How long did the Lee dynasty rule Vietnam? * * * How many emperors?

1 1 At the beginning of the century, the former Vietnamese Li Dynasty commanded Li Tai T to launch a coup and usurp Li Li. At the beginning of Li Liguo, he imitated the official system of Tang and Song Dynasties politically, and established a relatively complete feudal centralized monarchy system for the first time. Economically, the state-owned land system is implemented, emphasizing agriculture to help commerce and stipulating tax system; In foreign relations, he sent envoys to meet the King of Song, and asked the King of Song to canonize him as the monarch of Annan. After the national strength became strong, it pursued the policy of invading China in the north, occupying the city in the south and plundering the prison in the west, and dominated southern Xinjiang. But in the end, the national strength declined, and Li Tianxia fell and Chen took its place. Li Dynasty (10 10 ~ 1225) was the fourth generation feudal dynasty in Vietnam. On the basis of the foundation and development of the first three generations (Wu, Ding and Li), after more than 40 years, it began to step into a powerful feudal centralized monarchy in the middle of the 20th century. In addition to the deep foundation given by the first three generations, the powerful national strength lies in the full support and assistance of the Great Song Dynasty. From the founding monarch of Lee, Li Taizu Li Jue, to the fourth generation king, Li Gande Li Renzong, they all had political foresight, made achievements and achieved initial results, and implemented a series of domestic and foreign policies, which laid a solid foundation for the Lee State and made the Lee Dynasty enjoy a high reputation and an important historical position in Vietnamese history, and were praised by later rulers and contemporary Vietnamese academic circles. Li and Song were roughly in the same era, and the relationship between Song and Li was sometimes good and sometimes bad. According to historical facts, the reason for the tension between the two sides is not in the Song Dynasty. Because in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the national strength of the Song Dynasty was weak. On the one hand, we should do our best to manage the broken situation left over from the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, restore the economy and consolidate the political power; On the other hand, we have to deal with the intrusion of Liao, Jin and Xixia in the north, but we can't take care of the south. We can only adopt a generous good-neighborly policy of "Fu Ning wastes clothes and won't be guilty" many times in the Li Dynasty. At that time, the responsibility for the disagreement between the two sides lay in the ruler Li's policy of invading the north (10 14 to 1076, with no shortage of books) and the policy of invading the city-state south (1020 to104), and the troops of the Li Dynasty invaded many times. However, this policy eventually led the Li Dynasty to return to China in the face of internal and external contradictions and no help, and was usurped by Chen Shoudu, a powerful minister, and replaced by Chen. In the history of Vietnam, the internal and external policies pursued by the Li Dynasty surpassed the first three generations, followed by the last five generations (Chen, Hu, Li Houchao, Xishan Chao and Ruan Chao), so what the Li Dynasty did had a great influence. In the past, historians in China and Viet Nam rarely commented on this policy and its consequences. Therefore, this paper discusses it in detail, which will be beneficial to beginners. At the end of the Li Dynasty (in the second year of the Song Dynasty, 1009), Li Jue was cruel and heartless. "It was winter, and I was finally killed by my men." The youngest son Fang is 10 years old. His brothers, Mingti and Mingchang, sent troops to fight for positions, and their toes were messed up for a while. Under the planning of Tao Ganmu, an old minister of the former Li Dynasty, and Wan Xing, a powerful minister, he personally directed Yong Tai T to use the original Li Dynasty heir to kill Ming Chang and usurp the throne. 