. As Zhou Enlai said in the report "The Task of Current Chinese Character Reform", "Chinese characters have made indelible contributions in history, which we all agree. As for the future of Chinese characters, will it last forever? Still want to change? Is it a change in the shape of Chinese characters themselves? Or use pinyin instead? Is it replaced by phonetic symbols of Latin letters or by another form of phonetic symbols? We are not busy drawing conclusions on this issue. " What is the future of Chinese characters? Whether, when and how Chinese Pinyin can be realized in China is a matter of the future, and it does not belong to the task of current Chinese character reform.

manner of articulation

Answer: When pronouncing, the lips naturally open, the tongue is flat, the middle part of the tongue is slightly lifted, and the vocal cords vibrate.

O: When pronouncing, the lips are round, slightly warped, the tongue retracts, the back of the tongue is upturned, the tongue is centered, and the vocal cords vibrate.

E: When pronouncing, the mouth is half open, the tongue is backward, the corners of the mouth are flat to both sides, and the vocal cords vibrate.

I: When pronouncing, the mouth is slightly flat, the tip of the tongue presses down the gums, the tongue surface is raised, and it clings to the upper hard palate, and the vocal cords vibrate.

U: When pronouncing, the lips are round, protruding into small holes, the back of the tongue is raised, and the vocal cords vibrate.

Shu: When pronouncing, the lips are round and closed, the tip of the tongue presses the gums, the front of the tongue is raised, and the vocal cords vibrate.

B: When you pronounce, your lips are closed, which hinders the airflow. Then you suddenly let go of your lips and let the airflow rush out. The pronunciation is light and short.

P: when you pronounce, your lips are closed, which hinders the airflow, and then you suddenly let go of your lips, and the airflow bursts into sound.

M: When pronouncing, the lips are closed, the tongue is retracted, air flows out of the nasal cavity, the mouth is opened, and the vocal cords vibrate.

F: When pronouncing, the upper teeth contact with the lower lip to form a narrow gap, from which air is squeezed out and rubbed into sound.

D: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, and then the airflow is suddenly released, and the airflow is ejected from the mouth, breaking into sounds.

T: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gums, and after holding your breath, you suddenly leave, and air is ejected from your mouth.

N: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, and the airflow passes through the nasal cavity, at the same time, the obstruction of the tip of the tongue is pushed away, and the vocal cords vibrate.

L: When pronouncing, the lips are slightly open, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows out from both sides of the tip of the tongue.

G: When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue root presses on the soft palate, blocking the airflow, making the airflow break through the obstruction of the tongue root and break the sound.

K: When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue root abuts against the upper soft palate, blocking the airflow, so that the airflow breaks through the obstruction of the tongue root and produces a sound.

H: When pronouncing, the root of the tongue is raised and clings to the soft palate, forming a narrow gap, through which air flows out and rubs into sounds.

J: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower incisors, and the front of the tongue is pressed against the hard palate. The airflow rushes out of the narrow gap and rubs into sounds.

Q: When pronouncing, the front of the tongue is attached to the hard palate, and the airflow breaks through the obstacle of the root of the tongue and rubs into a sound.

X: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower incisors, and the front of the tongue is raised close to the hard palate, forming a narrow gap, from which air flows out and rubs into sounds.

Zhang: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue sticks up against the front of the hard palate, and a weak airflow pushes the tip of the tongue away, squeezing it out of the seam and rubbing it into a sound.

Ch: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue leans up against the front of the hard palate, and a strong airflow pushes the tip of the tongue away, squeezing it out of the seam and rubbing it into sound.

Sh: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue sticks up and clings to the front of the hard palate, leaving a narrow gap, from which air is squeezed out and rubbed into sound.

R: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is upturned and clings to the front of the hard palate, leaving a narrow gap. When the throat is pronounced hard, the airflow is squeezed out from the narrow gap, and the vocal cords vibrate.

Z: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the upper incisors to block the airflow, so that the weaker airflow can break through the obstruction of the tip of the tongue, squeeze out from the narrow gap and rub into sound.

C: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the upper incisors to block the airflow, so that the strong airflow is squeezed out of the seam and rubbed into sound.

S: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue clings to the back of the upper incisor, leaving a narrow gap, and the airflow is squeezed out from the narrow gap of the tip of the tongue and rubbed into sound.

Y: When pronouncing, the mouth is slightly flat, the tip of the tongue presses down the gums, the tongue surface is raised, and it clings to the upper hard palate, and the vocal cords vibrate.

W: When pronouncing, the lips are round, protruding into small holes, the back of the tongue is raised, and the vocal cords vibrate.

Ai: When pronouncing, pronounce A first, then slide to I, with uninterrupted airflow and short pronunciation.

Ei: When pronouncing, pronounce the sound of E first, then slide to I, the airflow will not be interrupted, and the corners of the mouth will be on both sides.

Ui: The pronunciation of U is light and short, and then it slides to ei, and the mouth shape changes from round to flat.

Ao: when pronouncing, pronounce A first, then retract the tip of the tongue, lift the base of the tongue up, wrap around the mouth and gently slide to O.

O: When pronouncing, the O sound is pronounced first, the lips gradually converge, the base of the tongue rises, and the mouth shape changes from a big circle to a small circle.

Iu: pronounce I first, then slide to ou, and the mouth shape changes from flat to round.

Ie: When pronouncing, pronounce I first, then E, and the airflow will not be interrupted.

Yue: pronounce Yu first, then slide to e, and the mouth shape changes from round to flat.

Er: When pronouncing, the tongue sounds e in the middle, then the tip of the tongue rolls up to the hard palate, and the two letters are pronounced at the same time.

An: When pronouncing, pronounce A first, then the tip of the tongue is gradually raised and pressed against the upper gum to pronounce N.

En: When pronouncing, e is pronounced first, then the tongue surface is raised, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, and air flows out of the nasal cavity, making n sounds.

In: when pronouncing, I is pronounced first, then the tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the lower incisor, and the tongue surface gradually reaches the hard palate, and the air flows out of the nasal cavity, making N sounds.

Un: When pronouncing, pronounce U first, then the tip of the tongue touches the upper gum, then pronounce N, and air flows out of the nasal cavity.

Yun: When pronouncing, pronounce Yu first, then lift your tongue against the upper gum, and air will leak out of the nasal cavity and pronounce N.

Ang: Pronunciation starts with a sound, then the root of the tongue presses on the upper soft palate, air flows out of the nasal cavity, and then it sounds ng with nasal sounds.

Eng: When pronouncing, pronounce e first, then the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower gum, the base of the tongue is retracted against the soft palate to pronounce ng, and the airflow is exhausted from the nasal cavity.

Ing: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the gum, the tongue surface protrudes to the hard palate, and the nasal cavity sounds * * *.

Ong: pronounce O first, then the base of the tongue retracts against the soft palate, the tongue surface is convex, the lips are round, and the nasal cavity is * * *.