Who are the opponents of May 4th literature and revolutionary literature? It's urgent. This is the content of our exam. Please help me, a poor student. Thank you!

First, the rise and development of the literary revolution

(A) the rise of the literary revolution

The "literary revolution" was formally put forward in February 19 17.

1, which originated from the New Culture Movement, is the need of ideological revolution and cultural revolution.

19 19 "May 4th" New Culture Movement (essentially an enlightenment thought, a bourgeois who wants to modernize China, aiming at breaking the spiritual bondage of feudal autocratic culture with "Three Cardinals and Five Permanences" as the core). The spirit of the May 4th Movement is subjective, humanistic, enlightening and scientific. Democracy and science are two flags.

New Youth:1915 was founded in September, when it was named Youth magazine, with Chen Duxiu as the editor. The first issue published Chen Duxiu's Dear Youth, which marked the beginning of the New Culture Movement. Early published articles are all in classical Chinese. From 19 16, the number of vernacular Chinese began to increase. The second book was rolled up and renamed "New Youth". 19 17 the editorial department moved to Beijing. 1920, the editorial department moved back to Shanghai and became the official publication of Shanghai * * * production team. /kloc-moved to Guangzhou in 0/923 and became the official publication of China * * *, edited by Qu Qiubai. The last issue was released in July 1926, followed by 63 issues.

The earliest New Youth is a comprehensive cultural criticism publication and a general mobilization order for young people. It advocates democracy and science, opposes old morality, advocates new morality, opposes old literature and advocates new literature. It focuses on "changing young people's minds and guiding their cultivation." Later, Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi, who advocated the literary revolution, published articles and letters on this, initially publicized the theoretical basis of the literary revolution, and also widely introduced foreign literature such as Russia and the literary trend of thought after the Renaissance in Europe. 19 18 in may, Lu Xun's diary of a madman was published in the fifth issue of volume 4, marking the beginning of modern literature in China.

New Youth is the beginning of China's modern thought.

Main figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, Fu Sinian, etc. They are all young intellectuals who are familiar with China and the West and have a sense of historical responsibility and mission.

Chen Duxiu: To Youth is a manifesto of new culture. Put forward six hopes for young people: "autonomy rather than slavery", "progress rather than conservatism", "enterprising rather than retirement", "pragmatism rather than hypocrisy" and "science rather than imagination".

Chen Duxiu: On literary revolution, new literature, new politics and new society: we should write civilian, realistic and socialized literature and abolish aristocratic, classical and mountainous literature. "Yue overthrew the elegant aristocratic literature and established a simple and lyrical national literature; It is said that it is to overthrow the stale and extravagant classical literature and build a fresh and sincere realistic literature; It is said that it is necessary to overthrow the pedantic mountain literature and establish a clear and popular social literature. " It only touches the literary form and ignores the changes of people's heart and spirit, which is its limitation. Chen Duxiu mainly talks about literature as a social revolutionary.

Hu Shi: The Improvement of Literature, which explains the theory of literary evolution and calls for the use of vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese. "On the Construction of Literary Revolution" puts forward "using national language and literature, using national language and literature" as the purpose of literary revolution. Hu Shi mainly talks about literary reform from the external factors of literature such as language and form.

Hu Shi (189 1- 1962): poet and scholar. 189 1 was born in Jixi, Zhejiang province, 1904 studied in Shanghai and believed in evolution. 19 10 was admitted to Tsinghua University to study American management students. He studied agriculture, philosophy and literature at Cornell University and Columbia University successively, and studied under Dewey, a philosopher who advocated pragmatic philosophy. 19 15 received his doctorate, and 19 17 graduated and returned to China. He used to be Professor Peking University, Head of Philosophy Department, Dean of College of Liberal Arts and President of Peking University. From 65438 to 0938, he served as ambassador to the United States, honorary adviser to the Library of Congress, professor at Harvard, Columbia, California and Princeton University, and received 35 doctorates. From 65438 to 0958, he returned to Taiwan Province Province as the president of Academia Sinica. He has made great achievements in literature, philosophy, history and textual research of classical literature all his life.