10 10 year (the third year of Song Dazhong Xiangfu), in the first year of Shuntian, the capital was promoted to dragon, and the Li Dynasty was established (106544). After Ratti T ascended the throne, he asked Song Zhenzong to put the title on the table. Because T is in a benevolent position, Song Zhenzong thinks he can't change the status quo. So in February of the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu, he made Loutai T the king of still water division, stayed behind, demarcated the teacher, guarded Annan, observed and disposed of the still water division, and so on. In March of the same year, Li sent envoys to pay tribute. In the Song Dynasty, 3,000 households in Le Tai T Food City were closed again, and actually 1 1,000 households were closed. He was also an ancient adviser to Zhu Guo and gave him special gifts, such as clothes, gold wares and coins. For the newly established Li Dynasty, it is very important for the Song Dynasty to give the emperor of the new dynasty a series of titles and precious gifts. This not only greatly enhanced Li's domestic political prestige, but also gained recognition in the international relations of eastern feudalism, especially in the state relations between China and Annan, and once entered a new stage of peace, friendship and exchange of needed goods. Li Dynasty ruled for 2 15 years, and became the longest ruling dynasty in the history of Vietnamese feudal society for the first time. During the Li Dynasty, the feudal system in Vietnam was consolidated and developed, which occupied a very prominent position in the history of Vietnam. After Lou Tai T, the founding emperor of the Li Dynasty, came to power, he promulgated a series of policies for governing the country. (1) moved the capital to Longcheng. In the first year of Shuntian, the first policy promulgated by Loutai T was to move the capital from Hualu to Luoda City and change it to Shenglong City (now ha noi). There is a real reason why Le Tai T ordered the capital to be moved to Daluocheng: "I look at the map, and Gao Pian's old capital, Daluocheng, is the world, with a dragon and a tiger, beautiful figures and above the emperor. I want to use this advantage to settle down. " Le Tai T consulted the ministers in the court, and all the ministers said: Your Majesty said that this world will benefit generations. Emperor Da Yue moved from China to Rhoda. When the imperial ship arrived at the gate, a dragon came to see how it was, and ordered it to change the city into a dragon city. After the capital was built and the dragon was promoted, Letai T gathered national assets and built a large-scale building according to the architectural style of China. "Tiandefu rose to Beijing Palace, with Jixian Hall on the left and Wujiang Hall on the right. There is Qi Fei Longmen on the left and Qidanfeng Gate on the right. Zhengyang opens a high hall, which is called Dragon Tomb, and the inner wing of the tomb is surrounded by cloisters. There are two halls behind Gan Yuan Hall, Long 'an and Long Rui. The Sunlight Hall is built on the left, and the Moonlight Hall is built on the right. Then there is Cuihua Palace. There are four gates around the city, namely, Dongxiangfu, Xiguangfu, Nanxing and Beiyaode. There are Xingtian Temple and Wufeng Star Building in the city, and there is a square window feast temple on the left of the city. ..... 3] At the same time, build a temple in Tiandefu. In addition, "paid 20 thousand yuan and built eight temples, all of which belonged to the holy dragon." There are Xingtianyu Temple, Taiqing Palace and Manjuji in the city, and Feast Temple, Tiannuojia Temple, Sheng Xing Temple, Tianguang Temple, Tentokuji Temple and Xiangyi Temple are built outside the city. Those who destroy it must be repaired. " [2] Le Tai T wants to build Shenglong into a national political, economic, cultural and transportation center. Shenglong is located in the red river basin plain, which is a vast plain rich in resources and close to the sea. As the founding center of the Li Dynasty, on the one hand, it can get rid of the restrictions of the pastoral economy of the old capital mountain tribes, on the other hand, as the core of political power concentration and national unity, it is very beneficial to the rule of the new dynasty. Reply 220. 176. 133. * On the second floor (2), Li Fenfeng was promoted. The second volume of Shi Yuelue records: "In the winter and November of the first year of Shuntian, the king acceded to the throne, granted amnesty to the world and burned prison equipment. ..... Germany is the queen mother and six queens. The eldest son Ma (Fuma) is a prince, the rest are Marquis, and thirteen daughters of the royal family are princesses. The eldest daughter Princess Anguo married Tao Ganmu and named her Yixin. Brother Wang is the king of Wuwei; The younger brother is a holy king; Chen Hao is "xianggong"; Wu Ding was the Tang Dynasty; Gui Shuo was assisted by Taibao; Deng is a teacher; Pei Chelei is Sargingo; Tan Tan is Zuo Wuwei; Du Jian is right Wuwei. " In this way, royalty and noble heroes have their own positioning, making them loyal to Li. Under his leadership, Le Tai also set up ministers of civil and military affairs, which were divided into nine