Zhou Zuoren: People's Literature and Civilian Literature. It is believed that new literature should rediscover "human" to help the healthy development of adult nature. Zhou Zuoren talked about literary reform from the perspective of humanitarianism and the relationship between literature and human spirit.

2. Influenced by foreign literature. The military, political, economic and cultural invasion of the west and the entry of a large number of translated works have led to the transformation of literature in the collision between backwardness and advancement.

Inspired by imagist poetry in Europe and America, Hu Shi put forward the idea of "literary improvement". Both Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu were influenced by western evolutionism, which promoted the historical evolutionism of literature.

Zhou Zuoren found the humanitarian concept of "human literature" from the European Renaissance.

Starting from Marx's historical materialism, Li Dazhao defined the concept of later revolutionary literature.

Most of the initiators and participants of the literary revolution have the experience of translating western literature, and the themes, creative techniques and expressions of western literature have widely influenced the creative concepts of early new literature writers.

Foreign literature provides nourishment and reference for new literature, sets an example for China's new literature and trains readers of new literature. However, foreign literature was widely introduced into China at a specific time. Due to the utilitarian requirements of the times for literary enlightenment and the translator's incomplete understanding of foreign literature, China readers' acceptance of foreign literature is one-sided and limited. China literature accepted foreign literature in a hurry, from classical to modern, from first-class works to third-rate works, which caused the complexity, richness and complexity of the influence of foreign literature on China's new literature. There is a tendency to indigestion due to overeating and omnivorous food.

3. The characteristics of those who attacked the Cultural Revolution are: Hu Shi, Chen Duxiu, Zhou Zuoren, Li Dazhao and Lu Xun. They were from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century. The old and new democratic revolutions alternated, the feudal dynasty collapsed, and * * * alternated. Young people's sense of urgency and responsibility has increased, and they are trying to explore a new way out for China. They deeply felt that China's traditional classical literature blocked and hurt people's spirit, and demanded a literary revolution. This is the common sense of social responsibility and social moral conscience of intellectuals in the middle of history.

The process of literary revolution

1, prophase: (1917-1918)

19 17 1 and Hu Shi's "Improvement of Literature" put forward eight things in the article: "What you say must have something, don't be archaic, stress grammar, don't groan without illness, don't avoid conventions, don't use classics, don't talk about duality, and don't avoid vulgar words and sayings." Vigorously advocate vernacular Chinese.

19 17 In February, Chen Duxiu's On Literary Revolution put forward the idea of literary revolution and put forward three principles: civilian literature, realistic literature and socialist literature.

2. Late stage: (1918-1921)

Shen Yanbing's "What's a Writer's Responsibility Now" and "A Review of Old and New Literature", the current literature should be literature for life (the joys and sorrows of ordinary men and women), and then it will form life-oriented literature in the history of literature.

Zhou Zuoren: People's Literature, Ideological Revolution and Popular Literature.

What is New Literature by Li Dazhao? New literature should have profound thoughts, theories and firm beliefs.

Qu Qiubai pointed out in the Preface to Russian Short Stories that literature must be the reflection of society and the writer must be the mouthpiece of society, and put forward the road of literature. Attach importance to the propaganda function of literature and think that the road of literature is to combine with social revolution.

Li Dazhao and Qu Qiubai tried to use Marxism to guide literature, which did not have a great influence at that time, but affected the further development of revolutionary literature.

(C) the content of the literary revolution

1. Oppose classical Chinese and advocate vernacular Chinese. It has achieved the liberation of language and style, and liberated the literary form that has been imprisoned for thousands of years.

2. Criticize the feudal literary concept (literature embodies the Tao and represents the sage's thoughts), advocate the new literary concept (national literature, social literature, humanistic literature and civilian literature, restore human dignity in literature and become a veritable "literature is human").

3. Pay attention to absorb the influence of foreign literature. In particular, it paid attention to absorbing the influence of Soviet Russian literature and spreading Marxist literary thoughts, which influenced the development trend of later literature.

4. The creative method advocates realism (realism) as the main method.

(D) the achievements of the literary revolution

1, the unification of classical Chinese: vernacular Chinese has won the victory over classical Chinese.

2. The extensive influx of foreign literary thoughts has affected the ecological environment of modern literature in China, and a large number of new literary societies have emerged, and the debate between literary thoughts and literary creation has gradually flourished.

3. Theoretical construction: put forward a new concept of new literary creation.

4. A number of creative achievements have emerged.

Lu Xun's Diary of a Madman was published in May 2008, which is the beginning of modern literature in China.

Bing Xin's When You Are Lonely, Helpless and Poor, Xu Dishan's Bird of Life, Yu Dafu's Sinking, Hu Shi's Attempt Collection, Guo Moruo's Goddess and Wang Jingzhi's Wind of Hui were published.

(E) the characteristics of the literary revolution

1, theoretical presupposition, lagging creation;

2. Utilitarianism is the main factor and aesthetics is the auxiliary factor;

3. Anti-feudalism, mainly based on enlightenment, supplemented by literature itself;

4. The change of language and form is the main factor, while the connotation update of literature lags behind;

5. It is incomplete. The goal of literary revolution is put forward, and the development of modern literature in China is a process to achieve its goal.

(VI) The significance of the literary revolution

The literary revolution is a great turning point of China literature from the old to the new, which declares the end of the old literature that has been circulated in China for thousands of years and the beginning of a new era of national literature.

1, which embodies the characteristics of ideological emancipation and enlightenment. The literary revolution is an important part of the May 4th New Culture Movement, which is closely combined with the ideological changes of China society and people, and thoroughly criticizes and denies the feudal system and its entire ideological and cultural system.

2. Become an important force to promote social progress. It developed around the May 4th Movement, closely coordinated with the political revolution, and became an important force to promote China's progress.

3. It promotes the modernity of China literature. Great changes have taken place in the concepts of literature and culture, and the liberation of new literature from the language and style of classical literature has made it possible to modernize China's new literature. The ideological revolution in China literature has been realized. China's traditional literature is the product of China's traditional culture and thought, which is based on literature and Taoism and grows on the background of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Modern literature is based on individualism, humanism and scientific democracy.

4. Let China's modern literature go to the world. China's modern literature has absorbed the influence of world literature extensively, and has been integrated with the trend of world literature from the beginning, becoming an important part of world literature.

Attachment: the meaning of "new" in the May 4th New Literature;

New ideas, new ideas, new themes, new contents, new people,

New language, new form, new communication, new team, new achievements.

In the atmosphere of the May 4th cultural enlightenment, the enlightenment literature showed strong utilitarianism and contained strong political color. Literature entered the process of modernization with the important task of enlightenment, and the discourse hegemony of enlightenment and revolution caused the exclusiveness of literature; The emphasis on the social utility of literature evolved into the further strengthening of the instrumental nature of literature and politics by later revolutionary literature.

Second, the school's mass organizations and literary controversy

(A) the genre of literary societies

1, Literature Research Association:192110 was established in Beijing on October 4th, and 1932 was dissolved. It is the first pure literature society established in the May 4th New Literature Movement, and the first group advocating literary revolution after New Youth.

Sponsors: Zhou Zuoren, Zheng Zhenduo, Ye, Mao Dun, etc. 12, with more than 200 members.

Purpose: "To study and introduce world literature, sort out China's old literature and create new literature". Art for life.

/kloc-Russian and European creative methods and realistic tendencies in the 0/9th century.

It is a school of life in the history of literature.

Main publications: Novel Monthly, Literature Xun Magazine, Poetry Magazine, etc.

Creation: Describe real life, reflect social problems and attach importance to the translation and introduction of foreign literature. It promoted the prosperity of problem novels in the 1920s.

The debate between the literary research society and the creative society has formed the complementarity of the two literary concepts in modern literature.