grades, each with its own responsibilities, thus consolidating and strengthening the central institutions, which was very beneficial to the long-term stability of the Li family. (3) Reorganize local political institutions. In the former dynasty, Li, the whole country was divided into ten roads, each under the jurisdiction of military commanders. There are two disadvantages. First, generals who hold military power divide their forces and sometimes rebel against the central authorities. Second, the whole country is divided into ten roads, and the power is too concentrated, and the local administrative power is often in the hands of generals, which makes the generals have both military power and political power, and eventually leads to the overthrow of the former dynasty by generals. In view of this, Wright Heze T divided the country into 24 administrative regions. The first officer called the magistrate and appointed a civilian to govern. There are state, government, township, social and other administrative institutions under the road. The organ is the lowest institution, and its officials are responsible for household registration. There are states and villages in mountainous areas, especially in Aizhou and Zhou Huan. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the magistrate was changed to Zhou Mu, and the military and political power was concentrated in the hands of Zhou Mu. Later, the officials of the central court were divided into two classes: the civilian class headed by Shangshu and the military attache class headed by Dutong. And officials at all levels have determined the product grade of 1 to 9. This measure not only makes the official position closely organized, but also keeps the official goods performing official duties. In order to make officials at all levels loyal to the court, Emperor Taizong stipulated that an oath should be held once a year. The emperor of the Li Dynasty also made princes king, allowing them to directly guard important areas. For example, Aizhou, Zhou Huan and Liangzhou are all ruled by the royal family. As can be seen from the above, the Li Dynasty had strict regulations from organization to thought, which led to the formation of a feudal country with centralized monarchy. The emperors of the Li Dynasty adopted different ruling policies for the remote mountainous areas where ethnic minorities lived. Set up villages in remote southern Zhou Huan and Aizhou, and exercise military rule. This is because these two States are adjacent to the occupying power, and the local feudal nobles often rebelled and often joined forces with the occupying power or the occupying power to support them against the rule of the Li Dynasty. Take a policy of appeasement to some powerful local chiefs in the northern mountainous areas and marry the emperor's princess to them. For example, in the second year of Tiancheng (1029), Taizong Foma married Princess Pingyang to Shen Shaotai, a shepherd in Liangzhou. Later, Princess Jincheng married Feng Li Zongshun. Princess Changning married He Shanjue, the shepherd of Shangweifu; Li Gande and Li Renzong married Princess Qin Sheng in the seventh year of Shaosheng (1083), which was called Longzhou HeYiqing. The purpose was to win over these powerful chiefs and unite them around the Li Dynasty. (4) Establish Buddhism as the state religion. Letai T was born as a monk and swam in Liuzu Temple when he was young. I study in the Monk College. In the coup that deposed Li Li, Wanxing monk made great contributions. Therefore, Lottie T became the queen, and monks occupied a special position in all classes. The first is to build temples and stupas in various places. As mentioned earlier, "Send 20,000 yuan to build eight temples". Every five years, the Li Dynasty sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to ask for the Tripitaka. Every spring and autumn, the Dafa Festival and Lantern Festival are celebrated as national ceremonies, and a sacrificial Dojo is set up. During the reign of the Li Dynasty, * * * built more than 10,000 temples, and their buildings were also very complex and luxurious. Today, people can visit the ancient temples of Li Chao, including the one-pillar pagoda and Zhenguo Temple in Hanoi. Zhangshan Temple and Foji Temple in Hebei Province, Tianfu Temple and Yongqing Temple in Hedong Province. A major feature of the Li Dynasty is that Buddhism once developed into an important social, political and cultural force. Among all the residents, "most people are monks, and there are temples everywhere in China." The three most influential Zen schools in Annan's Buddhist history are Mijia Zen (that is, Nanzong), Wordless Zen (that is, Guanbi Zen) and Caotang Zen (that is, Xuedou Mingjue Zen). These three schools have been popular in the world until the end of the Li Dynasty. Monks participate in state affairs and have considerable power. Monks do everything (? ~ 10 18) is the 12 Zen of "Southern School". It was awarded the national teacher for helping Lati T to establish Li Chao. Shi Yun: "The emperors of the Li Dynasty addressed monks respectfully, which is the most solemn. Taizu in Wanxing, Renzong in Kongming, Juehai, or in the name of the Buddhist, or in the name of respecting people, giving hundreds of thousands of hectares of land, so the world tends to "[4]. It is a major feature of the Li Dynasty that monks participate in politics and enjoy fiefs. The literary works of the Li Dynasty are mainly poems, but most of the poems handed down are the poems of Buddhist monks. The article contains the Tao, and the poem has great ambitions. His works are "Tao" and "ambition", that is, the fusion of poetry and Zen, or the Zen of poetry, which has become an important feature of Li Dynasty's literary works. Reply 220. 176. 133. Hegel talked about the relationship between art and religion in aesthetics, which is very enlightening. He said: "Religion often uses art to make us feel the truth of religion better ... beyond imagination." [5] (P 130) The "Zen Poetry" of the Li Dynasty monks expressed "religious truth" in an artistic way. For example, the following "Zen poems" are enough to make people have a rich "imagination". A poem (song) written by monk Wan Xing is the representative work of the Southern School: the body is always with you, but it is still there, and the spring is full of glory and autumn is dry. Fearless of fate, ups and downs like grass. A poem by Zen master Juehai is a masterpiece of the Wall Watching School: I don't think the woman's head is white, but the author knows it. If you ask the realm of Buddha, Longmen will get a little forehead. (3) Several generations of monarchs in the Li Dynasty all became monks, studied Buddhism and wrote works. Throughout the poems left by the Li Dynasty, Zen poetry occupies a large proportion and once influenced the literary world of the Li Dynasty. For example, monarchs, queens and princesses in the Li Dynasty all believed in Buddhism and converted to Buddhism, and some Zen poems were passed down from generation to generation. For example, Li Dezheng of Emperor Taizong (1028 ~ 1054) wrote "Watching the Zen Master Ask about Zen" and "Praising the Zen Master"; Princess Yujiao (1041~113) became a nun, with a wonderful name and a poem called "Birth, Aging, Illness". Queen ylang ylang (? ~ 1 1 17), author of the poem "Colorful Sky". In order to understand more clearly the Zen poetry of Li Dezheng, the second generation monarch of the Li Dynasty, it is recorded as follows: Prajna is really non-sectarian, and people are empty. The future Buddha also has the same legal nature. -"Looking at Zen and Asking about Zen Purposes" was written in the south of China, which requires you to practice Zen for a long time. Buddha's words should be spoken, and there is far more than one source. The moon is bright in the sky, and the powder is like a lotus. When to meet face to face, the words are very mysterious. -"Zanpandu Zen Master" As can be seen from the above, the culture and art of the Li Dynasty were deeply influenced by Buddhism, but although the Buddhist culture was very prosperous, it was only on the basis of profound Confucianism that it was possible to bear fruitful results. The Li Dynasty followed the example of the Song Dynasty and respected Confucianism. In August of A.D. 1070, Li Shengzong and Li Rizun wrote a letter to build a Confucian temple throughout the country, sculpting portraits of Confucius, Duke Zhou and four people, and calling painters to draw 72 portraits of sages of the four seasons. This is the first time that a Confucian temple was built after the establishment of Vietnam's independent feudal state. Later, all previous dynasties respected Confucianism, and China culture became increasingly dominant. (5) implement the imperial examination system. China's imperial examination originated in the second year of Emperor Yangdi's great cause (606), and replaced the "Nine-grade Zhengzhi System" implemented after the Wei and Jin Dynasties with the way of selecting scholars. Vietnamese rulers began to realize the importance of Confucianism to the establishment of a feudal unified country from the Li Dynasty. In the second year of SHEN WOO (1070), in order to meet the needs of feudal autocratic political system, Li Shengzong admired Confucianism all over the country and made great achievements. In the fourth year of Li Renzong's Taining (1075), "Li Wensheng chose from three tests, that is, learning Ming Jing and trying Confucianism [6]". From then on, Vietnam began to implement the imperial examination system. 