Criticizing the literary view of game entertainment of Yuanyang Butterfly School has played an important role in breaking its monopoly on the literary world and expanding the reader status and influence of new literature.

Limitation: The realistic social function of literature is exaggerated, and the social value of literature is overemphasized.

2. Creation Society: 192 1 was established in Tokyo, Japan on June 8th. It is one of the most important anti-imperialist and anti-feudal societies in the May 4th New Culture Movement.

Organizers: Guo Moruo, Zhang Ziping, Yu Dafu, Cheng, Tian Han, etc. In the early stage, there were Feng Naichao and Yang Hansheng. In the later stage.

Publications: (192 1-65438+)

After 1925, floods, cultural criticism, quicksand, star literature and art, etc.

Advocacy: In the early stage, I emphasized art for art's sake, and thought that the pursuit of beauty was the core of art. In literary theory, I advocated self-esteem, paying attention to individuality, expressing "inner requirements" faithfully, opposing art for life, realism and naturalism, and tending to European enlightenment and romanticism. Praise the intuition and inspiration of literary creation.

After 1926, some members devoted themselves to revolutionary activities, changed from romanticism to realism, advocated proletarian revolutionary literature, and engaged in and promoted the proletarian revolutionary literature movement and the construction of China's Marxist literary thought.

There are obvious contradictions in the literary concepts in the early and late stages of the Creation Society. Even in the same period, there are ambiguities and contradictions. The literary concept and interpersonal relationship of the Creation Society are not very harmonious.

In the process of advocating revolutionary literature, Lu Xun and Mao Dun were wrongly criticized because of the influence of foreign left-leaning thoughts. In theory and organization, it shows more dogmatism and sectarianism.

1929 was seized by the Kuomintang authorities in February.

The early literary works of Chuangshe were rich and made great achievements.

3. Crescent Society: 1923 Party in Beijing, Xu Zhimo, Hu Shi, etc. At the end of 1924, it developed into a crescent club with complex members, including literati, bankers, politicians and celebrities. 1933 is extinct.

Sponsors: Hu Shi, Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Liang Shiqiu, etc. This paper mainly discusses the creation of new metrical poetry, carries out meaningful creative practice and theoretical discussion on new poetry, and promotes the development and prosperity of new poetry in form.

Advocating the liberalism and individualism of the western bourgeoisie, emphasizing the purity of literature expressing human nature and the innovation of literary forms.

4. Silk Association:

Silk Association was established in Beijing on June 1924+065438+ 10/7, 2007. Named after Zhou Fuyuan's magazine Silk (advocating free thinking, independent judgment and a better life), it is an important community after the May 4th Movement. With Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren as the backbone, the members are rich, Liu Bannong, Lin Yutang, Sun Fuyuan,. Silk Society advocates prose, pays attention to social criticism and civilization criticism, and forms a batch of "silk prose" in the history of modern literature in China, which promotes the maturity of modern prose and has a far-reaching impact on its development.

Silk Society can take the time when Silk Weekly was published in June 1924+065438+ 10/7 and closed in March 1930 as its existence time.

Diaosi Society has no strict organization and declaration, but is more like a fan group with Diaosi as the core, which is more inclusive and complex in artistic opinions and artistic pursuits. However, there are some consistent or similar ideas in the purpose and creation of running a journal, such as "advocating freedom of thought, independent judgment and a better life", inheriting the fighting spirit of the May 4th new culture, advocating positive social criticism and civilized criticism, and pointing the finger at pedantic feudal ethics, backward feudal consciousness, rigid traditional concepts, brutal rule of warlords and bureaucrats, hypocritical style of writing, actively advocating a better artistic life and advocating freedom of thought and speech.

Yusi is the first literary publication in the history of modern literature, which mainly focuses on prose. The highest achievements are short and sharp thoughts, essays of social criticism, essays, etc. It inherits the essence of the May 4th Movement, and is more free and easy-"Speak freely, have no scruples, urge freshmen, and try to verbally attack old things that are harmful to freshmen". Formed a "diaosi style"-bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new, talking heartily, talking about the past and discussing the present, not sticking to one pattern.