1076 (the year of Wu Yingzhao's Shengyuan), Li Renzong set up imperial academy in Shenglong, and selected literate civil servants to study in it. 1077, judges use books to calculate criminal law; 1086, the Hanlin Academy was established, trying to make people with literary talents in the country serve as officials of the Hanlin Academy; 1 195 (ten years of Li Zhijia), held the three-teaching exam. At this point, China's imperial examination system laid the foundation in the Li Dynasty. Li Dynasty made initial achievements during the three kings' periods of Renzong, Yingzong and Gaozong. For example, Li Renzong, who has been in office for 55 years, only opened a subject once and took 10; Li Yingzong was in office for 38 years and opened a branch. I don't know who to take. In his 35 years in office, Li opened a branch and received 20 Jinshi. Annan imitates the China Grading Examination, which is divided into two levels and four levels. The second level is divided into township examination (local state and county examination) and capital examination (provincial examination). The CET-4 exam is divided into: first, a subject exam (quiz) is held in the county, and those who pass are called scholars; Second, after obtaining the provincial examination, it will be held in the provincial capital, and the pilot is to raise people; Third, the examination is held in Beijing, and those who pass are called Gong's; Fourth, the court exam. Those who passed the examination took part in the court examination, and the emperor presided over the examination himself. Those who pass the exam are called Jinshi. Li Chao's exam is only Grade 2. It was not until after the Li Dynasty that there was the CET-4 exam, which lasted for three years in one subject (one big exam every three years). The imperial examination system came into being in the Li Dynasty, which was related to the development of private land system and the rise of the landlord class in the Li Dynasty. Since Li, although the state-owned land has dominated, at the same time, the private land system has been spread all over the country, because all the pilots are to enter the official position and use land as a reward. In fact, the Li Dynasty strongly encouraged its development for its own economic income and prosperity. One difference between Confucianism and Buddhism is that Confucianism is pragmatic. Just as China's Zhu's desire for Confucianism is "My Confucianism and Wan Li are both true" [7]. Buddhism, on the other hand, is empty, which is what Zhu said: "Wan Li of the teacher is empty [7]". The "etiquette and punishment" in the way of Confucius and Mencius is exactly what the feudal ruling class pursues. The emergence of imperial examination system is the historical necessity of the development of feudal private ownership of land. Reply 220. 176. 133. * 4th floor 6) Land system and tax system. Annan's land system basically has the following forms: 1. State-owned land system is the foundation of feudal centralized rule in Li Dynasty. The land of the whole country was controlled by the central dynasty. At that time, there were four forms of land possession system: first, Fang Yi, a manor reclaimed by prisoners of war or prisoners, owned by the royal family; Second, the extension of Daotian is that the court subcontracted a part of the land to the meritorious military and political minister; Third, the royal family of Tang dynasty gave part of the land to the princess; Fourth, the temple field was specially given by the emperor to monks and temples at all levels, and its temple output was quite huge. 2. Commune land system. It is a popular public land in rural areas, the property of the whole commune and a solid foundation for the existence of state power. Communes still retain extensive autonomy in many aspects. The commune divided the land among its members for farming. They have their own production tools and only pay part of products, services, military service and taxes to the state. However, commune members only have the right to use the land, and the highest ownership of commune land belongs to the emperor. The peasants in the commune belong to the subjects of the emperor, and they are the main productive forces of the commune. The emperor is the supreme owner of this land. He has the right to sub-seal the land and farmers attached to it to officials at all levels. Those who are blocked are called "food-sealed households" and "food-market households". All the residents in the city have to pay taxes to those who are sealed, and sometimes they have to do hard labor and military service. For example, Taiwei Li Chao was blocked by 4,000 households, 1 1,000 households; Li Ran, a vassal, got grain 1 0,500 households and 6,700 households. Liu Qinqing, a teacher, was closed to 3,000 households and 6,700 households. The prince and princess were sealed by more families. All the nobles and officials who made contributions to Li Jian were given "Tuodaotian" by the emperor, also known as "Tuodaotian". According to Da Yue Historical Records Li Ji's Biography, Volume II records ... "That is, Li Aibing is a fellow countryman, less brave ... Emperor Taizong defeated Lu Bing with the south as the striker, and ... Kai also made great achievements. Feng Xiao said:' I don't want to get anything in return, but I want to build an iceberg, throw a broadsword far away, check the knife and drop it on the official land, and give it lessons.' From it. Feng Xiao threw it up the hill, 10 Li, and the knife fell in the country and gave it to him. "This is often said that' pioneering field' comes from Li Taizong's hero Li. He asked the emperor to allow him to stand on the iceberg (Tsinghua) and throw a knife down. The land around where the knife fell belongs to him. This reflects one of the situations in which the soil is sealed for work. The enfeoffment system in the Li Dynasty was very common. Large tracts of fertile soil were distributed among nobles and officials. Except for some fiefs that are not controlled by the central government and become private fields, most fiefs only have the right to use, and their descendants can also enjoy the right to fief, but the state also has the right to recover them immediately. Therefore, in the early days of Annan's feudal society, there was no hereditary territory like Western Europe, and there was no aristocratic Lord handed down from generation to generation. However, once a dynasty is about to perish or is in the late period of Annan feudal society, there will also be hereditary territories, which will be dominated by individuals. The amount of exploitation of commune farmers by feudal owners was basically distributed according to customary forces. For example, the first-class field, the yield per mu 100 liter; Second-class fields are three acres and one hundred liters; Third-class fields with four acres and 100 liters [8] (P82) The exploitation suffered by farmers depends on social, economic and political changes, but in any case, the exploitation and oppression suffered by farmers cannot exceed their affordability, otherwise the society will have a peasant uprising, the ruling class will be forced to retreat, the burden on farmers will be reduced, and society can move forward. In addition, there are treasury fields, which are directly managed by the state and cultivated by prisoners of war, criminals and some serfs. For example, the primary field is 680 liters, the secondary field is 400 liters, and the tertiary field 100 liters [8] (P82). It can be seen that the exploitation of workers in the national treasury field is more serious than that in the commune field and the fief field. However, with the development of feudal private ownership of land in the Li Dynasty, land was increasingly concentrated in the hands of gentry and nobles, especially the sale, pawn and seizure of land gradually became a common phenomenon in society. During the Li Dynasty, some domestic slaves were often owned by feudal nobles for their use or trading. The phenomenon of buying and selling handmaiden is another feature of feudal society in Li Dynasty. After the establishment of the Li Dynasty, a decree was issued to determine taxes and collect them moderately. 1012, Le Tai T wrote a letter: "Rent is free for three years in the world, except for those who owe for years [2]. "To 1040 (Li Taizong was in power for two years), Li Taizong was exempted from half tax; 1044 (the first year of Emperor Taizong's Tiangan Sanwu), the imperial edict was exempted from half tax. The second emperor still made regulations for officials to accept taxes to prevent some officials from embezzling, damaging and destroying the revenue of the state treasury. Although Letai T is exempt from rent for three years, it is by no means exempt from all rent taxes, and six other tax cases are also levied. Yue Shi Zi Zhi Tong Jian is being compiled for two years: "Guichou for four years (10 14), and taxes will be fixed in February. One pool of soil, two pieces of mulberry coins, three pieces of mountain source products, four passes of alkali and salt, five pieces of wild rhinoceros spices and six pieces of mountain wood flowers and fruits, which were collected by law and given to the princess. "