The most prominent feature of "diaosi style" is "speaking freely and without scruple". (Lu Xun's language) Prose creation mainly focuses on two aspects. First, sharp and lively essays represented by Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren; The second is humorous sketches represented by Zhou Zuoren and Lin Yutang.

Essay writing is an important contribution of silk writers to modern literature. * * * published more than 500 papers. The highest achievement is Lu Xun. Most articles in Lu Xun's Gai Hua Collection, Gai Hua Collection, Justice Collection and Three Ji Xian are published in Yusi. These essays are sharp-edged and profound in meaning, which embodies the basic characteristics of the prose of Yusi. Lu Xun's Weeds was first published in Yu Si. This prose poem, which shows Lu Xun's mental journey, later became a classic prose poem in the history of modern literature in China.

Zhou Zuoren is the most successful writer in silk social prose.

5. Mangyuan Society: 1925 was established in Beijing in April, and it was named after the establishment of Mangyuan Weekly.

The main promoters, such as Wei Suyuan and Xiang Peiliang, are all literary youths under the guidance of Lu Xun.

6. Unnamed Society: 1925 was founded in Beijing. Founder Lu Xun, the main members are Wei Suyuan,

, Li, etc. Their main theme is "Frankly speaking, honestly speaking, being loyal to the world and looking forward to the future". Mainly translating and introducing foreign literary works, especially Russian literature.

7. Asakusa Society: 1922 was founded in Shanghai. Founder Lin Ruji, members Chen Xianghe and Feng Zhi. The works pay attention to creation and the excavation of inner world, and are full of anguish, hesitation and sadness.

8. Shenzhong Association: Asakusa Association was dissolved in February 1925. In the autumn of the same year, former members Chen Xianghe and Feng Zhi met in Beijing to reorganize the Society. He attached great importance to translation and creation, and extensively introduced literary thoughts and works since the Renaissance. In his creation, he wrote the sad voice of the intellectual youth who woke up after the May Fourth Movement but had not yet broken through his personal life circle, and he mainly tended to be melancholy and sentimental. Soluble in 1934.

9. Lakeside Poetry Society: 1922 was founded in Hangzhou. Organizers: Ying Xiuren, Pan Mohua, Feng Xuefeng and Wang Jingzhi. He advocates pure and passionate poetry creation and is good at lyric poetry creation, forming his own unique artistic style.

His published poems include Hui Feng, Lakeside and Song of Spring.

"We laugh at the lake and we cry at it" —— Inscription on the title page of Lakeside

10, People's Drama Club: 192 1 Shanghai was founded in May, and there are monthly magazines such as Drama by Mao Dun, Zheng Zhenduo, Chen Dabei and Ou Yangyuqian, which emphasize the social function of drama and explore and spread drama theory. 192 1 The play was closed in June on 10, and the association was dissolved.

1 1, Peking University Folk Song Research Association:1922110/0, with Zhou Zuoren as the chairman and main members including Liu Bannong, Shen, Zhou Zuoren and Hu Shi. It mainly collects, solicits and arranges folk songs. There is a weekly magazine "Ballad".

(2) Literary disputes

1. The dispute with the retro school: the dispute between literature and vernacular, the dispute between old and new literature.

When the literary revolution developed in depth, there was an ideological debate among the advocates of the literary revolution, the conservative literati and the retro school.

In order to make the New Culture Movement have a greater social impact, Liu Bannong and Qian published "Double Spring Letter" in "New Youth", which aroused attacks from conservatives. Lin Shu published "On the Rise and Fall of China's Ancient Vernacular" and openly opposed the new literature. Liu and Huang Kan, professors of Peking University, founded the publication "National Heritage" to discuss Chinese studies and oppose the new literature. 19 19, Lin Shu wrote classical Chinese novels "Quiet Life" and "Demon Dream" to attack Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi and Qian, encouraging the northern warlords to come out and suppress the New Culture Movement. The leaders of the new culture resolutely responded to the retro activities of conservative literati. Cai Yuanpei wrote a letter to Lin Qinnan, refuting Lin Shu's vicious attack. Lu Xun vividly expounded the significance and value of vernacular Chinese with his own national quintessence view. Chen Duxiu strongly refuted Lin Shu's accusation in the Pleadings of Local Records. Under the fierce counterattack of the new literature camp, Lin Shu's dream of trying to fight against the new culture movement with the help of warlords became a bubble. With the deepening of the new culture movement, the idea of retro school went bankrupt completely. 19 19 in the second half of the year, vernacular publications gradually emerged. 1920, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang government recognized the vernacular as "national language" and ordered all schools to adopt it.

2. Debate with Xue Heng School.

Because of the choice and recognition of foreign cultural thoughts, the adaptation to the development of the times, the understanding of the essence of language and literature, and the understanding of cultural values and significance, the debate within the new literature camp is also a struggle to attach importance to conservation and innovation.

1922,65438+10, Professor Wu Mi, Professor Mei Guangdi and Professor Hu Xiansu of Nanjing Southeast University founded Xue Heng magazine, saying that its purpose is to "study academics, clarify the truth, prosper the quintessence of the country, integrate new knowledge, and criticize from the perspective of justice", and completely deny the creation of new literature in concrete criticism.

Xue Heng School prides itself on learning from China and the West, worships Confucius and Aristotle in philosophy, advocates Babbitt's new humanism in literature, maintains classical Chinese and old-style poems, and opposes vernacular Chinese and new literature. It is believed that only by inheriting the tradition can we build new literature. It is believed that "natural principles, human feelings and things remain unchanged from ancient times to the present, and everything remains unchanged", and the new literature is "the increase of literary genres is not a complete change, especially a revolution".

Xue Heng School advocates the theory of cultural elites, thinks that the progress of academic culture can only rely on a few elites, accuses the cultural populism advocated by the new culture, and opposes all radical social changes, including the literary revolution.

Lu Xun, Mao Dun and Zheng Zhenduo all criticized it. Lu Xun published articles such as Estimation and On One, mocking and criticizing Xue Heng School.

3. Debate with Jiayin School.

1925, Zhang, then the director of justice and education of Beiyang government, resumed Jiayin magazine and changed it into a weekly magazine, which was used as a position to attack vernacular Chinese and new literature, and published Answering, Criticizing New Literature Movement, Criticizing New Literature and Vernacular Chinese, Defending Classical Chinese and Advocating Reading Classics to Save the Nation successively. Lu Xun, Mao Dun and others wrote articles criticizing it. Under the counterattack of progressive ideological circles and new literary circles, Jiayin school will be silent.

4. Debate on "Study more problems and talk less about ism" (dispute between problems and ism)

Debate in new literature. 19 17 The victory of the October Revolution brought Marxism–Leninism to China. 19 19 In June, Hu Shi took advantage of the opportunity of the warlord government to arrest revolutionary intellectuals, edited Weekly Review, canceled the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal political content of the publication, published Dewey's lectures with extra-large titles, and published "Study more problems and talk less about Marxism", attacking and slandering the propaganda of Marxism. He claimed that Li Dazhao's promotion of Marxism in "New Youth" violated their sovereign agreement of "not talking about politics". Li Dazhao refuted Hu Shi's reformist viewpoint in "Re-discussion of Problems and Doctrine" and expounded Marxist revolutionary reform and revolutionary transformation thought. Hu Shi also published Three Topics and Doctrine, Four Topics and Doctrine, and The Significance of New Ideas, and continued to advocate the reformism of "bit by bit evolution". Li Dazhao and many other Marxist advocates actively promoted socialism and strongly criticized the reactionary nature of pragmatism. This debate on "Problems and Doctrine" is the beginning of the split between revolutionaries and reformists, and between Marxists and pragmatists in the New Culture Movement.

From 65438 to 0923, Hu strongly advocated "sorting out the national heritage" and began to deviate from the spirit of the May 4th Movement. 1924 Modern comments flaunt liberalism and advocate compromise. It was criticized by Lu Xun and others.

Third, the initial theoretical construction of new literature

(A) Hu Shi's vernacular literature theory and historical literature view

1. Hu Shi pays attention to the changes of literary language forms based on the theory of biological evolution. He expressed his literary thoughts in My Humble Opinion on Literary Improvement, Literary Revolution under Construction and History of Vernacular Literature. It is believed that the life of literature depends entirely on expressing the emotions and tools of an era with the tools of life of an era. "The literary revolution that China needs today is a revolution in which vernacular Chinese replaces ancient Chinese, and a revolution in which movable type tools replace dead type tools." (Hu Shi's "Driving to Liangshan", "China New Literature Series Construction Theory Collection", Liangyou Book Company, 1935 edition, p. 10)

2. Advocating individualism, adopting realism and advocating the liberation of poetic style. Saving the fate of dying China literature with western juvenile blood soup. Ibsen praised the ideal spirit of the West as a bridge between China and the West.

(B) Zhou Zuoren's "view of human literature"

1, observe, study and analyze life problems with humanitarianism.

2. Literature is human.

3. Literature is for life: human literature.

4. The proposal of literary prose (American prose): theoretically determine the status of prose and standardize prose as a stylistic concept.

(3) The Marxist view of literature and art promoted and introduced by Li Dazhao and Qu Qiubai.

Attach importance to Marx's theory of literary reflection and regard literature as a tool of revolutionary struggle in real society.

Fourth, the overall characteristics of literature at this stage.

There are three stages in the development of literature: 19 17- 1920. The embryonic stage of new literature is mainly the literary revolution and theoretical preparation of new literature, and creation also belongs to trying and verifying the theoretical hypothesis of new literature. Creation is weak.

1920- 1926: during the period of great liberation of style and active creation, the first writers of modern literature entered the literary world, and new literature gained extensive social influence with its creative achievements, and formed some creative schools. Creative craze.

1926- 1927: The young people who created literature gradually joined the revolution and their creation was silent. The theoretical construction of revolutionary literature laid a theoretical foundation for the prosperity of revolutionary literature in the 1930s.

The specific features are as follows:

(A) rational spirit

Literature is an ideological enlightenment and a tool to transform society and life. Literary creation adheres to the spirit of May 4th Scientific Democracy. Literature is no longer just a lyrical expression of ambition, it is a tool for individuals to express their temperament and lyrical response. Literature has become a tool for ideological enlightenment and social revolution. It initiated the close connection between literature and society.

(B) Sentimental mood

The expression of intellectuals' thinking, hesitation, depression and loneliness in the historical transition period. It is the inevitable result of intellectuals, a sensitive group, seeking spiritual home and value. It is the agitation and anxiety of modern China nationalities and literature before they enter historical adolescence. It reflects the turbulent social reality in the minds of intellectuals.

Man is an intermediate in the historical chain. Intellectuals have the consciousness of historical intermediary. This is the tragic consciousness of the historical middleman.

"This is the steam of blood, the true voice of the awakened person"-Lu Xun

(3) Personalization

The May 4th Movement is an era of personality liberation and development, and personal thoughts and national destiny are unified.

Formed a personal style: Lu Xun's depression, Guo Moruo's passion, Yu Dafu's introspection, Ye Shengtao's plainness, Bing Xin's beauty, Zhou Zuoren's dilution, Zhu Ziqing's beauty and elegance, Wen Yiduo's depth, Xu Zhimo's ethereal, Feng Zhi's Xu Shu, Fei Ming's obscurity, Li Jinfa's quirks and Xu Dishan's implication. ......

Literature is no longer a tool of feudalism, but a spiritual product of personalized expression of human voice.

Literature expresses the unity of individualized thoughts and universal human emotions.

creativity

The spirit of exploration is inevitable in the process of modernization, which draws on many creative techniques of China classical literature and western modern literature. The comprehensive application of realism, romanticism, neo-romanticism, symbolism and western modern creative techniques.